Rice Trends Africa

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CGIAR

Rice Trends in

Sub-Saharan Africa

WARDA The Africa Rice Center


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About WARDA The Africa Rice Center

The Africa Rice Center (WARDA) is an autonomous intergovernmental research association of African member states andalso one of the 16 international agricultural research Centers supported by the Consultative Group on International AgriculturalResearch (CGIAR).

The mission of WARDA is to contribute to food security and poverty alleviation in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), through research,partnerships, capacity strengthening, and policy support on rice-based systems, and in ways that promote sustainableagricultural development based on environmentally sound management of natural resources.

Themodus operandiof WARDA is partnership at all levels. WARDAs research and development activities are conducted incollaboration with various stakeholders primarily the National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS), academic institutions,advanced research institutions, farmers organizations, non-governmental organizations, and donors for the benefit ofAfrican farmers, mostly small-scale producers, as well as the millions of African families for whom rice means food.

The New Rice for Africa (NERICA), which is bringing hope to millions of poor people in Africa, was developed by WARDAand its partners. The success of the NERICAs has helped shape the Centers future direction, extending its horizon beyondWest and Central Africa into Eastern and Southern Africa. The creation of NERICA is in harmony with the spirit of the WorldSummit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), the Tokyo International Conference on Africas Development (TICAD), theMillennium Development Goals (MDG), and the New Partnership for Africas Development (NEPAD) for sustainabledevelopment. The African Rice Initiative (ARI) was launched in 2002 to promote the dissemination of NERICA and

complementary technologies throughout SSA.

WARDA hosts ARI, the Regional Rice Research and Development Network for West and Central Africa (ROCARIZ), and the

Inland Valley Consortium (IVC).

WARDA has its headquarters temporary in Benin and regional research stations near St Louis, Senegal, at theInternationalInstitute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) in Ibadan, Nigeria, and at the International Crops Research Institute for theSemi-AridTropics (ICRISAT) research station at Samanko, near Bamako, Mali.

For more information, visit www.warda.org

Main Research Center andHeadquarters

WARDA Sahel Station WARDANigeria Station WARDABenin

WARDA/ADRAO

01 B.P. 2551Bouak 01Cte dIvoire

ADRAOB.P. 96

St LouisSene al

WARDAc/o InternationalInstitute of TropicalAgriculture

(IITA)Oyo Road, PMB 5320IbadanNigeria

WARDA/ADRAO01 B.P. 2031Cotonou, BeninTel: (229) 35 01 88

/ 35 05 53Fax No: (229) 35 05 56

Tel.: (225) 31 65 93 00Fax: (225) 31 65 93 11

(225) 22 41 18 07E-mail:[email protected]

Tel.: (221) 962 6493(221) 962 6441

Fax: (221) 962 6491E-mail:[email protected]

Tel.: (234-2) 241 2626Fax: (234-2) 241 2221

E-mail:[email protected]


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Rice Trends in SubSaharan Africa

Africa Rice Center (WARDA)01 B.P. 2031Cotonou, Benin

Tel: (229) 35 01 88 / 35 05 53Fax No: (229) 35 05 56


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Copyright Africa Rice Center (WARDA) 2005. Third Edition

WARDA encourages fair use of this material. Proper citation is requested.

Rice Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2005. Bouak, Cte dIvoire, 34 pp.

Design: Patrick Kormawa, Ali Tour A., Frdric Lanon


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Contents

Preface for the Third edition .......................................................1Technical notes...............................................................................2


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West Africa Rice Statistics Data Bank

Preface for the third edition

WARDA set up a West Africa Rice Statistics Data Bank to serve rice policy and market developmentanalysis. The first edition of the West Africa Rice Statistics Data Bank was published in 1996 asRice

Trends in West Africa. These rice trends comprise a statistical synthesis of rice production, marketingand consumption over the period 19721992. Since then, several major policy changes (e.g. currencydevaluation, structural and post-structural adjustment) have occurred in the region and affected activitiesin almost all sectors, including agriculture and particularly the rice sub-sectorwithin which successivestructural and policy changes have taken place. Thus, there is a need to update these rice trends toenable well-informed decision-making in rice policy and market development in West and CentralAfrica.

