Revista Hito 27 PDF

7/23/2019 Revista Hito 27 PDF

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U`vmstn a` Nrqumt`jturnNsijmnj mb Jilih emnbn a` Dn jultna` s a` Nrqumt `jturn ( NJ DN (

Amr`jjmb

Uueb C`rbba`z Hilmbn"Nrqumt`jti, Pbmv`rsmana Bnjmibnl a` Jilihemn jib bnsms bPrenbmshi" @sp`jmnlmznjmb `b Mbbivnjmb y _ànkikn Pbmv`rsmtnrmn Pbmv`rsmana _mlitia` Jilihemn" Cn smai furnai a` lns jibvijntirmns `b lns puelmjnjmib`s a` Nrqumt`jturna`l J_BNN" Hm`heri a`l Jihmt Jm`btji a` @AN r`vmstn a` nrqumt`jturn" @s`hpm amnrqumt`jturn ( Mtnlmn"

cttp6))www"`s`hpmamnrjcmt`tturn"mt) ejhs5"lh"pcp9hia8stn$iYbih`8stn

Jihmt @amtirmnl

Nl`xnba`r Bmi Ziti" Nrqumt`jti ( _ibtmjmn Pbmv`rsmana Fnv`rmnbn ("( Hnkmst`r `b _lnb`n(jmb Prenbn y U`kmibnl ( _ibtmjmn Pbmv`rsmana Fnv`rmnbn ("(Aijtir `b Jmuana Q`rrmtirmi yZust`btnemlmana ( #E`jnrmi- Pbmv`rsmana a` Kunanlnfnrn ("( A`jnbi a` ln Dnjultna a` Nrt`sPbmv`rsmana Nbtibmi Bnrmi ("( _ri`sir y @xp`rti b plnb`njmb, ira`bnhm`bti t`rrmtirmnl yprij`sis jihubmtnrmis" Ns`sir `b @aujnjmb Zup`rmir"

Nbars D`rribm a`l Tnll`" Nrqumt`jti ( _ibtmjmn Pbmv`rsmana Fnv`rmnbn, jib Dirhnjmb,Naqumsmjmb y A`snrrilli a` jihp`t`bjmns pnrn ln aij`bjmn ubmv`rsmtnrmn Pbmv`rsmana a`Nhrmjn, Jnbamanti n Aijtir `b àujnjmb6 jurrjuli, pri`sirnai ` mbstmtujmib`s àujn(tmvns Pbmv`rsmana a` Krnbnan" Nhplmn `xp`rm`bjmn `b amsì y jibstrujjmb urenbstmjn ynrqumt`jtbmjn" Hnb`fi y `f`jujmb a` ierns, jibstrujjmib`s a` nltn jihpl`fmana

Drnbjmsji E`ltrb Unpnlmbi" Nrqumt`jti, Pbmv`rsmana Ln Krnb Jilihemn, @sp`jmnlmstn `b_rij`sis a` Jibstrujjmb Mbaustrmnlmznan, @sp`jmnlmstn @b _ànkikn y Aij`bjmn Pbmv`r(smtnrmn, Hn`strnbt` `b @aujnjmb, A`jnbi Dnjultna a` Nrqumt`jturn Pbmv`rsmana Ln KrnbJilihemn Eikit A"J" Du` Amr`jtir Apti" a` Mbv`stmknjmib`s Dnjultna a` Nrqumt`jturnP"K"J", Aij`bt` Mbv`stmknair b t`hns a` mbaustrmnlmznjmb a` p rij`sis jibstrujtmvis, hm(jrismlmjns b jibjr`tis a` nltn r`smst`bjmn, pr`hmi bnjmibnl mbt`rbnjmibnl a` nrqumt`jturn`b emijmuana, cn `sjrmti `b t`hns a` àujnjmb y prij`sis jibstrujtmvis"

Hnrn Lìbir H`sn Jira`ri" Nrqumt`jtn `kr`snan a` ln Pbmv`rsmana _mliti a` Jilihemn#>=3=-, Hnkst`r `b Cmstirmn a` ln Pbmv`rsmana _ànkkmjn y Q`jbilkmjn a` Jilihemn#5??=-" A`jnbn a` ln Dnjultna a` Nrqumt`jturn y E`llns Nrt`s a` ln Pbmv`rsmana a`

