RF Communication Circuits
description
Transcript of RF Communication Circuits
KAVOSHCOM
RF Communication Circuits
Dr. Fotowat-AhmadiSharif University of TechnologyFall-1391Prepared by: Siavash Kananian & Alireza Zabetian
Lecture 3: S- Parameters
Dr. Fotowat-AhmadiSharif University of TechnologyFall-1391Prepared by: Siavash Kananian & Alireza Zabetian
Impedance and Admittance matrices
nnnnn
n
n
n I
II
ZZZ
ZZZZZZ
V
VV
.
.
............
..
..
.
.2
1
21
22212
12111
2
1
nnnnn
n
n
n V
VV
YYY
YYYYYY
I
II
.
.
............
..
..
..
2
1
21
22212
12111
2
1
Impedance matrix Admittance matrix
For n ports network we can relate the voltages and currents by impedance and admittance matrices
1 ZYwhere
Reciprocal and Lossless NetworksReciprocal networks usually contain nonreciprocal media such as ferrites or plasma, or active devices. We can show that the impedance and admittance matrices are symmetrical, so that.
Lossless networks can be shown that Zij or Yij are imaginary
jiijjiij YYor ZZ
Refer to text book Pozar pg193-195
ExampleFind the Z parameters of the two-port T –network as shown below
Z B
Z C
Z A
Solution
V1 V2
I1 I2
CAI
ZZIVZ
01
111
2
CCB
CCB
CB
C
I
ZZZ
ZZZZZ
ZIV
IVZ
2
2
02
112
1
Port 2 open-circuited
Port 1 open-circuited
CBI
ZZIVZ
02
222
1
Similarly we can show that
CI
ZIVZ
01
221
2
This is an example of reciprocal network!!
S-parameters
Microwave device
Port 1 Port 2
Vi1
Vr1
Vt2
Vi2
Vr2
Vt1
Transmission and reflection coefficients
i
tVV
i
rVV
Input signalreflected signal
transmitted signal
S-parametersVoltage of traveling wave away from port 1 is
22
21
1
11 i
i
ti
i
rb V
VVV
VVV
Voltage of Reflected waveFrom port 1
Voltage ofTransmitted waveFrom port 2
22
21
1
12 i
i
ri
i
tb V
VVV
VVV
Voltage of transmitted wave away from port 2 is
Let Vb1= b1 , Vi1=a1 , Vi2=a2 , ,2
212
i
tVV
,1
11
i
rVV
2
22and
i
rVV
1
121
i
tVV
Then we can rewrite
S-parameters
212111 aab
221212 aab Hence
In matrix form
2
1
221
121
2
1
aa
bb
2
1
2221
1211
2
1
aa
SSSS
bbS-matrix
•S11and S22 are a measure of reflected signal at port 1 and port 2 respectively•S21 is a measure of gain or loss of a signal from port 1 to port 2.•S12 ia a measure of gain or loss of a signal from port 2 to port 1.
Logarithmic formS11=20 log(1) S22=20 log(2)S12=20 log(12)S21=20 log(21)
S-parameters
0111
2
1
r
r
Vi
V
VS 02
212
2
rVi
tVVS
01
121
1
rVi
tVVS
02
222
1
rVi
rVVS
Vr2=0 means port 2 is matched
Vr1=0 means port 1 is matched
Multi-port network
network
Port 1
Port 2
Port
3
Port 4
Port 5
5
4
3
2
1
5554535251
4544434241
3534333231
2524232221
1514131211
5
43
2
1
aaaaa
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
bbbbb
Example8.56 8.56
141.8
Below is a matched 3 dB attenuator. Find the S-parameter of the circuit.