Rice Trends in Sub-Saharan Africa summarizes the major trends in rice production, consumption andtrade in 52 countries of Sub-Saharan Africa. Most of these countries have adopted enhanced food-security as a common policy goal. Dramatic changes in consumption patterns during the past two decades

have led to a large increase in the demand for rice from African consumers. Growth in consumption hasbeen most substantial in Africas rapidly growing cities, where rice is increasingly becoming the staplediet of the poorest urban households. Rice has therefore become a staple of considerable strategicimportance.

In the process of updating these rice trends, the main data sources used to set up the West Africa Rice

Statistics Data Bank (WARSDB) was the FAO statistical database (FAOSTATAgriculture Data,http://www.fao.org/). Main indicators available in WARSDB relate to harvested area of paddy rice,yield of paddy rice, production of paddy rice, quantity of rice imports (milled equivalent), value of riceimports (milled equivalent), total rice consumption (milled equivalent), per-capita rice consumption

(milled equivalent), self-reliance ratio, and rice share of calorie intake.

Trends in Africa are compared to other major rice-production regions in developing countries, and thenthe following pages provide an overview of the major trends by country and across the four main sub-regions of Sub-Saharan Africa.

Data were compiled and analyzed by Patrick Kormawa, Ali Tour A., Frdric Lanon

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which FAO statistics are usually generated) assign calendar years for growing seasons that extend intothe followin calendar ear.

Yield: All figures are for paddy (also referred to as rough rice) harvested per hectare and are calculated

as add roduction divided b area harvested for each ear.

Production: All figures are for paddy harvested during the calendar year. The cautionary remark maderegarding Area harvested also applies to production.

Imports: All volume figures refer to total imports of paddy, cargo rice and milled rice, measured interms of milled-rice equivalents, and include both commercial and non-commercial (food-aid) imports.The average unit value of rice imports is calculated as the total value of commercial rice imports (US$)divided by the total volume of commercial rice imports (metric tonnes), based on data taken from thetrade section of FAOSTAT.

Consumption: Per-capita and total rice consumption refer only to rice used for human food consumption,and so do not include losses and rice (paddy) used as seed or processed for other purposes. Thesequantities would have to be added to rice consumed as food to obtain total disappearance. Per-capitaconsumption is taken from the Food supplyCrop Primary Equivalent section of FAOSTAT. All figuresare for milled rice (also referred to as husked rice).

The self-reliance ratio is the share of locally produced rice in total rice supply. In order to avoid difficultiesdue to the estimation of the appropriate milling rate, this ratio was calculated by the following formula:

(total consum tion + ex orts im orts / (total consum tion .

The rice share in calorie intake: simply dividing the calorific intake from rice in the daily diet by thegrand total calorific intake of the daily diet derives the rice share in terms of calorie intake. The importanceof rice relative to other cereals in terms of calorie intake is calculated in a similar way by dividing thecalorific intake from rice in the daily diet to the energetic intake from total cereals (excluding beer)contained in the daily diet.

Self-reliance ratio, and rice share in terms of calorie intake are calculated figures.


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Trends in per capita rice consumption in West AfricaComputed from FAO AGROSTAT (2001)

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

y =0.4201x +10.758

R2 =0.7782

y = 0.3667x + 15.488

R2 =0.3195

y =0.1639x +19.825

R2 =0.1066

y =0.9788x +1.8169

R2 =0.7764

Period 19611970Period 19711980Period 19811990Period 19911999

0

Years

4


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6


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7


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8


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Rice YieldAverage Value (19911999)

Ton/ha

3 to 6.1

1.7 to 3

0.7 to 1.7

0 to 0.7

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Trends in Rice Yield

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

1961

1963

1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

WEST AFRICA

CENTRAL AFRICA

EAST AFRICA

SOUTHERN AFRICA

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA


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Production IndexAverage 19701975 = 100

350%

300%

250%

200%

150%

100%

50%

0%

Year s

West Africa

Central Africa

East Africa

Southern Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

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Rice Production in Sub-Saharan AfricaAverage Values

12

10

8

6

Means 19611970

Means 19711980

Means 19811990

Means 19912000

4

2

0

WestAfrica

CentralAfrica

EastAfrica

Regions

SouthernAfrica

Sub-SaharanAfrica

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Rice ProductionAnnual Growth Rate 19912000

