RF and Microwave Power...
Transcript of RF and Microwave Power...
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RF and Microwave PowerMeasurement
Murat Celep, UME
Martin Hudlička, CMI
Contact: [email protected]
EMPIR 15RPT01 workshop, 7. 11. 2016, METAS
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• RF power
• RF power traceability
• Diode sensor
• Skin effect
• Connectors
Contents
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• Electrical power is defined as quantity of dissipated energy per unit of time.
• The SI (International System of Units ) unit of power is the Watt.
• In the case of resistive (Ohmic, or linear) load, power that is dissipated at a load can be defined as a product of voltage on the load and current passing through a circuit.
P=VI
RF Power
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RF Power
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dttT
itT
vnT
dttitvnT
P
nT
pp
nT
)2
(sin.)2
sin(1
)().(1
∫∫00
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RF Power
EMPIR 15RPT01 workshop, 7. 11. 2016, METAS
Properties of Power Sensors:
• Sensitivity
• Frequency range
• Power range
Microwave power is measured by sensors.
Power Sensor Types:
• Bolometer
Barretter
Thermistor
• Thermocouple
• Diode
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RF Power
EMPIR 15RPT01 workshop, 7. 11. 2016, METAS
Microwave power traceability is obtained over power sensors.
http://www.powerbackup.co.za/about-us/
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• RF power
• RF power traceability
• Diode sensor
• Skin effect
• Connectors
Contents
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RF Power traceability
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Microwave power traceability is obtained from effective efficiency measurement of the standard sensor using the microcalorimeter system.
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RF Power traceability
EMPIR 15RPT01 workshop, 7. 11. 2016, METAS
Bolometer type sensors
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RF Power traceability
EMPIR 15RPT01 workshop, 7. 11. 2016, METAS
Thermistor is a temperature sensitive resistor.
Before the microwave power measurement, thermistor sensor is connected
to Wheatstone bridge then DC power applied on it.
PDC1 is related to V1 and R1
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RF Power traceability
EMPIR 15RPT01 workshop, 7. 11. 2016, METAS
When the microwave power is applied to thermistor sensor,
RF
SUB
P
P
PDC2 is related to V2 and R1
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RF Power traceability
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V1: Wheatstone voltage (V), RF off
V2: Wheatstone voltage (V), RF on
e1: Thermopile output voltage (V), RF off
e2: Thermopile output voltage (V), RF on
LT: Thermopile linearity
T
T
R
Le
Lee
VV
V
1
122
22
1
211
1
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RF Power traceability
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dBR A115.01
AdB: Thin line attenuation (dB)
13
21,VVTLee ,, 21
R
dBA
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RF Power traceability
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21 CF
: Reflection coefficient of the thermistor
sensor
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RF Power traceability
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Type : TwinPower Range : 1 mW to 10 mWConnector : Precision N Type
Sensor Type : ThermistorOperating freq. : 100 kHz to 18 GHz
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RF Power traceability
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• RF power
• RF power traceability
• Diode sensor
• Skin effect
• Connectors
Contents
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Diode sensor
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Characteristic of diode
100 -VeII
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Diode sensor
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......8
1
2
11 3
3
0
22
0000
0 tCosV
VtCos
V
VtCos
V
VIeII mmmV
-
In this equation:I : Diode currentI0 : Leakage currentV0 : Thermal voltage
k : Boltzmann constantT : Temperature (K)e : Electron charge
tConsTk
V tan.
0 e
example: R&S NRV-Z4 power sensor
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Diode sensor
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.......2cos25.0cos25.0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
t
V
VIt
V
VI
V
VII mmm
ACDC III
DC current :2
20
025.0mDC V
V
II
diode sensor – rather a voltage detector than a power detector
very sensitive to impedance mismatch
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Diode sensor
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2
mDC VI
2
mm VP DCm2
mDC
2
mmIP
VI
VP
The DC component of current is proportional with the square of the applied voltage magnitude
Since microwave power, Pm, is proportional with the square of voltage, it is also proportional with the DC current.