Solution
Z1=Z2= 8.56 and Z3= 141.8
By assuming the output port is terminated by Zo = 50 , then
oin
oin
Vi
rZZZZ
VVS
r
01
111
2
50)5056.88.141/()5056.8(8.14156.8
050505050
11
S Because of symmetry , then S22=0
)//( 231 oin ZZZZZ
Continue
02
221
2
rVi
tVVS
From the fact that S11=S22=0 , we know that Vr1=0 when port 2 is matched, and that Vi2=0. Therefore Vi1= V1 and Vt2=V2
11
33132
32122
707.056.850
5056.844.41
44.41
////
VV
ZZZV
ZZZ
ZZZZZVVV
o
oo
o
ot
8.56 8.56
141.8 V1 V2
Therefore S12 = S21 = 0.707
Vo
0707.0707.00
S
Lossless networkFor lossless n-network , total input power = total output power. Thus
n
iiii
n
ii bbaa
1
**
1Where a and b are the amplitude of the signal
Putting in matrix form at a* = bt b*
=at St S* a*
Thus at (I – St S* )a* =0 This implies that St S* =I
Note that bt=atSt and b*=S*a*
In summation form
jifor
jiforSS kj
n
kki 0
1*
1
Called unitary matrix
Conversion of Z to S and S to Z
UZUZS 1
SUSUZ 1
where
1..0.1.....00.01
U
Reciprocal and symmetrical network
For reciprocal network
tUU Since the [U] is diagonal , thus
tZZ
tSS
Since [Z] is symmetry
Thus it can be shown that
ExampleA certain two-port network is measured and the following scattering matrix is obtained:
From the data , determine whether the network is reciprocal or lossless. If a short circuit is placed on port 2, what will be the resulting return loss at port 1?
oo
ooS
02.0908.0908.001.0
Solution
Since [S] is symmetry, the network is reciprocal. To be lossless, the S parameters must satisfy
jifor
jiforSS kj
n
kki 0
1*
1
|S11|2 + |S12|2 = (0.1)2 + (0.8)2 = 0.65
Since the summation is not equal to 1, thus it is not a lossless network.
For i=j
continueReflected power at port 1 when port 2 is shorted can be calculated as follow and the fact that a2= -b2 for port 2 being short circuited, thus
b1=S11a1 + S12a2 = S11a1 - S12b2
b2=S21a1 + S22a2 = S21a1 - S22b2
(1)
(2)
From (2) we have
a2
-a2=b2
Short at port 2
122
212 1
aS
Sb
633.02.01
8.08.01.01 22
211211
1
21211
1
1
jj
SSSS
abSS
ab
Dividing (1) by a1 and substitute the result in (3) ,we have
(3)
dB97.3633.0log20log20 Return loss
ABCD parameters
NetworkV1V2
I1 I2
Voltages and currents in a general circuit
122 VVI 212 IIV
This can be written as
221 IVV 221 IVI
Or
221 BIAVV 221 DICVI
A –ve sign is included in the definition of D
In matrix form
Given V1 and I1, V2 and I2 can be determined if ABDC matrix is known.
2
2
1
1
IV
DCBA
IV
Cascaded network
a b
I1a
V1a
I2a
V2a V1b
I1b I2b
V2b
a
a
aa
aa
a
a
IV
DCBA
IV
2
2
1
1
b
b
bb
bb
b
b
IV
DCBA
IV
2
2
1
1
However V2a=V1b and –I2a=I1b then
b
b
bb
bb
aa
aa
a
a
IV
DCBA
DCBA
IV
2
2
1
1
Or just convert to one matrix
b
b
a
a
IV
DCBA
IV
2
2
1
1
Where
bb
bb
aa
aa
DCBA
DCBA
DCBA
The main use of ABCD matrices are for chaining circuit elements together
Determination of ABCD parameters221 BIAVV 221 DICVI
Because A is independent of B, to determine A put I2 equal to zero and determine the voltage gain V1/V2=A of the circuit. In this case port 2 must be open circuit.
