Reyes.schistosomiasis

8/8/2019 Reyes.schistosomiasis

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SCHISTOSOMIASIS SCHISTOSOMIASIS

Prepared by Baby Jean B.Prepared by Baby Jean B.ReyesReyes


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Schistosomiasis (bilhariasis or snail fever) haslong been one of the important disease in ourcountry. It is caused by a blood fluke,Schistosoma japanicum a tiny that is transmittedby snail oncomelania quadrasi.

There is high prevalence of schistosomiasis inRegion 5 (Bicol) Region 8 (Samar and Leyte) and

Region 11 (Davao).


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Causative agent:Causative agent:Schistosoma japanicumSchistosoma japanicum

Reservoir:Reservoir:

oncomelania quadrasioncomelania quadrasi


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Signs and symptoms:Signs and symptoms:

DiarrheaBloody stools

Enlargement of the abdomen - thebuild-up of fluid in the abdomen(ascites )Splenomegaly

Weakness AnemiaInflamed liver


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Infectious agents:Infectious agents:

Schistosoma mansoni,S. haematobum and51: japanicum are the major speciescausing human disease.


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The male and female parasitesThe male and female parasiteslive in the blood vessels of live in the blood vessels of the intestines and liver. Thethe intestines and liver. The

egg of the parasites are laidegg of the parasites are laidin the terminal capillaryin the terminal capillaryvessels in the submucosa of vessels in the submucosa of the intestines and throughthe intestines and throughulceration reach the lumenulceration reach the lumenof the intestines and passof the intestines and passout with the feces and uponout with the feces and uponcontact with fresh water contact with fresh water hatches into ahatches into alarva(miracidium). The freelarva(miracidium). The free- -swimming larva seeks andswimming larva seeks andpenetrates the soft part of penetrates the soft part of the snail( oncomelaniathe snail( oncomelaniaquadrasi).the larva emergesquadrasi).the larva emergesfrom the snail into the water from the snail into the water and enters the skin of manand enters the skin of manand other warmand other warm- -bloodedbloodedanimals.through theanimals.through thelymphatic and then thelymphatic and then theveins, in eventually goes toveins, in eventually goes tothe heart, systemicthe heart, systemiccirculation, and into thecirculation, and into theintrahepatic portalintrahepatic portal

circulation.circulation.


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Mode of transmission

Infection occurs when skin comes in contact with contaminated

fresh water in which the snails that carry schistosomes areliving. It is the free swimming larval forms( cercariae) of theparasite that penetrate the skin.

Fresh water becomes contaminated by Schistosoma eggs wheninfected people urinate and defecate in the water. Schistosomaparasites can penetrate the skin of person who are wading,swimming, bathing, or washing in contaminated water.


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D iagnosis

Eggs may be detected in the feces or urine. Repeated stool testsmay be required to concentrate and identify the eggs. Blood

tests may be used to detect a particular antigen or particleassociated with the schistosome that induces an immuneresponse.

Sophisticated imaging techniques, such as ultrasound, computedtomography scan (CT scan), and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI), can detect damage to the blood vessels in the liver andvisualize polyps and ulcers of the urinary tract, for example, thatoccur in the more advanced stages. S. haematobium is difficultto diagnose with ultrasound in pregnant women.


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T reatment

Schistosomiasis is readily treated using asingle oral dose of the drug Praziquantelannually. As with other major parasiticdiseases, there is ongoing and extensiveresearch into developing a schistosomiasisvaccine that will prevent the parasite fromcompleting its life cycle in humans.


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Methods of controlMethods of control A. A. Preventive MeasuresPreventive Measures

--educate the public in endemic areas regarding mode of educate the public in endemic areas regarding mode of transmission and methods of control.transmission and methods of control.--dispose of feces and urine properly.dispose of feces and urine properly.--improve irrigation agricultural practicesimprove irrigation agricultural practicestreat snailtreat snail- -breeding sites with mollucicides.breeding sites with mollucicides.--prevent exposure to contaminated water.prevent exposure to contaminated water.--provide water for drinking, bathing and washing clothes from theprovide water for drinking, bathing and washing clothes from the

sources free of caesariae or treatment to kill them.sources free of caesariae or treatment to kill them.--treat pt. in endemic areastreat pt. in endemic areas--Travelers visiting endemic areas should be advised of the risksTravelers visiting endemic areas should be advised of the risksand informed about preventive measures.and informed about preventive measures.


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B . Control of patient, contacts And theB . Control of patient, contacts And theimmediate environment immediate environment

Report to local health authority in selectedReport to local health authority in selectedendemic areasendemic areasConcurrent disinfection: sanitary disposalConcurrent disinfection: sanitary disposalof feces anfd urineof feces anfd urine


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C. Investigation of contacts and source of C. Investigation of contacts and source of

infectioninfectionSpecific treatment Specific treatment ]epidemic measures]epidemic measures

Motivate people in these areas to haveMotivate people in these areas to haveannual stool exam.annual stool exam. Active participation of public health nurse Active participation of public health nursein the above preventive and controlin the above preventive and controlmeasures.measures.


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