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IAL A" 1 Journal, VolWlles V VI, p. 43 19 ,. - 1981

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DASAKUSALAKARMA PHA LA

RATNA HANDURUKANDE

Folio 171 of (� manuscript calle<.l. the AHI.d,1nas(ira8nmucwya, kept in the

Cambridge Univer::;ity libl'ftry in England! contains �t fr:lgment of a metrical text2 purporting to narrate the conseqllences of ten evil actions ( .... pravak.

�ami das{JkuAa'zajalfl phalarn vs.1 ) . The author's reference t·o t,he Saddhar­

'm,asmrtyupa8fhiina in verse 2 (saddharmasmrtypasfhane prokia.... da..sadlul­ku.saliib !carmapatMi . . . . )suggests that. hE' fdtBmpted ,t vt�rsifien.tion of ,� i3ection dea.ling with the ten cyil actions ir.dllded in a text of tha.t name. The Saddh­armn,-smrtyupC'.sthiinasvha is an extensive Bllddhi::;t. work ill SanSKrit r�prc8-ented by Tibetan and Chinese versjoJls cxi:�ting in the Bka'f:i,- �.gyur and the

Chinese 'l"ripl:taka reBpBctively. THe only part of the sutra known to survive

in Sanskrit, the Dharmasarwuccaya, a collection of stanzas extracted from it Md COmlJllecl 1)), Avn.lokitftsirrJ-w., h:�q been edited ;md translated into French by Lin J .. i-kou ang . 3

Information on the Saddharmas?nrtyupn,thana8utra bailed on t.he Chinese version is given ill a volume entitled L'Aide-Mi:,moire de la Vraie Loi (Saddh. arma-smrtyupasthiina-siUra) hy Li- Kouang as H,n introduction to his text of cha.pters I - V of the Dhannasamuccaya.4 Here, accQrding to the ana.lysi.s and resume he gives of the content of the Saddharamasmrtyupasthiina·siltra, the ten evil fl,ct.ions are dis'�ussed in its first chapter. 5 The Sik§asamUC<XJ,ya. says that the t�n evil paths of action should be viev.'ed as harmful and bitter in their fruition as stated in the Saddharma,smrtyupasthuna (dasa cakusalii'f:i, karmapath.al} anartha�. saddharmasmrtyupasthiinad vipiikakatuldi dra·�ravya�) and proceeds to give some extracts from it (tata?L kirrtcinmatraY(i- sucyate). 6 These extracts are in prose, \\'ith a few verses interspersed. -------- -_. --.----�

1. Beudftll, C0cil (lS�3): Cn!:LtoJue uf the Bw),rlhist Sa.nskrit .'11anu8cript::; in the Univer· sity LiQrQ,l'Y, Cambridgt:, p. 134 lVLmuscript Add. 1598

2. Bendall (ibid. p. 129, 130) states thal Ms. Add, 1585 also contains the same fragment. 1 Imve not heen able to look at this manuscript.

3. Lin Li -kouang (1 n 1(;): DhfJ.rmasGilu.(i·caya, Compend'<wn de La Loi, Ire p[1,rtie(chupi­tees 1::\ V), t.ext.e sanDkrit 6ditB avec hl ve1'3ion tibetaine et les versions chinoises et t·I'Mluit on fntncais. Mill1stere de I'education Kutionale, Pnblicuhons du MUsCe Guimet, 13iblotMqne d' etud',)f;, tome 53. Pftris. (For 11 review of this by F. 'V, Tholnl'loS, SC\� tho Bullet-in of the School. of Oriental and Africa.n Studies, University of London Vol. xn (1947-48) p. 4-10-450. Compare a.lso: D. R. Shackleton Bailey ''1'11", Toxt of the 'Dharmasamuccaya JOll.1'rIaL 0)' the Royal Asiatic Society (l955)p. 37-54

Lin Li-kouang (1969): Dhf/.rmasmnuccayt7., Compendium de La Loi. 20 partie. chapi­trcs V l,SII. Aunalcs do Muse;) Guim,<,t, Bibliotheque d' etudes, tome tHo Puris. Lin Li -kouang 119731: Dharmasamnccav((., f]ompenduwt de la Loi. 3(' partie. He­visit)D de Bareau, do Jong and P. D0rnic,,·ille. Paris. J haV0 not hiLd access to the last two publications listed a.bove.