02
1
2
IV
VA for port 2 open circuit for port 2 short circuit
for port 2 open circuit for port 2 short circuit
02
1
2
IV
IC02
1
2
VI
ID
02
1
2
VI
VB
ABCD matrix for series impedanceZ
I1I2
V1V2
02
1
2
IV
VA02
1
2
VI
VB
02
1
2
IV
IC02
1
2
VI
ID
for port 2 open circuit for port 2 short circuit
for port 2 open circuit for port 2 short circuit
V1= V2 hence A=1 V1= - I2 Z hence B= Z
I1 = - I2 = 0 hence C= 0 I1 = - I2 hence D= 1
The full ABCD matrix can be written
10
1 Z
ABCD for T impedance network
Z1 Z2
Z3V1
I1 I2
V2
02
1
2
IV
VA for port 2 open circuit
131
32 V
ZZZV
then
therefore
3
1
3
31
2
1 1ZZ
ZZZ
VVA
Continue
02
1
2
VI
VB for port 2 short circuit
1
32
321
32
32
2V
ZZZZZ
ZZZZ
VZ
Solving for voltage in Z2
But
222ZIVZ
Hence
3
2112
2
1ZZZZZ
IVB
I2Z1
Z3Z2
VZ2
Continue
02
1
2
IV
IC for port 2 open circuitI1 I2
Z1
Z3V2
31322 ZIZIV
12 II
32
1 1ZV
IC
Therefore
Analysis
Continue
02
1
2
VI
ID for port 2 short circuit I2Z1
Z3Z2
VZ2
132
32 I
ZZZI
I1
I1 is divided into Z2 and Z3, thus
Hence
3
2
2
1 1ZZ
IID
Full matrix
3
2
3
3
2121
2
1
11
1
ZZ
Z
ZZZZZ
ZZ
ABCD for transmission line
Input V1
I1
V2
I2
Zo gTransmission line
z =0z = -
For transmission line
ztjb
ztjf eeVeeVzV gg )(
ztjb
ztjf
oeeVeeV
ZzI gg 1)(
b
b
f
fo I
VIV
Z
f and b represent forward and backward propagation voltage and current Amplitudes. The time varying term can be dropped in further analysis.
ztjb
ztjf eeVeeV gg
continueAt the input z = -
gg eVeVVV bf)(1 gg eVeV
ZII bf
o
1)(1
At the output z = 0
bf VVVV )0(2 bf
oVV
ZII
1)0(2
(1) (2)
(3) (4)
Now find A,B,C and D using the above 4 equations
02
1
2
IV
VA for port 2 open circuit
For I2 =0 Eq.( 4 ) gives Vf= Vb=Vo giving
continueFrom Eq. (1) and (3) we have
)cosh(2
)(
g
gg
o
oV
eeVA
Note that
2)()cosh(
xx eex
2)()sinh(
xx eex
02
1
2
VI
VB for port 2 short circuit
For V2 = 0 , Eq. (3) implies –Vf= Vb = Vo . From Eq. (1) and (4) we have
)sinh(2
)(
g
gg
oo
oo ZV
eeVZB
continue
02
1
2
IV
IC for port 2 open circuit
For I2=0 , Eq. (4) implies Vf = Vb = Vo . From Eq.(2) and (3) we have
ooo
oZZV
eeVC )sinh(2
)( ggg
02
1
2
VI
ID for port 2 short circuit
For V2=0 , Eq. (3) implies Vf = -Vb = Vo . From Eq.(2) and (4) we have
)cosh(2
)(
g
gg
oo
ooVZ
eeVZD
continue
The complete matrix is therefore
)cosh()sinh()sinh()cosh(
gggg
o
o
Z
Z
)cos()sin()sin()cos(
kZkj
kjZk
o
o
When the transmission line is lossless this reduces to
Note that
)cos()cosh( kjk
)sin()sinh( kjjk
jkg
Where= attenuationk=wave propagation constant
Lossless line = 0
Table of ABCD network
Transmission line
Series impedance
Shunt impedance
)cosh()sinh()sinh()cosh(
gggg
o
o
Z
Z
10
1 Z
1101
Z
Z
Z
Table of ABCD network
T-network
p-network
3
2
3
3
2121
2
1
11
1
ZZ
Z
ZZZZZ
ZZ
1
3
21
3
21
32
3
111
1
ZZ
ZZZ
ZZ
ZZZ
n
n100
Ideal transformer
n:1
Z1 Z2
Z3
Z3
Z1 Z2
Short transmission line
)cos()sin(
)sin()cos(
kZkj
kjZkABCD
o
o
tlineLossless transmission line
If << l then cos(k ) ~ 1 and sin (k ) ~ k then
11
1
kZ
j
kjZABCD
o
o
tlineshort
Embedded short transmission line
Z1 Z1Transmission line
11
01
111
1101
11 Zk
Zj
kjZ
ZABCD
o
o
embed
12
11
1
12
1
ZkjZ
Zkj
ZkjZ
Z
kjZZkjZ
ABCDo
o
o
oo
embed
Solving, we have
Comparison with p-network
1
3
21
3
21
32
3
111
1
ZZ
ZZZ
ZZ
ZZZ
ABCD netp
12
11
1
12
1
ZkjZ
Zkj
ZkjZ
Z
kjZZkjZ
ABCDo
o
o
oo
embed
