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RISHI KAPOOR(34)SACHIN MATPAL(36)

RFID and It’s Applications

RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID)

Radio Frequency IDentification is a technology which uses tags as a component in a solution set that will evolve over the next several years.

RFID tags contain a chip which holds an electronic product code (EPC) number that points to additional data detailing the contents of the package.

Readers identify the EPC numbers at a distance, without line-of-sight scanning or involving physical contact. Middleware can perform initial filtering on data from the readers.

Applications are evolving to comply with shipping products to automatically processing transactions based on RFID technology.

RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID)

RFID - EVOLUTION In 1946 Léon Theremin invented a listening device which

retransmitted incident radio waves with audio information. Sound waves vibrated a diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the reflected radio frequency.

Similar technology, such as the IFF transponder invented in the United Kingdom in 1939, was routinely used by the allies in World War II to identify aircraft as friend or foe. Transponders are still used by most powered aircraft to this day.

Mario Cardullo's U.S. Patent 3,713,148 in 1973 was the first true ancestor of modern RFID; a passive radio transponder with memory. The initial device was passive, powered by the interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to potential users and consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device.

TAGS

A Tag is a transponder which receives a radio signal and in response to it sends out a radio signal.

Tag contains an antenna, and a small chip that stores a small amount of data

Tag can be programmed at manufacture or on installation

Tag is powered by the high power electromagnetic field generated by the antennas – usually in doorways

The field allows the chip/antenna to reflect back an extremely weak signal containing the data

Collision Detection – recognition of multiple tags in the read range – is employed to separately read the individual tags

DIFFERENT TYPES OF TAGS

TAG ATTRIBUTES

READERS An RFID reader is a device that is used to interrogate an RFID tag. The

reader has an antenna that emits radio waves; the tag responds by sending back its data.

The reader has two basic components –

A scanning antenna

A transceiver with a decoder to interpret the data

Some Reader Examples

THE EPC CODE

The objective of the Electronic Product Code (EPC) is to provide unique identification of physical objects.

The EPC will be used to address and access individual objects from the computer network, much as the Internet Protocol (IP) Address allows computers to identify, organize and communicate with one another.

THE EPC CODE

Eg. 613.23000.123456.123456789 (96 bits) Header – defines data type (8 bits) EPC Manager – describes originator of EPC

(Product manufacturer) (34 bits) Object Class - Could describe the product

type (20 Bits) Serial Number – Unique ID for that product

item (34 Bits)

APPLICATIONS

IT Asset Tracking-institutions with large IT assets with numerous

data centersRace Timing -Registering race start and end timings for

individuals in a marathon-type race

-Individuals wear a chest number containing passive tags which are read by antennae placed alongside the track

-Rush error, lap count errors and accidents at start time are avoided

APPLICATIONS

E-passport-Pioneer: Malaysia(1998)-visual data page, travel history

-Norway(2005), Japan, EU, UK, Australia, US, Serbia

Transportation Payments-Gurgaon, Noida: Toll-way

-Mumbai: Integrated transport- buses and local trains - United States: Chicago Transit Authority’s Card for

Metro, Metra, CTA buses & PACE buses fare payments (2002)

An Electronic Road Pricing gantry

RFID tag : electronic toll collection

Human implants Libraries

APPLICATIONS

Animal tracking tags, inserted beneath the skin, can be rice-sized.

Tags can be screw-shaped to identify trees or wooden items.

Credit-card shaped for use in access applications.

The anti-theft hard plastic tags attached to merchandise in stores are also RFID tags.

Heavy-duty 120 by 100 by 50 millimeter rectangular transponders are used to track shipping containers, or heavy machinery, trucks, and railroad cars.

zombie RFID tag,

-a tag that can be temporarily deactivated when it leaves the store.

- The process would work like this: you bring your purchase up to the register, the RFID scanner reads the item, you pay for it and as you leave the store, you pass a special device that sends a signal to the RFID tag to "die." That is, it is no longer readable.

-The "zombie" element comes in when you bring an item back to the store. A special device especially made for that kind of tag "re-animates" the RFID tag, allowing the item to reenter the supply chain.

PROBLEMS AND CONCERNS TECHNICAL PROBLEMS

No Standardization Exxon Mobil Speed pass

Easy to Jam Disastrous in case of hospitals and military

RFID Reader Collision One tag many readers

RFID Tag Collision One Reader many tags

SECURITY , PRIVACY AND ETHICAL PROBLEMS

Contents can be read after the item leaves the supply chain

RFID tags are difficult to remove RFID tags can be read without your

knowledge RFID tags can be read a greater distances

with a high-gain antenna RFID tags with unique serial numbers could

be linked to an individual credit card number

QUESTIONS???

Thank You…