Rhine-Ruhr Metropole 2012 · 2012. 9. 12. · Rhine-Ruhr Metropole 2012. North Rhine-Westphalia •...
Transcript of Rhine-Ruhr Metropole 2012 · 2012. 9. 12. · Rhine-Ruhr Metropole 2012. North Rhine-Westphalia •...
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Rhine-Ruhr Metropole 2012
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FrankfurtRhine-Ruhr Metropole 2012
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North Rhine-Westphalia •Thoughtsonthefederalstate
CologneandtheRhineland on September 5, 2012 •MapCologne •Stationsonthetour •InterimArchiveofthedestroyedHistoricalArchiveoftheCityof •Cologne •UngersArchivfürArchitekturwissenschaften,Cologne •MuseumInselHombroichandRaketenstation,Neuss
RuhrArea on September 6, 2012 •MapRuhrareaandshortportrait •RuhrArea •Stationsonthetour •MusiktheaterimRevier,Gelsenkirchen •WorldHeritageSiteZollverein,Essen •ForststationRheinelbe,Gelsenkirchen TourItinerary
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Thoughts on the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia
The establishment of the federalstate of North Rhine-Westphaliagoes back to a decision taken bythe British military government in1946followingtheendoftheSecondWorldWar.Itenvisionedthemergingof the Prussian Rhine province, theprovince of Westphalia and theLipperegion.Thisproducedanareathat today counts approximately 18million inhabitants. As such, in thisform North Rhine-Westphalia is averyyoungregion.
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Inadditiontotheagriculturalareasinthenorthandsoutheast,todaytwosignificantmetropolitanregions–theRhineregionandtheRuhrArea–sha-pethestate’scharacterandeconomicbackbone.AlongtheRhineliesthehistoricalregionnamedafterthegreatriverwithitsinpartveryoldsettlements,steepedinhistory:BonnwasthecapitalofWestGermanyfrom1949until1991,CologneisthelargestcityinNorthRhine-WestphaliaandoneofGermany’soldestcities,Düsseldorfisthepresent-daystatecapitalandDuisburghasahuge,internationalinlandport.Thesecitiesformtheaxispointsfromsouthtonorth.TheRhineitselfseemstolinkthemandserveasatradeandtransportrouteallthewaytoRotterdam.InthiswayitconnectsNorthRhine-WestphaliaverycloselywiththeglobalmarketsandneighboringEuropeancountriesoftheNetherlands,BelgiumandFrance.Next to this centuries-old economic area, in the early 19th centuryIndustrializationbeganshapingthesecondeconomicregioninNorthRhine-Westphalia,namelytheRuhrArea.DuisburginthewestandDortmundintheeastframe,alongtheriversRuhrandEmscher,oneofEurope’sregionsofparticularly intensedevelopment.Thisdevelopmentwasbasedontheestablishmentofthecoal,ironandsteelindustries.Injusttwocenturiesanagglomerationofover50townsanddistrictsfor-
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NRW statistics
•Area34,500squarekilometers•FourthlargestGermanfederalstate•18millioninhabitants•18universities•119academiesanduniversitiesofappliedsciences•approx.700museums•Statecapital:Düsseldorf•Largestcity:Colognewith1millioninhabitants
med,whosemain taskswereontheonehandtoguaranteeand intensifycoalminingandironandsteelproductionandontheothertosupplyuptosixmillionpeople.Developmentalwaysfocusedonguaranteeingsufficientworkersfortheindustrialactivities.TodaytheRuhrAreaisthefifthlargestagglomerationinEuropeandhasaparticularlyhighpopulationdensity.
Over thepast60years, it iseconomic clout thathas characterizedNorthRhine-Westphalia. 34 of the 100 strongest German companies are basedhere. In fact, in particular major energy, chemicals and pharmaceuticalscompaniesareheadquarteredintheRhineandRuhrregions.