It is interesting to note that if we substitute in ABCD matrix in p-network, Z2=Z1 and Z3=jZok we see that the difference is in C element where wehave extra term i.e
oZkj
o
oZk
ZkZ
21
Both are almost same if So the transmission line exhibit a p-network
Comparison with series and shunt
Series
If Zo >> Z1 then the series impedance kjZZ o
This is an inductance which is given by cZL o
Where c is a velocity of light
Shunt
If Zo << Z1 then the series impedance
cZC
o
This is a capacitance which is given by
oZkjZ
Equivalent circuits
Zo ZoZoc
Zo ZoZoL
cZL o
cZC
o
Zo >> Z1
Zo << Z1
Transmission line parameters
CBZo
1ln1cosh1 21 AAA
g
It is interesting that the characteristic impedance and propagation constant of a transmission line can be determined from ABCD matrix as follows
Conversion S to ABCD
DZCZBAZZ
BCADZDZCZBAZDZCZBAZSS
SS
oooo
oooo
ooo2
2
22221
1211
221
For conversion of ABCD to S-parameter
For conversion of S to ABCD-parameter
2112221121122211
2112221121122211
2111111
1111
21
SSSSSSSSZ
SSSSZSSSS
SDCBA
o
o
Zo is a characteristic impedance of the transmission line connected to theABCD network, usually 50 ohm.
MathCAD functions for conversionFor conversion of ABCD to S-parameter
For conversion of S to ABCD-parameter
2,21,22,11,1
1,22,12,21,12,21,22,11,1
2,21.22,11,1 .....2....2....
....1)(
AZAZZAAZZAAAAZAZAZZAAZ
AZAZZAAZAS
1,22,12,21,11,22,12,21,1
1,22,12,21,11,22,12,21,1
1,2 .1.1.1.1.1.1.1..1.1
..21)(
SSSSSSSSZ
SSSSZSSSS
SSA
o
Odd and Even Mode AnalysisUsually use for analyzing a symmetrical four port network
•Equal ,in phase excitation – even mode•Equal ,out of phase excitation – odd mode
(1) Excitation
(2) Draw intersection line for symmetry and apply •short circuit for odd mode•Open circuit for even mode
(3) Also can apply EM analysis of structure•Tangential E field zero – odd mode•Tangential H field zero – even mode
(4) Single excitation at one port= even mode + odd mode
Example 1
Line ofsymmetry
1 2
43
odevodevodevodev
odevodevodevodev
odevodevodevodev
odevodevodevodev
SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS
S
4444434342424141
3434333332323131
2424232322222121
1414131312121111
21
The matrix contains the odd and even parts
Since the network is symmetry, Instead of 4 ports , we can only analyze 2 port
Edge coupled line
continueWe just analyze for 2 transmission lines with characteristic Ze and Zo respectively. Similarly the propagation coefficients be and bo respectively. Treat the odd and even mode lines as uniform lossless lines. Taking ABCD matrix for a line , length l, characteristic impedance Z and propagation constant b,thus
)cos()sin(
)sin()cos(
bbbb
Zj
jZABCD tline
DZCZBAZZBCADZDZCZBAZ
DZCZBAZS
oooo
oooo
ooo2
2
2 221
Using conversion
continue
ZZZjZ
ZZZZj
ZZZjZ
So
o
oo
o22
22
2
22sin2
2sin
sincos2
1
b
b
bb
Taking 2pb
Then
22
22
22 221
oo
oo
o ZZZZjZZjZZ
ZZS
(equivalent to quarter-wavelength transmission line)
continue
S11
S21
S12
S22
2-port network matrix
Convert toS11
S21
S12
S22
S11
S21
S12
S22
S11
S21
S12
S22
S11
S21
S12
S22S33
S44
S34
S43
S13 S14S23
S24
S32
S31
S42S41
4-port network matrix
Odd + even
continue
Assuming bev = bod = Then
222223321441 2 ood
od
oev
evo
ZZZ
ZZZjZSSSS
)()(
)()(
2 2222
2
ood
evod
oev
oodevo
ZZZZ
ZZZZZjZ
2p
For perfect isolation (I.e S41=S14=S32=S23=0 ),we choose Zev and Zod such that Zev Zod=Zo
2.