4. Lin Li-kouiLlIg, (Uan): Introd1�ction ail Compend'ium de la Loi (Dha:nnasamuccaya). L'aide-ftUmoire de la Vmie Loi. (Saddharrl!a-smrtY1Ipa8thana,sl�tra) . Recherches sur un Sut-ra Devclopp6 du Petit Vehicnle. Introduction de P. Domieville. Publi­cations dn Mus6e Guimet. Bibliothcqu€I d'etudcB, tome 54

,) ibid. pp. 2,245. 6. Benda.ll, C. (l897'l902);Sik,�a8arnucca!/a.ofSanti·:ieva, (edit.ed) St. P,-,t.('ruburg. p. 69[,

44 RATNA HANDURUKANDE

Verses 3 - 6 of the text under consideration In this paper Jist th" tOQ

evil actions and classify them into three categories, viz. those of the f.lod.\-: killing, stealing and 'wrong behaviour relating to the senses; those of s!, :'e<:h: false speech , slander, harsh words and senseless talk; and those of lllind: desire , hatred and falim views. The ten evils thus listed are, except fOl ..,li�ht variations in matters of nomenclature, the �ame as those found In .Ii ll{'f Buddhist Sanskrit texts like the M ahiit'astu, 7 D1:vyavadana.,s Dasabhll 111 I.La. 8utra9 a.nd the Sik$asamu.,ccayaJo referred to earlier. This three-foIl; [',:.

gorisation of the t.en evils, the Balle as in Pali sourcesTl Can be intere·;J ,o')y compared with a similar list given in relation to action a.nd the retrii.l i •• 11

of deeds in the Manava-Dharma,MAra, the sacred law-book of the HiL ,., 12

7. S@art, K (1882): iI1a/ujvastH (edited) Vol. 1. Paris. p. 107.

S. Cowell, 1<;. B. and Neil, R. A. (1886) ed. Divyiivadana Cambridge, p. 30!. :':I'�.

8. Hahder, J. (H!2G)ecl. Dasabhumika,sutra Pitris and Louvain.. p. 23 f.

10. op. cd,

'11. Compare Dighanikaya, Pali Text Soeiety edition, VotUI, p.269: Dasa akusa/" il " IIl) apaillii. Pii1Jatipcli.o adinnadanaJr(t krlmes1l micchacaro, mus('i,·vado pisuna vaca· 1,1, ,. (ISi

vaC<i somphappalapo abhijjlUi vyapado micchaditthi. This is translated by T. ',\. ;i [It

C, A. F. Rhys Davids (Dialog'ues of the Bwtr7.hll, Part lIT, London (1921 p "t':',« follows: "Ten bad channels of action, to wit, taking life, theft, inchastit;" i,1 Ilg, abuse, slander, idle talk, covetousness, malevolence and Vi'TOng views." ( .. ' ;,/"'1'( also the references listed under kiiyakamma, vacikamma and manokammtl" l(, ll".

Pali Text, Society's Pail·1!Jnglish Dictiona,ry, London (1921.19?5).

12 Adhyi\.ya XII, v�, 3 . , quoted as follows in Lanman, C. R. (l9G9) A Sanskr" fin"" i

Cambridge, 1l'Iassachusetts. p. 65.

subhasubhaphalaI11 karma manova.gdehasalp.bhavam/ kaL'majA gatayo l1rJ,lam uttami'idhamamadhyarnal1/1

taf1yeha trividhasyapi tryadhif?thanasya dehillal)./ da,�a,bk�ar:tayukt.af;ya mallO vidyat pravartakam I /

pa.radravyeJ?v abhidhyanctI11 mltnasaniE!tacintanarn/ vitH,thiibhiniw'sas Cit trividham karma mo.n.a.<;a.mi!

piirul.lyam anrtaIll caiva paisunyo.rp. capi sarvaSaJ)./ !l.Sarpbaddhapri\,lt1pa� ca vanmayal]l syac catufvidham! I

adattii.nii.m upadanarp hiTflSii. caivii.vidhanatal)./ paradaropaseva ca sariraq:l trividhaq:l smrtam//

This is Translat.ed by Buhler, G. (1886): 'fhc La.ws oj Manu. Oxford. Ti.c ' ; ', : ,

Books of the Ea8/.. Vol. 2:'). p. 483 f. as follows:

"Action, which springs from the mind, from speech tmd from the body, ]J' ",lL!!'," eithor good or evil results; by action are caused the (various) conditions of 11 ,'!I > il1 highest, the middling, and the lowest.

Know t.hat tho mind is the instiga.tor here below, even to that (action) "illel, j connected with the body, (lmd) which is of t.hree ki.nds, has three locations, I!Jl.! {,;Jl under t,en haa,df>.