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Cologne
With a good onemillion inhabitants, today Cologne is the largest city inNorthRhine-WestphaliaandthefourthlargestinGermany.Itsprimelocationon theRhineandonkeyeast-west trade routes lent thecityoutstandingpolitical,economicandculturalsignificance.ThelayoutofthecityevolvedfromitsRomanbeginningsinthe1stcenturyBC,thestreetsystemofwhichisstillidentifiabletoday.Itspresent-daynameKöln (Coellen in the Middle Ages) is derived from Colonia Agrippinensis.Around800ADCharlemagneelevatedtheepiscopalseatofColognetoanarchbishopric,whichtothisdayisoneofthemostimportantarchbishopricsin the Catholic Church. The archbishop of Cologne, also a prince-elector,hadbothreligiousandpoliticalpowerandwasinconstantdisputewiththecity’sinfluentialcitizensandmerchants,whotradedthroughoutEurope.IntheHighMiddleAgesColognebecamethelargestcityinGermanywiththeconstructionofoverahundredsignificantchurchesandcloistersandagreatmanyimportantsecularbuildings.Itbecameknownas“HolyCologne”.
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In1801thecitybecamepartoftheFrenchRepublic;therearestillmanyFrench terms in theColognedialect fromthisperiod.From1815Colognebelonged to the Prussian Rhine province. In 1917 Konrad Adenauer, whowouldlaterbecomethefirstfederalchancellor,becamelordmayorofCologneand started planning, with Hamburg urban planner Fritz Schumacher, afundamentalexpansionofthecitywithaninnerandoutergreenbelt.Thisurban structure is still visible to this day and was further developed byFrankfurt-basedurbanplanningstudioAlbertSpeer inacurrentplanfrom2009.95percentofthehistoriccenterwasdestroyedintheSecondWorldWar.ReconstructionwasdirectedbyRudolfSchwarzandencompassedtherebuilding(partlyinsimplifiedform)ofthecity’smostimportanthistoricalbuildings.Today Cologne is a significant economic and cultural hub with numerousmuseumsandgalleries,diverseculturalevents,includingthefamousCologneCarnival,andhometopublishinghousesandmediagroupsinthetelevisionandmusicindustries.
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Stationen auf der Tour
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UAA Ungers Archiv für Architekturwissenschaften, Cologne
TheUAAishousedinthelistedHausBelvederestrasseinCologne,whichO.M.Ungersbuiltin1957forhisfamilytolivein.Withthishouse,O.M.Ungersachievedinternationalrenown.Alibrarycubewasaddedtothebuildingin1989.Thebuildingcomplex,createdoveraperiodofmorethan30years,visualizesO.M.Ungers’workfromhisbeginningsinthe1950stohisradicalarchitecturalreductioninthefinalstagesofhiscareer.A key element of the UAA’s work is organizing and holding exhibitionsand symposiums on architecture and its associated disciplines. The UAAcontinues O.M. Ungers’ work: he understood architecture as a holisticenterpriseandbuiltonitthroughhisworkandbycollectingartworks,models,literatureanddesign. Inaddition toO.M.Ungers’estate, the foundation’sbasiccapitalisauniquearchitecturallibrary.Fromthe1950sO.M.UngersandLiselotteUngersboughtandarchivedbooksonarchitecturefromallovertheworld.Overthedecadesthisproducedoneofthemostvaluableprivatearchitecturallibraries.FromincunabulabyVitruvius,PalladioandAlbertitoextremelyrareBauhauseditionsandworksontheRussianavant-garde,thelibraryspansaperiodof600yearsofarchitecturalhistory.
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Interim Archive of the destroyed Historical Archive of the City of Cologne
InMarch2009thestoreroombuildingoftheHistoricalArchiveoftheCityofColognecollapsedtogetherwiththereadingroomasaresultofbuildingwork for theCologne subwaybeing improperly carriedout.90percentofthearchive’sinventorywasburiedandbecamewet.Sixmonthslateragood85percenthadbeenretrievedwithslighttosignificantdamage,andthanksto numerous partnerships with international archives and museums 30kilometersofshelvingwasabletobehousedat19temporarysites.