S11
S21
S12
S22
S13
S23
S14
S24
S31
S41
S32
S42
S33
S43
S34
S44
ev+ od
ev+ od
ev- od
ev- od
Follow symmetrical properties
continue
Similarly we have
22
22
22
22
44332211 21
ood
ood
oev
oev
ZZZZ
ZZZZSSSS
))((2
12222
422
oodoev
oodev
ZZZZZZZ
Equal to zero if Zev Zod=Zo2.
S11
S21
S12
S22
S13
S23
S14
S24
S31
S41
S32
S42
S33
S43
S34
S44
ev+ od
ev+ od
ev- od
ev- od
continue
We have
22
22
22
22
42241331 21
ood
ood
oev
oev
ZZZZ
ZZZZSSSS
))((
)(2222
222
oodoev
oodev
ZZZZZZZ
if Zev Zod=Zo2.
odev
odev
ZZ
ZZ
S11
S21
S12
S22
S13
S23
S14
S24
S31
S41
S32
S42
S33
S43
S34
S44
ev+ od
ev+ od
ev- od
ev- od
continue
222243341221 2 ood
od
oev
evo
ZZZ
ZZZjZSSSS
odevo
ZZjZ 1
if Zev Zod=Zo2.
S11
S21
S12
S22
S13
S23
S14
S24
S31
S41
S32
S42
S33
S43
S34
S44
ev+ od
ev+ od
ev- od
ev- od
continue
1241
231
221
211 SSSS
(1) Power conservation
Reflected power transmitted
power to port 4
transmitted power to
port 3
transmitted power to
port 2
Since S11 and S41=0 , then
1231
221 SS
(2) And quadrature condition 221
11 p
SSArg
This S-parameter must satisfy network characteristic:
continueFor 3 dB coupler
21
2
odev
odev
ZZ
ZZ21
odev
odev
ZZ
ZZor
Rewrite we have
223)2(1)2(1
od
evZZ
In practice Zev > Zod so 83.5223 od
evZZ
However the limitation for coupled edge
2od
evZZ
(Gap size ) also bev and bod are not pure TEM thus not equal
A l/4 branch line coupler
Z 2
Z1
Z 2
Z1
1
3
2
4
90 o
90 o
90 o90 o
Z 2
Z1
Z1
1 2
90 o
45 o45 o
Z 2
Z1
Z1
1 2
90 o
45 o45 o
O/C O/C
Symmetrical line
Odd
Even
AnalysisStub odd (short circuit) 11, 4
tan ZZX ods
p
Stub even (open circuit) 11, 4cot ZZX evs
p
The ABCD matrices for the two networks may then found :
ss
s
ss XZ
XjZ
Zj
jZXZ
jXZj
jZ
jXABCD
222
2
22
2
2
1101
0
0
1101
stub stubTransmission line
continue
DZCZBAZZBCADZDZCZBAZ
DZCZBAZS
oooo
oooo
ooo2
2
2 221
Convert to S
2
2
22
2
2
2
2
22
2
2
2
2
22
2
22 2
2
21
ZZj
XZZjjZZ
ZZZj
XZZjjZ
ZZj
XZZjjZ
XZZ o
s
oo
oo
s
o
o
s
o
s
o
For perfect isolation we require
011111111 odevodev SSSS Thus 01111 odev SS
02
2
22
2
211 ZZj
XZZjjZS o
s
o or 122
22 ZZZ
ZZXo
os
From
previous definition
continueSubstituting into S-parameter gives us
001
222
2 o
o
oodd Z
Z
jZZZS
001
222
2 o
o
oeven Z
Z
jZZZSand
Therefore for full four port
o
odev ZZjSSSSSS 2
212134431221 21
2
22
212123321441 121
oodev
ZZSSSSSS
And
044332211 SSSS
024421331 SSSS
continue
For power conservation and quadrature conditions to be met
Equal split S
212
21 oZ
ZS or22oZZ
And
o
oo
oo
o
os Z
ZZ
ZZ
ZZ
ZZZX
2
222
22
1
2
2
If Zo= 50 then Z2 = 35.4