Eiynj, Amr`jtirn a`l Krupi a` mbv`stmknjmb b _ntrmhibmi y H`hirmn _NH@, _uelmjn(jmib`s6 Lmeris6 _ir lis Jnhmbis a` ln Uutn Lme`rtnairn #5??=- ( H`hirmns a` l _ntrmhibmi ln`xp`rm`bjmn a` ln Pbmv`rsmana a` Eiynj #5?>5-" Nrtjulis b r`vmstns jm`btjns" _ib`bt``b `v`btis bnjmibnl`s ` mbt`rbnjmibnl`s" _riy`jti a` mbv`stmknjmb6 U`smkbmjnjmb pntrm(hibmnl a` ln Uutn Lme`rtnairn `b Eiynj" Tmsmb 5?>=

Znembn Jnra`bns Ieyrb`"Nrqumt`jtn, Pbmv`rsmana a` lis Nba`s" Hnkst`r `b Jrtmjn y_riy`jtis Pbmv`rsmana _ilmtjbmjn a` Jntnlun" D`lliws `b _iltmjns y @stuamis PrenbisQc` Ficbs Cipgmbs Pbmv`rsmty" Amr`jtirn a` Jnrr`rn, _ibtmjmn Pbmv`rsmana Fnv`rmnbnJnlm" Ns`sirn y amr`jtirn a` amsì, `b amv`rsns `hpr`sns jibstrujtirns" Mkunlh`bt`, sà`s`hp` jihi ns`sirn a` ln Amr`jjmb K`b`rnl, a`l Mbstmtuti Jilihemnbi pnrn `l A`(snrrilli a` ln Jm`bjmn y ln Q`jbilikn #JILJM@BJMNZ-" Nsmst`bt` nl Tmj`pr`sma`bt` Zijmnl

Dubanjmb D@Z" _ri`sirn a` jtàrn a` ln Pbmv`rsmana Znb Eu`bnv`bturn, Jnlm y Pbmv`rsmanaa`l Tnll`" Qnhemb cn iet`bmai am`r`bt`s pr`hmis y h`bjmib`s `b 4 jibjursis a` nrqumt`jturn"Qm`b` puelmjnjmib`s `b `l t`hn a` vmvm`ban a` mbt`rs sijmnl y ln pripmàna"

Jihmt A` Mbv`stmknjmb

Jnrlis @aunrai C`rbba`z Uiarku`z" Nrqumt`jti, hnkst`r b urenbmshi y Jnbamanti n Aij(tir, Aijtirnai `b Nrt` y Nrqumt`jturn Pbmv`rsmana Bnjmibnl a` Jilihemn Nutir a`l lmeri Lnsma`ns Hia`rbns a`l _lnb pnrn Eikit `b >=0?" @l trnenfi a` L` Jireusm`r, [m`b`r y Z`rt"_r`hmi a` mbv`stmknjmb" Nljnlan Hnyir a` Eikit, MAJQ, 5??1" _ri`sir y Njtunl A`jnbi_rikrnhn a` Nrqumt`jturn Pbmv`rsmana Firk` Qnaì Liznbi" _r`sma`bt` NJDN"

C`bry Hibt`nl`kr` Hurjmn" Nrqumt`jti, urenbmstn, mbv`stmknair jib nhplmn `xp`rm`bjmn `b `lhnb`fi a` plnb`s a` ira`bnhm`bti t`rrmtirmnl, `sp`jjnh`bt` `b `l r`n a` ln `lneirnjmb a`plnb`s pnrjmnl`s, plnb`s hn`stris y hnb`fi a`l pntrmhibmi urenbstmji nrqumt`jtbmji Pbmv`rsm(ana J`btrnl a` T`b`zu`ln Aijtir `b jm`bjmns" Pbmv`rsmana Bnjmibnl a` Jilihemn Hnst`r`b _lnbmjnjmb Prenbn >==3" Pbmv`rsmana Jntlmjn a` Jilihemn Nrqumt`jti ( >=30" Pbmv`r(smana @xt`rbnai a` Jilihemn ( @sp`jmnlmstn `b A`r`jci Prenbi 5??1" A`jnbi a` ln Dnjultna

a` Nrqumt`jturn, Nrt` y Amsì a` ln Pbmv`rsmana Nutbihn a`l Jnrme`"