Coveting the property of others, thinking in one's heart. of what is W1Lk ,;l,·bl, and adherence t.o false (doctrines), are the three kinds of (sinful) mental il.(;l�')l Abusing (others, speaking) untruth, detracting from the merits of all mon, awl 1 ;t)!,in idly, shall be the four kinds of (evil) verbal action. Taking what has not br';ll ,, ; .... (·1

injuring (creatures) without the sanction of the law, and holding criminal ir· :', ; ,'uUI'3

with another man's wife, are declared to be the three kinds of (wicked) bodily act in'"

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D:\SAKUSALAKARMAPHALA 45

Verses 7-8 in our t.ext point out. thC:" inevitn.bility of the fruition of aetion,

oken of by the wise, while verses 9-2i. describe the torments in hell suffered

: a result of evil artion, \vi tli out. however specifying a partieulRr �evil. The torments described here bear comparison to those ment.ioned in the Sik$iisamu­eca11a as being the lot of those who indulge in the destruction of life. Verse 21

en(is abruptl.\T in the mid.dle of a line'.

I give below' the full text of the fragment, of the work on the c01l8equence� of the ten evil a.ctions (daNikusalakarmaphala) contained on folio 171 of the manuS'eript named Ava.danasarasamuccaya, follo'wed by au English translation

of it. The manuscript readings are given in foot-notes, where the text I a.dopt differfl from it.

Namo Buddhaya,

jitadof}arp. jagannatharp krpa�ya.r!.1 karma vadinam 13 / natva jinarp. pravak�ya.mi daMku8l\Jajarp. phalam//l/!

saddharmasmrtyupasthane prokta bhagavata svayam/ dasadhakusalah karmapatha c1urgatihetavah//2//

·ttividharp. karma kaya.sya vaeanasya catun'idham/ . manasas triprakal'azp syad ime karmapatha dasal/3//

praI)atipato ' dattarthadanarp. paficailgabhag np.lam/ kamamithyapracaras ea. trividharp. karma kayikam//4//

. -m�avado 'tha paisunyarp. parul?yakabaddhampau14 / caturvidham iclarp. karma vacikarp vidu�a smrtam//6/1

abhirlhya sat t va vid vei?O mi th yadrl?tis ca, tat tridha/ manasarp. karma nikhilarp. varjaniyarp. subharthibhib//6/ /

hyena vaca manasa sadasd.tkarma yat krtamj svayarp. tatphalam adatte uesvcraclhikrtarp.15 jagat//7//

vipakarp. karmasarp.bhutazp phalam ahur manif?iI;lab/ jilatavyarp.. tat kramel).aiva vak!?y:- maJ;larp. vicakf?aI).aib//8//

valmina dahyamananarp dehinarp. niraye khagiib/ bhitba siroghat1rp16 mktaIp. Iii pibantyagniBikhacarab//9//

Karroapadinam

paru$yavaddhaiapite

naisvaradilq-tarp.

siroghatimumr(l,ll

46

kapalantacara ye te patagas Ukt;lI)ttcafic[loY3.h/

bhittviil7 siro 'tha ma.stil?ka�l pihiLnti (htuauadrutamillO,/

jihvami�abhnjo nama 'Pv.,k�iI:\.o riik:;;a,i<:j, iYa,; jihviirp. vidarya parito bhak0ay::tnti mnhul'nluh:l\.1/jll/i

bhnktapi j�"yate �a ca jihva, pavanasarp.gaLa P

mrdnb. l� sl1i?kii, visaiagra sa.rojada.la.kolllnJii. 20//12/1

d8,ntotpatakanamakah 21

dantan nt-piitya vegena marp.SH.m ?o8flan1;i t;J,d�p.t�l.mi!] 3//

vilikhY3, nakha.raib. k<11J.t,ha�1 kalJ.�han[t<;lya.p(l,kari?a,kMl/ khadantab. patttgab prita nil;;krfJya galana<;likiib.!i14l/

adau23 vidarya jathantlp. kioma.kasmyir).024 dvijab!

bhufijate25 klomam utkrt.ya komaiarp harchm antikam//15i,

amasayadanamano vihaga vivrta,nanah/ ama.8<J,ya:ql samalw,tY8 kha,danti kharatul).<;iakah/ /16/ /

plihasarp.kartaka 26 , nama sakuIlIi..b s3.ktisalinabj plihanalp27 prakatikrtya sada kham upayufijate//17//

antrantakhadino ye l:<l. viha,gaJ.8 vataveginah/ nibSe�m antram i1krSlya �evant.e gagane ga.t.ab.//18//