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Diode sensor
EMPIR 15RPT01 workshop, 7. 11. 2016, METAS
Characteristic output of diode sensor
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Diode sensor
EMPIR 15RPT01 workshop, 7. 11. 2016, METAS
The generated voltage is rectified by the diode and while the AC component flows to ground, the DC component is resulted on ampermeter.
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Diode sensor
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typical power measurement method: the power is measured through amplified low-frequency AC or DC voltage
source: http://www.keysight.com/find/backtobasics
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Diode sensor
EMPIR 15RPT01 workshop, 7. 11. 2016, METAS
measurement errors due to harmonics
- dependent on the crest factor (peak / average ratio), major errors can occur outside the square-law region
- improvement by use a full-wave rectifier instead of a half-way rectifier (elimination of even harmonics, i.e. 2nd, 4th, ...)
- phase between the harmonics is important
waveform distortion due to the2nd order harmonic
Voltage and Power Measurements,R&S application note, 1999
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Diode sensor
EMPIR 15RPT01 workshop, 7. 11. 2016, METAS
measurement errors due to harmonicsVoltage and Power Measurements,R&S application note, 1999
2nd harmonic 3rd harmonic
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Diode sensor
EMPIR 15RPT01 workshop, 7. 11. 2016, METAS
increase of dynamic range
(90 dB, three different power paths)e.g. R&S NRP-Z23 three-path diodepower sensors
automatic path switching in power transition regions
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• RF power
• RF power traceability
• Diode sensor
• Skin effect
• Connectors
Contents
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Skin effect
EMPIR 15RPT01 workshop, 7. 11. 2016, METAS
: Conductivity of the metal
: Permeability of the metal
f : Frequencyf...
1
Effect of skin depth
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Skin effect
EMPIR 15RPT01 workshop, 7. 11. 2016, METAS
: Conductivity of the metal
: Permeability of the metal
f : Frequencyf...
1
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• RF power
• RF power traceability
• Diode sensor
• Skin effect
• Connectors
Contents
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Connectors
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Frequency Range
Transmission Line Connector Type
DC-2 (?) GHz Coaxial, Microstrip lines BNC
DC-18GHz Coaxial, Waveguide, Microstrip lines 7 mm, Type N
DC-26.5 GHz Coaxial, Waveguide, Microstrip lines SMA, 3.5 mm
DC-40 GHz Coaxial, Waveguide, Microstrip lines 2.92 mm
DC-50 GHz Coaxial, Waveguide, Microstrip lines 2.4 mm
Transmission lines and connectors according to the frequency range
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Connectors
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Connectors
EMPIR 15RPT01 workshop, 7. 11. 2016, METAS
•Coaxial transmission lines, consist of the nested two conductors.
•In order to keep constant the distance between conductors, an
insulating material is used with certain intervals or continuously.
•The inner conductor is usually a single wire, the outer conductor is
woven.
•Coaxial transmission lines, carry the signal as the electromagnetic
wave. There is no radiation loss at the coaxial lines.
•
•But there are copper losses in both coaxial and two wire lines. The
copper losses are related to the square of the current which is flowing
in the conductor and the resistance of the conductor( I2 R ) and are
expressed in Watt unit.
•Even if the conductor is produced with any metal different from
copper, the loss is called copper loss.
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Connectors
EMPIR 15RPT01 workshop, 7. 11. 2016, METAS
1. Doug Skinner , “Guidance on using Precision Coaxial Connectors in Measurement”, Version 3, National Physics Laboratory. 2007.
2. IEEE 287 standard.3. Guidance on Selecting and Handling Coaxial RF Connectors used with Rohde &
Schwarz Test Equipment, Rohde & Schwarz, 20124. Connector care for RF & microwave coaxial connectors, HP, 1991.
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Thank you for attention
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EMPIR project “15RPT01 Development of RF and microwave metrology capability”http://rfmw.cmi.cz/