%

7 to 21

0 to 7

- 8 to 0

< - 35 to -8

1


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Per Capita Rice ProductionAverage Value 19911999

Kg per Capita per year

49 to 182

13 to 49

3 to 13

0 to 3

14


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1


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0%

100%

200%

300%

400%

500%

600%

700%

800%

WEST AFRICA

CENTRAL AFRICA

EAST AFRICA

SOUTHERN AFRICA

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA


Import IndexAverage 19701975 = 100

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Imports VolumeAnnual Growth Rate 19911999

%

40 to 60

20 to 40

10 to 20

0 to 10

17


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18


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Rice Import ValueAs Percentage of Total Imports of Agricultural Products

Annual Growth Rate 19911999

%

40 to 60

20 to 40

10 to 20

0 to 10

19


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Rice Supply and Demand in Sub-Saharan Africa

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Production Imports

20


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Rice Supply and Demand in West Africa

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Production Imports

Rice Supply and Demand in Central Africa

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

Production Imports

21


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0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

300%

350%

400%

450%

500%

Years

DemandIndex WEST AFRICA

CENTRAL AFRICA

EAST AFRICA

SOUTHERN AFRICA

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA


Rice Demand IndexAverage 19701975 = 100

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Ratio,

%

West Africa

Central Africa

East Africa

Southern Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa

Imports as a Proportion of Total Consumption

West Africa Rice Statistics Data Ba

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Kg/Person/Year

West Africa

Central Africa

East Africa

Southern Africa

World

West Africa Rice Statistics Data Ban

2

Per Capita Rice Consumption


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Per Capita Rice ConsumptionMean Value 19911999

Kg per Capita per Year

90 to 120

40 to 90

10 to 40

0 to 10

26


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Per Capita Rice ConsumptionAnnual Growth Rate 19911999

%

8 to 19

1 to 8

0 to 1

- 15 to 0

27


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28


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29


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30


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31


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32


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Self-Reliance RatioMean Value 19911999

%

80 to 100

50 to 80

30 to 50

< 30

3


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Rice Calorific ShareMean Value 19911999

%

45 to 50

15 to 45

3 to 15

< 3

34


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About the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)

The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) was founded in 1971 as a global endeavor ofcooperation and goodwill. The CGlARs mission is to contribute to food security and poverty eradication in developingcountries through research, partnership, capacity building and policy support, promoting sustainable agricultural development

based on the environmentally sound management of natural resources. The CGIAR works to help ensure food security for thetwenty-first century through its network of 16 international and autonomous research centers, including WARDA. Together,the centers conduct research on crops, livestock, fisheries and forests, develop policy initiatives, strengthen nationalagricultural organizations, and promote sustainable resource management practices that help provide people world-wide withbetter livelihoods.

The CGIAR works in partnership with national governmental and non-governmental organizations, universities and

private industry. The United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme, the World

Bank, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations sponsor the CGIAR. The CGlARs over 50 members

include developing and developed countries, private foundations, and international and regional organizations. Developing

world participation has doubled in recent years. All members of the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development) Development Assistance Committee belong to the CGIAR.

The CGIAR is actively planning for the worlds food needs well into the twenty-first century. It will continue to do so with

its mission always in mind and with its constant allegiance to scientific excellence.

CGIAR Centers

CIAT Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (Cali, Colombia)CIFOR Center for International Forestry Research (Bogor, Indonesia)

CIMMYT Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maiz y Trigo (Mexico, DF, Mexico)

CIP Centro Internacional de la Papa (Lima, Peru)

ICARDA International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (Aleppo, Syria)

ICLARM WorldFish Center (Penang, Malaysia)

ICRAF World Agroforestry Centre (Nairobi, Kenya)ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (Patencheru, India)

IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute (Washington, DC, USA)IITA International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (Ibadan, Nigeria)

ILRI International Livestock Research Institute (Nairobi, Kenya)

IPGRI International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (Rome, Italy)

IRRI International Rice Research Institute (Los Baos, Philippines)

ISNAR International Service for National Agricultural Research (The Hague, Netherlands)

IWMI International Water Management Institute (Colombo, Sri Lanka)

WARDA The Africa Rice Center (Bouak, Cte dIvoire)


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Africa Rice Center (WARDA)

01 B.P. 2031, Cotonou, Cte dIvoire

Rice Trends Africa

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