P'rstha \2"msarat.ii nama vira va vir�:'asa.m yutah I . • , ,r • .J ... I

cancva sarp.curlJ.ya cancanti Pff?thavarp.saIp. sadri1)amII19;i

marmavagha�taka naruna pa.t.tril).ah pattril).o 'yathfi.;' bhittva ma,rmaDi bhayadil majjauy29 upablm:5.jate//20;;

sucichidrasyaniimano30 vajino 'pi t'f:;;aturah pibant� rudhirarp. 31 . . . . . . . . . . . . " ..... ' ..... " ............ ., ......... " .. W

17. bhal1lskii.rp. 18, "gatal;l 19. mrdu 20. °malal; 21. °patakanfunaka 22 dantaO 23. ?traclya 24. sic. But Sifc�(j8amu.Cw.,ya rl'.a.dl:l kloma.kMirn;� 25. bhujato 26. plohao 27. plohao 28. vitphira 29. majjiini 30, °drasa,na," 31. ru

DASAJeUSALAKARM.\PHALA 41

II

HUD16..ge to the Buddha.

After paying obeisance to the Viccoriou3 One, the conqueror of hatred, the lord of the 'world, rich in compassion, the teacher of the (law of)

action, I will proclaim the fruits born of bhe ten evilf'.

2 . The evil paths of action , reason for eyil destinies, has been taught by the

Blessed One himself as ten-fold, in the Sctddhwr·nw-srnltyupasthihuHfutm, (the discourse that brings about awareness of the Good Doctrine) .

:3. Action of the body is three-fold, that of speech four-fold, and of mind

three-fold. These are the ten paths of action.

4. (Evil) action of body of men, engaged in with the five lim bs , is three-fold:

destruction of life, taking of wealth that is not given, and improper beha­

viour relating to sensual pleasures.

5. Then, false speech, slander , harsh words, and senseless bdk - these the

wise dedare R.S t.he four-fold action of speech.

6. Desire, hatred towards beings , . and false views - t.hat three-fold a.ction

of the mind should be avoided in its entirety by those desirous of well­

being.

'7 Whatever deed, good or bad, one does by body, speech or mind, the fruit

of that he reaps himself. The world is not go.'erned by a Supreme Being.

8 Tile results born of action , (that) the wise spoke of as the fruit (of action) .

That ill deed should be known ia due order as uescribed by t.he discerning.

9. Piercing the skulls of beings being burnt by fires in hell, the birds called

agnisikhacam, those moving among fl,Hlle:-;, drink their blood.

1'1. Those sharp-beaked birds called kapaliintacara, those moving inside skulls,

pierce the heads (of those in. hell) and then drink the braill melted by fire.

11. The birds called jdwarni§abhuja, those who enjoy tongues as food, tear tongues to pieces everywhere, and eat them again and again, like demons .

12. Though eaten up, that tougue comes into being again, in contact with the wind, soft , dry, large and choice, tender as the petal of a lotus.

t:) Those called dantotrpataka, they who pull out teeth, swoop down, unrestra ­ined in mind, pull out teeth swiftly and eat the flesh attached to t,hem.

48 Ri\TNi\ HANDURUKANOB

14. The birds called ka1fthanarj,yapakaro?aka., they who extract the veil, III ii, neck . tea.r up neck::; with t,heir claws, pull (lut the veins of i.hc ,1,1"';

a,nd find delight, eating t,hem.

15. Splitting open the ca\-ity first, the birds associated with the IUjJ!�·, d:

klomaM�rayint tear off the deljcate lung whiC!h. reJated to the h'·",I,.

near it, and enjoy it.

16. The sharp-beaked birds cal}ed amiisayada, devourers of 5tumo1\Jh,·- !\, I

mouthed. hit upon stomachs and Ntt. them,

17, The hirds called pliha.'5arf1karta/�u,. they who ent, spleens t,o pieees 'v;, 1

titrength, remain in the sky at all tJlmeR, displaying ::spleens,

18. They who feed upon the inner part of intestines, the antdintakluic'lJ ' vii

swift a8 the wind, pull out the intest,ines without, remainder, rCi'nri 1

the sky. and enjoy them,

19. They who relish the back-bones, Pr�thavat!lAa1'ata b:y name, noisy ,�JI!.! jl

of vigour, break with their beaks the bac\·bones of people into Pit"" "t!

lea.p up (into the air) ,

20. The birds, marmavaghattaka by name, they who split open the vik" j IIl,,:c£,.n givers of fear. pierce, like arrows, the vital organs, and enjoy the m.:LlTl/'

21. Those with mouths like the eye of a needle, called siicickid-ra, ()Tl!lf('''�t

with thirst, though possessing strength. drink blood ......... .