Rhetorical Theory: A theory of Judgment
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Transcript of Rhetorical Theory: A theory of Judgment
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Rhetorical Theory:A theory of Judgment
Michael Vicaro
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The Rhetorical Situation
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The Rhetorical Situation
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The Rhetorical Situation• A speaker
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The Rhetorical Situation• A speaker• Faced with a crisis (exigency)
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The Rhetorical Situation• A speaker• Faced with a crisis (exigency)• Appeals to an audience
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The Rhetorical Situation• A speaker• Faced with a crisis (exigency)• Appeals to an audience•Whose judgment matters
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I.
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Rhetoric is about
Judgment
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Greek Problems and Roman Problems
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Greek Problems and Roman Problems
• Ancient Greek communication problem:
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Greek Problems and Roman Problems
• Ancient Greek communication problem: How citizens can arrive at collective judgment when they begin with different beliefs and interests and the right course of action is unknown
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Greek Problems and Roman Problems
• Ancient Roman communication problem:
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Greek Problems and Roman Problems
• Ancient Roman communication problem: How to transmit official declarations from the center to the periphery of a broad empire
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A rhetorical view of Judgment Implies
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A rhetorical view of Judgment Implies
• Uncertainty
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A rhetorical view of Judgment Implies
• Uncertainty• Urgency
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A rhetorical view of Judgment Implies
• Uncertainty• Urgency• Interdependence
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A rhetorical view of Judgment Implies
• Uncertainty• Urgency• Interdependence• Hope
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Alternatives to Judgment:
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Alternatives to judgment:• Force
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Alternatives to judgment:• Force• Submission
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Alternatives to judgment:• Force• Submission• Solitude
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On Lies
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On Lies
Rhetoric that employs deceit descends into force, submission, or solitude.
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Rhetoric, again, is about uncertainty, urgency, interdependence, and hope
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II.
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Rhetoric is about language
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Rhetoric is about languageand symbols more generally
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But Bodies Matter
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III.
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Rhetoric is about the Audience
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What we must assume
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What we must assume- the audience possesses:
• Intelligence
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What we must assume- the audience possesses:
• Intelligence• Influence (their judgment matters)
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What we must assume- the audience possesses:
• Intelligence• Influence (their judgment matters)• Hopes, fears, passions, ideals,
empathy, shame, imagination etc.
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What we must assume- the audience possesses:
• Intelligence• Influence (their judgment matters)• Hopes, fears, passions, ideals,
empathy, shame, imagination, etc.• Pasts and futures
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What we must assume- the audience possesses:
• Intelligence• Influence (their judgment matters)• Hopes, fears, passions, ideals,
empathy, shame, imagination, etc.• Pasts and futures• Cultures, opinions, beliefs,
differences
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In sum
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In sum
Rhetoric is about influencing the judgment of audiences on whom
the speaker depends
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As critics we can askWho are the intended and untended audiences?What appeals are made to sway their judgment
What alternatives have been excluded?