Drnbjmsji E`ltrb Unpnlmbi" Nrqumt`jti jib `sp`jmnlmznjmib`s `b _ànkikn y Aij`bjmn Pbm(v`rsmtnrmn y `b _rij`sis a` Jibstrujjmb Mbaustrmnlmznan" Njtunlh`bt` jursn hn`strn `b Na(hmbmstrnjmb a` Mbstmtujmib`s @aujntmvns" Du` Amr`jtir a`l A`pnrtnh`bti a` Mbv`stmknjmib`s a`ln Pbmv`rsmana Ln Krnb Jilihemn" Cn r`nlmznai mbv`stmknjmib`s `b Q`jbilikns Nlt`rbntmvns,_lnb _mliti pnrn `l Amsì a` Zmst`hns Mbaustrmnlmznais Lmvmnbis y Zust`btnel`s pnrn Tmvm`ban a`Mbt`rs Zijmnl" Njtunlh`bt` `s `l A`jnbi a` ln Dnjultna a` Nrqumt`jturn a` ln Pbmv`rsmana LnKrnb Jilihemn"

Tnl`btmbn H`fn Nhzqumtn" Nrqumt`jtn a` ln Pbmv`rsmana Bnjmibnl a` Jilihemn, sà` Hnbm(znl`s, `stuamis a` aijtirnai `b tìrn ` cmstirmn a` ln nrqumt`jturn a` ln P_J a` Enrj`libn"Hnkst`r `b Dmlisin a` ln Pbmv`rsmana a` Jnlans, @sp`jmnlmstn `b k`stmb mbhiemlmnrmn a` lnPbmv`rsmana Bnjmibnl a` Jilihemn" Njtunlh`bt` A`jnbn a` ln Dnjultna a` Nrqumt`jturn yAmsì a` ln Pbmv`rsmana Jntlmjn a` _`r`mrn"

D`lmp` E`rbnl C`bni" Nrqumt`jti Pbmv`rsmana _ibtmjmn Eilmvnrmnbn" >=34" Hnkmst`r `b Amsìa`l _nmsnf`" Pbmv`rsmana _ibtmjmn Eilmvnrmnbn" A`jnbi @sju`ln a` Nrqumt`jturn y Amsì a` lnPbmv`rsmana _ibtmjmn Eilmvnrmnbn, Hà`llb" Jiirambnair njnahmji a`l _rikrnhn a` Nrqum(t`jturn `b `l ni 5??3" Jiirambnair a` trnbs`r`bjmn a`l krupi a` Mbv`stmknjmb Lneirntirmia` Nrqumt`jturn y Prenbmshi LNPU a` ln Dnjultna a` Nrqumt`jturn P_E" Krupi jnt`kirn E `bJiljm`bjmns nis 5??0( 5??>>" Jiirambnair a` mbv`stmknjmb a`l hmshi krupi `btr` lisnis 5??5 ( 5??0" Aij`bt` Qnll`r a` priy`jtis y itrns nsmkbnturns

_nr`s mbt`rbnjmibnl`s

Ilmhpmn Bmklmi"Nrqumt`jtn lPbmv`rsmt a`klm Ztuam am Bnpilm Dà`rmji MM, _CA `br`stnurnjmb" Amr`ttir` Zjm`btmji am @AN" Mtnlmncttp6))www"`s`hpmamnrjcmt`tturn"mt)cttp6))www"`s`hpmamnrjcmt`tturn"mt) ejhs5"lh"pcp9hia8stn$iYbih`8stn

bk`li Hnzzmlli" Nrqumt`jti Pbmv`rsmana _mliti a` Jilihemn" PBMT@UZMQN A@KLM


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Fubtn Amr`jtmvn 5?>5 ( 5?>:

_r`sma`bt`

Nrq" Nl`xnba`r Bmi Ziti

A`jnbi Dnjultna a` Nrt`s

Pbmv`rsmana Nbtibmi Bnrmi ( Eikit

Tmj`pr`sma`bt`

Nrq" Nbars D`rribm a`l Tnll`

A`jnbi Dnjultna a` Nrqumt`jturn

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TijnlNrq" Hnrmn Lìbir H`sn Jira`ri

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Nrq" Znembn Jnra`bns Ieyrb`

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Qrnenfi tihnai a` ln MM Hu`strn Bnjmibnl @stuamnbtml, @stuamnbt`s6 Zt`v`b Jir(

aien H`li Fmh`bn Hnheusjny Z`h`str` a`l pntrmhibmi

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NaqumsmjmbJihprn amr`jtn `b NJDN y njultna`s a` nrqumt`jturn nsijmnans

Birhns @amtirmnl`sDirhnti 5:S51 JhJnrtuln `shnltnai a` 51? krs"Mbt`rmir`shnltnai a` >0? krs"Mhpr`smb is`t pilmjrihn@bjuna`rbnjmb rstmjn