TheInterimArchiveiscurrentlylocatedonCologne’sHeumarktsquareandthe restoration workshops in a former furniture warehouse near the citycenter.TheHistoricalArchive isscheduled tomove intoanewbuilding inthesouthofthecityneartheuniversitytogetherwiththeArtandMuseumLibraryin2014.
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Hombroich Museum Insel
In 1982 Düsseldorf art collector and patron Karl-Heinrich Müller (1936-2007)boughtIslandHombroich,anovergrownparkandmeadowlandscapeonthesmallErftRiverjustoutsideDüsseldorf.InlinewithPaulCézanne’smotto “art parallel to nature”, together with sculptor Erwin Heerich andlandscapearchitectBernhardKorte,Müllerbeganintegrating“walk-throughsculpturalconstructions” inthe landscape.Müller’sextensiveartcollectionwaspresentedinthevariouspavilionsaccordingtoaconceptbyDüsseldorfpainterGotthardGraubnerinsuchawaythattraditionalAsianandModernEuropeanartenterintodialog.
In1994theformerNATOmissilebase,theRaketenstation,wasincorporatedinto the Insel Hombroich complex, as was the Kirkeby-Feld located in-betweenonwhichDanishartistPerKirkebyrealizedfivesculpturalexhibitionpavilions.
The halls, hangars, earth ramparts and observation tower on theapproximately 13-hectare missile base were renovated and redesigned.Today internationally renowned artists and scientists live and work here.Moreover,Karl-HeinrichMüllerwantedtogivearchitectstheopportunitytobuildstructuresinaccordancewiththeirownarchitecturalunderstanding—
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miniaturemanifestosofcontemporaryarchitecture.ThebuildingsconstructedtodateincludetheLangenFoundation’sartandexhibitionbuildingbyTadaoAndo and Katsuhito Nishikawa’s walk-through sculpture resembling anamphitheater.In2009AlvaroSizacompletedhis“ForumforSpatialThinking”andRaimundAbrahamdesignedtheMusicians’House,theshellofwhichhasbeencompleted.Initiatedin2002,theproject“Hombroichspaceplacelab”exploresalternativemodesofcommunalliving.14internationalartistsandarchitectshavedrawnupdifferentresidentialschemesthatdealwiththeinclusionofagriculturalaspects, the creation of an environmentally-sound energy, supply anddisposalconceptandalandscapepreservationplan.TodayMuseumInselHombroich,Kirkeby-FeldandRaketenstationHombroichareaculturalspacewhereart,culture,scienceandnatureareathomeandcancontinuallyandopenlyevolve.
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Ruhr area
The immenseneedforcoal, ironandsteel inthe19thand20thcenturieswas the reason that, in just 200 years, a barren landscape of heath andmarshesdevelopedintoaleadingEuropeancoalandsteelregion:theRuhrArea. Technical progress offered the tools, the prevailing capitalism themeanstofunctionalizeanentireregion.CompaniessuchasKrupp,ThyssenandGutehoffnungshütteturned landscapes intoproductionsites,attractedworkerstotheregionfromalloverEuropeandinsodoingsawthetownswiththeirproductionfacilitiesexplode.Productionwasthehighestpriority,moreimportantthanhumanorspatialconsiderations.
On an area of 4,435 square kilometers, a region developed whoseinhabitantsidentifiedthemselvesmorebytheirprideintheircompanythananaffinitytotheirurbanenvironment.“TheRuhrisworkers’country”wasthe slogan, which disappeared with the end of the Industrial Age. Whatremainedwasanabsolutelyexhaustedurbanlandscapewithhugetractsofcontaminatedindustrialwastelandinthecitycenters.Thedemiseofindustryledtoparticularlyhighunemploymentandacceleratedallthecharacteristicproblemsofurbandevelopment.The resulting imagewashighlynegativeandstillpersistsinmanyoutsiders’perceptionoftheareatoday.
