Rhetorical Analysis A Ladder Approach to Text Analysis.
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Transcript of Rhetorical Analysis A Ladder Approach to Text Analysis.
Rhetorical Analysis
A Ladder Approach to Text Analysis
The ladder is leaning up against my house…
Exigency
Audience
Purpose
Appeals Ethos Pathos Logos
TropesScheme
Big Picture
Foundation
Ethos
Pathos
Logos
ExigencyA need or lack of something
that needs doing.
AudienceReader or group of
readers capable of acting on this exigency.
•Primary
•Secondary
Purpose
What the author intends for the reader (s) to do while and after they read the text.
•Action, change minds, clarify, informative—Never singular
Appeals
1. Ethos—Appeals to the character of the writer or persona.
Appeals--Ethos
a. Good Will
•Do they have you on their side?
Appeals--Ethos
b. Good character
•Yes, I can trust this person
Appeals--Ethos
c. Good sense
•Have they done their homework?
“What is an Essay?”Ethos:
•FallacyAd Hominem (p. 26)
Appeals--PathosAppeals to emotions or interest of
readers
•Self-interest
“What is an Essay?”Pathos:
•FallaciesBandwagon (p. 30)
Appeal to Tradition (p.31)
Appeal to Pity (p. 31)
Appeals--LogosAppeals to the structure of an
argument
•Body of text/structure
Appeals--LogosSyllogism
•Minor premise
•Major premise (fact)
•Conclusion
•Transitive Property
•A=b and b=c :.a=c
Appeals--LogosEnthymeme
• A syllogism in which the major premise is an assumption that the audience may already believe
• Frequently unstated existing tacitly in argument
• Minor Premise
• Major Premise (often assumed)
• Conclusion
Appeals--LogosToulmin’s Informal Structure
•Type of enthymeme on its side (same as an enthymeme, but now in a diagram format with new terms)
DATA/GROUND(Minor Premise)
Warrant or Bridge(Major Premise)
Claim
(Conclusion)
Toulminhttp://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~digger/305/toulmin_model.htm
Data/Ground: reasons or supporting evidence that bolster the claim.
Warrant: the principle, provision or chain of reasoning that connects the grounds/reason to the claim of the argument.
Claim: the position or claim being argued for; the conclusion
(Actually has 6 parts, but we concentrate on 3.)
ParadigmsPattern of examples
•Repeated and often historical
Common Warrants http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~digger/305/toulmin_model.htm
There are 6 main argumentative strategies via which the relationship between evidence and claim are often established. They have the acronym “GASCAP.”
Generalization (Inductive Fallacy) Analogy (Inductive Fallacy) Sign Causality (Deductive Fallacy) Authority Principle
Common Warrants http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~digger/305/toulmin_model.htm
These strategies are used at various different levels of generality within an argument, and rarely come in neat packages - typically they are interconnected and work in combination.
1. Argument based on GeneralizationA very common form of reasoning. It assumes that what is true of a well chosen sample is likely to hold for a larger group or population, or that certain things consistent with the sample can be inferred of the group/population.
2. Argument based on Analogy
Extrapolating from one situation or event based on the nature and outcome of a similar situation or event.
Has links to 'case-based' and precedent-based reasoning used in legal discourse.
What is important here is the extent to which relevant similarities can be established between 2 contexts. Are there sufficient, typical, accurate, relevant similarities?
3. Argument via Sign/Clue
The notion that certain types of evidence are symptomatic of some wider principle or outcome.
For example, smoke is often considered a sign for fire. Some people think high SAT scores are a sign
a person is smart and will do well in college.
4. Causal Argument Arguing that a given occurrence or event is the
result of, or is effected by, factor X. Causal reasoning is the most complex of the different forms of warrant. The big dangers with it are:
Mixing up correlation with causation Falling into the post hoc, ergo propter hoc trap.
Closely related to confusing correlation and causation, this involves inferring 'after the fact, therefore because of the fact').
5. Argument from Authority Does person X or text X constitute an authoritative
source on the issue in question? What political, ideological or economic interests
does the authority have? Is this the sort of issue in which a significant
number of authorities are likely to agree on?
6. Argument from PrincipleLocating a principle that is widely regarded as valid
and showing that a situation exists in which this
principle applies. Evaluation: Is the principle widely accepted? Does it accurately apply to the situation in question? Are there commonly agreed on exceptions? Are there 'rival' principles that lead to a different claim? Are the practical consequences of following the principle
sufficiently desirable?
“What is an Essay?”Logos:
•Valid v Sound Argument (p. 16-17)
•Deductive v Inductive Reasoning (p. 16)
•Deductive Fallaciesnon sequitur (p. 21)Red Herring (p. 22)
False cause (GASCAP) (p. 23)
Begging the Questions (p. 24)
Either or Fallacy (p. 24)
“What is an Essay?”Logos:
• Inductive FallaciesHasty Generalization (GASCAP) (p. 25)Anecdotal Evidence (p. 25)
False Analogy (GASCAP) (p. 25)
Special Pleading (p. 26)
Schemes and TropesScheme=Variation of norm
words and sentencesTrope=Variations from idea
construction (Ideation)
Schemes
Schemes of words Prosthesis Epenthesis Proparalepsis Aphaeresis
SyncopeApocopeMetathesisAntisthecon
Schemes of construction
Schemes of balance Parallelism Antithesis
Schemes of unusual or inverted word order
Hyperbaton Anastrophe Parenthesis Apposition
Schemes of Omission Ellipsis Asyndeton
Schemes of Repetition
Alliteration Assonance Anaphora Epistrophe
AnalepticAnadiplosisClimaxAntimetabolePolytoton
Tropes Metaphor Paronomasia Simile Metonymy Synecdoche Antanaclasis Syllepsis Puns
Tropes Puns Antanaclasis Paronomasia Syllepsis
Tropes Anthimeria Periphrasis Personification Hyperbole Litotes
Tropes Rhetorical question Irony Onomatopoeia Oxymoron
Top Down=Big Picture
Exigency
Purpose
Audience
Middle Up or Down
Appeals
Bottom Up
Schemes and Tropes
Exigency
Audience
Purpose
Appeals
Schemes & Tropes
Top Down
Middle Up or Down
Bottom Up