Nkrna`jmhm`btis6 _rjtmjn pri`smibnl Pbmv`rsmana a` ln Znll`

Cmti U`vmstn a` Nrqumt`jturn, `s ubn puelmjnjmb a` ln Nsijmnjmb Jilihemnbn a` Dnjul(tna`s a` Nrqumt`jturn ( NJDN" _nrtmjmpnb lns mbstmtujmib`s nlmnans, aij`bt`s, `stuamnbt`s

y ubjmibnrmis" Lns ipmbmib`s y jih`btnrmis qu` npnr`j`b `b `l pr`s`bt` bh`ri jirr`s(piba`b silnh`bt` n sus nutir`s, `bjibtrbais` NJDN `x`btn a` r`spibsnemlmana pir

`stn jnusn"


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CMQI6 hifb i pist` a` pmàrn qu` mbamjn amr`j(jmb `b lis jnhmbis"

Lis hifib`s sib pubti a` r``r`bjmn, p`ri b st`

jnsi `l ies`rvnairbi `btrn `b `llis, smbi qu` l`sib `xt`rmir`s" _ir li jihb s` trntn aùb ief`tismji, a`dbmai jib enstnbt` s`bjmll`z, pir f`hpli,ubàmdjmi, ubn s`nl, ubn tm`ban i ubn hibtnn"Zu usi mhplmjn lns`l`jjmb a` ub `l`h`bti `btrùbn hultmtua a` pismemlmana`s" Nlkubishifib`s`stb amstnbt`s y `s jnrnjt`rstmji qu` s` lis v`na`sa` hujcisbkulis y amstnbjmns, pir nrrmen a`lns jspma`s a` `l`h`btis hsp`quìs, y qu`s` lis utmlmj` jihi r``r`bjmns rnamnl`s" _uà`b`stnra`btri a` ubn jmuana i n tnl amstnbjmn qu`

pnrn tiai db prjtmjismheilmj`b ubn amr`jjmbjibstnbt`"Z` trntn a` jlnb`s a` ma`btmana mbjlusia` `strujturns usnansr`ju`bt`h`bt` y pnr`j` qu`s` jibn jnan v`z hs `b `llns n hàmanqu` `ltrny`jti s` cnj` hs nhmlmnr"

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Ln mhnk`b a` ln jmuana

Jibstrujjmb a` ln jpuln a`l _lnb`tnrmi a` Eikit6 _mznbi, _rnamlln, Jnriy U`str`pi Ltan" Mbnukurnai `l 55 a` amjm`her` a` >=4=


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NUQJPLIZ

Amajtmjn y p rj`pjmb a ln Nrqumt jturn""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Pbmv`rsmana Bnjmibnl a` Jilihemn, Hnbmznl`s"Nrq" Funb Knerm`l Ijnhpi Curtnai

Nhenl hn, Ciban, Hnrmqumtn, ubn rutn julturnl sier` l ri Hnkanl bn"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Pbn `xp`rm`bjmn Njna`hmjn Mbt`rbnjmibnl `b ln Pbmv`rsmana a` Menku"Nrq" Ilmhpmn Bmklmi Dlirn a` lis bk`l`s Hirjnt` Lnernan

Amnkbstmji a l pu`bt prmbjmpnl a l jnstmlli snb pàri a` ln rijn""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Hsj" Hnrknrmtn C`jcnvnrrn C`rbba`z

Nbt jà`bt s a` ln vmvm ban Mbaustrmnlmznan jihi pripu`stn `jilkmjn""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Nrq"Fnmh` Znrhm`bti Ijnhpi

_`hp A` _nsti6 a`snjm`rtis a` ln _iltmjn r`bt` nl _ntrmhibmi Prenbi Nrqumt`j tbmji"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Nrq"Fnmh` Nle`rti Dibs`jn Kibzl`z

Hs nll a l eira , ub r ti pnrn l hubai"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Nrq"Anvma Drnbjmsji Llnhisn @sjivnr

Ln irhnjmb a l aij`bt a Nrqumt jturn""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Nrq"_nuln Nbar`n Dlir`z

Q@ZMZ

Luknr`s aunl`s (Emelmipnrqu` a` ln Emiamv`rsmana J`rri Jrmsti U`y Tmllnvmj`bjmi 5?>>""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Tnbb`sn Ira`z Qirr`s"

Nlnjnlamn Lijnl a Eisn""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Funb Zènstmnb Uuemi