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Inthe1980sand1990speoplesoughttosolvetheproblemsbydismantlingthemono-structuralindustriallandscape,promotingthepresenceofacademiesand other educational institutions and launching structural developmentprograms, the most important of which was probably the InternationaleBauausstellungEmscherPark.TodaytheRuhrAreaisconsideredworldwideapositiveexampleofsuccessfulstructuralchangeinanurbanregion.Society in the region has rediscovered its connection to its industrialpast; thearchitecturalwitnessesof the coal and steel erahave lost theirpotencyassymbolsofindustrialdeclineandhavebeenaccordednewvalue.Former wasteland in the city centers has mutated into parks and areaswith recreational value. Yet despite all these positive developments thepopulationiscontinuingtofallatanabove-averagerateandunemploymentremainshigh.Thisisaccompaniedbyasymmetricalprocessesofgrowthandshrinkageinindividualareas.Thisiswheresociety’sfuturetasksarelinkedtoeffortstoperceivetheRuhrAreamorestronglyasametropolitanregionbothontheinsideandtheoutside:theRuhrmetropolisormetropolitanregion.Itsdesignationas2010EuropeanCapitalofCulturerenderedasignificantcontributiontothisgoal.
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Hotels and meeting-point
Mövenpick HotelHachestraße10
Hotel Essener HofAmHandelshof5
Intercity HotelHachestraße10
Meeting-pointWilly-Brandt-Platz
Sheraton Hotel EssenHuyssenallee55
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Stations on the tour
Essen (location of the hotels)
The history of the city of Essen goes back to the founding, in 852, ofEssenAbbey,whichtogetherwithnearbyWerdenAbbeywasanimportantcenteroflate-ancientandearly-Christianwrittenrecords.WiththeonsetofIndustrializationthecitydevelopedintooneofthekeycentersofthecoaland steel industries and became the home and base of numerousmajormanufacturers,inparticulartheKruppfamily.VillaHügel,theostentatiousresidenceAlfredKrupphadbuilt in1873,stillatteststothistoday.Inthecourse of the structural transformation Essen developed into a servicecenterandseatofmajorinternationalenergysuppliersandtheglobalgroupThyssenKrupp.MuseumFolkwangisoneofthemostrenownedartmuseums.In2010, theyear the citywasEuropeanCapital ofCulture,anextensiondesignedbyDavidChipperfieldwasaddedtothe1960smuseumbuilding.Other significant buildings in Essen include the opera house designed byAlvar Alto, the RWE Tower by Christoph Ingenhoven and the new KruppQuartierbyJSWDArchitektenincollaborationwithChaix&MoreletAssociés.TheMusikhochschuleFolkwanglikewiseenjoysgreatinternationalrenown.
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Musiktheater im Revier, Gelsenkirchen
Thetheater,whichopenedin1959,countsamongthemajorpost-WartheaterbuildingsinGermany.“Anopensocietyneedsopenformsoftheater”,claimedarchitectWerner Ruhnau (born 1922). Ruhnau designed the theater as atotalartworkwherearchitecture,artand technologyenter intoacreativedialog.NumerousartistssuchasNorbertKricke,JeanTinguely,PaulDierkesandRobertAdams contributed to thebuilding in the senseof amedievallodge.Withhiswallart inthefoyer,YvesKlein(1928-1962)createdwhatareprobablyhislargestworks,namelymonochromebluereliefsmeasuring7x20meters.
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World Heritage Site Zollverein, Essen
Thestorybeginsin1847whencoalwasfirstproducednorthofthecityofEssen.FourcollierieswerethenestablishedthatwereallnamedZollvereinafter the “Zollverein deutscher Staaten” (German Customs Union), 1831,an economic achievement and precursor to theGerman Empire. In 1925streamlining measures, cost reductions and production increases led toall the Zollverein collieries being linked underground and formed into anew,centralminingcomplex.ArchitectsFritzSchuppandMartinKremmerwereawardedthecontract toupgradeandexpandthe infrastructure.Theresultwasthemostproductivecoalminecomplexintheworld:ZollvereinXII. The clear architectural language of the site, the functionally-orientedbuildings,whosemaintaskwastoprotectthemachines,inadditiontotherepresentative character of the overall ensemble, symbolized Zollverein’sstatusas“themostmoderncoalminecomplex”atitsopeningin1932.Dailycoal production of 12,000 tons put the collieryworkers at the top of theworkerhierarchyintheRuhrArea.
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WhenthelastZollvereincoalminediscontinuedproductiononDecember23,1986,Essenhadtoacceptthatitslastcoalminehadbeenshutdown.
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Thecomplexnowseemedaworthless,problem-riddenarchitecturalruin,asymboloftheregion’sindustrialdecline.YetthearchitectureofZollvereinisanoutstandingsymbol,itshistoryexemplaryoftheriseanddemiseoftheIndustrialAgebothineconomicandsocialterms.Asaworkplace,Zollvereinled to the establishment of six working-class districts and was thus animportant factordrivingurbandevelopment inEssenand thesurroundingtowns.Followingitsclosure,neithertheCitynoritsresidentsrecognizedthesignificanceof thearchitecturalwitnessesandthefateof thesitehung inthebalance.Thefirstdocumentsapprovingitsdemolitionhadalreadybeensigned;adevelopmentthoseresponsiblewouldratherforget.
TodayZollvereinisaWorldHeritageSiteandalivelyculturalandcreativevenue. Around 1,000 people work at the former coal mine, which sees900,000visitorsayearlookingtoexperienceindustrialhistoryandstructuralchange.RemKoolhaasconceivedamasterplanforthecomplexin2001/02and architecture studio SANAA designed a new building (2006) for theZollverein School. In 2010 the Ruhrmuseummoved into the former coalwashing plant, converted by Floris Alkemade/OMA and Böll Architekten,Essen(2003-2006).TheDesignZentrumNRW,remodeledbyLordNormanFoster,presentsproductdesignintheformerboilerhouse.Theopenspacesonthesitewereredesignedintoapublicparkaccordingtoplansbyagence-tere.
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Forststation Rheinelbe, Gelsenkirchen
Until1930,RheinelbewasoneoftheRuhr’smajorcoalminesonthesouthernedge of the city ofGelsenkirchen. Following its closure the above-groundstructuresweregraduallydemolished;onlythemachinehall,canteenandtelephone exchange (where the M:AI is located) remained and were putto new use. Over the last 70 years awild industrial forest has graduallytaken rooton thesite.Theart-in-natureartistHermanPriganncreatedasculptureparkherewithoutinterveninginnature.Thisisalsothesiteofthecountry’smostunusualforestrystation,theForststationRheinelbe,housedintheformerpowerdistributioncenter.Aforesterbasedheremanagesthisandsimilardisusedcollierycomplexes.
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Tour Itinerary
Wednesday,September5
9.20–13.20:Cologne:VisittotheUAAUngersArchivfürArchitekturwissenschaftenandInterimArchiveofthedestroyedHistoricalArchiveoftheCityofCologne
13.40–14.40:LunchatTriangleTowerontherightbankoftheRhinewithaviewoftheCathedralandhistoriccitycenter
15.10-21.30:Neuss:VisittoHombroichMuseumIslandandRaketenstation(formermissilebase)followedbySession4anddinner
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Tuesday,September6
9.00-12.10:Gelsenkirchen:VisittoMusiktheaterimRevierwitharchitectWernerRuhnaufollowedbySession5
13.10-17.00:Essen:LunchatSANAACubefollowedbyguidedtourstotheWorldHeritageSiteZollvereinandthegeneralassemblyatSANAACube.
19.30:Gelsenkirchen:ClosingceremonyanddinneratForststationinthein-dustrialforestatRheinelbe.
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Museum für Architektur undIngenieurkunstLeithestraße3345886GelsenkirchenFon:+49(0)20992578-17Fax:+49(0)[email protected]/mai.nrw