U@Z@NZ

@xp rm bjmns y htiais a` ln r`stnurnjmb b Jilihemn Tiluh`b MM"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Nle`rti Jirrnamb` Nbkuli

BIQMJMNZ

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NJDN jihpr`ba` `l jihprihmsi a` vmbjulnr ub jnbnl pnrn ln amusmb a` ln priaujjmb mbt`l`jtunla` sus hm`heris jib ub krnai a` mba`p`ba`bjmn y jm`btmjmana qu` knrnbtmj` ln jràmemlmana"

@s ub aè`r mbstmtujmibnl hnbt`b`r `stn puelmjnjmb jihi `l luknr qu` nle`rku` tnbti ln ams`rtnjmbnem`rtn y rnbjn a` lis aij`bt`s, jihi ln `xpismjmb a` lis trnenfis, priaujti a` lns `xplirnjmi(b`s njnahmjns a` lis `stuamnbt`s `b irhnjmb" @b a`bmtmvn, `st` `s `l `spnjmi mabì pir`xj`l`bjmn pnrn ntr`v`rs` n snltnr lis huris a` ln irhnlmana pnrnamkhtmjn a` ln jitmamnbmana"

@b `st` jibt`xti, ln hmsmb a` bu`strn nkr`hmnjmb aè` eusjnr tiais lis h`jnbmshis pismel`spnrn hnbt`b`r vmk`bt`, nem`rtn y ns`qumel` ln hnyir jnbtmana a` hàmis b`j`snrmis, ln jmrjulnjmb,l`jturn y aènt` a` ln puelmjnjmb, mjibi a` ln nsijmnjmb" @l prij`si aè` s`kumr jibsilmanbaiubn smb`rkmn juyi ief`tmvi bnl p`rhmtmr anr hnyir rieust`z n ln s`rm` a` pielnjmib`s r`nlmznanscnstn `l hih`bti pr`s`bt`"

@l krnb r`ti qu` smku` pnrn bu`strn puelmjnjmb `s nhplmnr su jnbtmana a` àmjmib`s, nuh`btnr lisjibt`bmais y eusjnr `l r`jibijmhm`bti `b jihubmana`s njnahmjns y jm`btjns, n bmv`l bnjmibnl` mbt`rbnjmibnl"

Ns, `stn puelmjnjmb jibs`rvnrn `l `spnjmi pnrn ln pr`s`btnjmb a` lis r`sultnais njnahmjis a`

bu`stris `stuamnbt`s, `b jibfubti jib rnzibnhm`btis rpmais sier` priel`hns jitmamnbis, njihpn(nais a` nrtjulis jib priubans ams`rtnjmib`s jm`btjns, nrtstmjns y julturnl`s, pripmns a` bu`strijibijmhm`bti amsjmplmbnr"

Nsmhmshi s ubanh`btnl r`jup`rnr l`h`btis s`bjmnl`s a` ln amsjmplmbn y a`l ijmi pri`smibnl7 pir`f`hpli, nuh`btnr `l bmv`l a` priubamana `b esquàn jibijmhm`btis jm`btjis `b emijlmhtmjn#smjn, `rkibihn, `tj"-, urenbmshi #`jilikn, cmstirmn, kìkrnn, `tj"-, tìrn #`sttmjn, sijmilikn,nbtripilikn, `btr` itrns-, y ubmr `su`rzis pnrn r`jup`rnr lis irk`b`s a`l ijmi krji y jihubm(jntmvi jib `xpr`smb jlman, mbt`bjmibnl y nrtstmjn"

Nl`xnba`r Bmi Ziti

_r`sma`bjmn

A@ZA@ LN _U@ZMA@BJMN


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Lis hntmj`s ltmhis a` jnan nrihn a` ln r`vmstn

A`jn Hnrknrmt` ]iurj`bnr qu` ln h`fir hnb`rn a` jibij`r n ubn p`rsibn `s v`r su emelmit`jn"_rienel`h`bt` pnrn `st` bh`ri a` CMQI 5; bi s`n tnb jm`rtn `stn v`rana, pu`s bi s` mhprmhmr"

@l nrihn a` ubn r`vmstn i ub lmeri bu`vi li npirtnb l pnp`l, ln tmbtn y ln r`lnjmb qu` nheis tm`b`bjib lis p`knbt`s y lis plnstmjnais `b ln irhn jihi s` jihembnb" @b `stn c`r`bjmn a`l ilir, `l

pnp`l pripirjmibn ln mbirhnjmb qu` bi s` trnbsirhn jib `l tm`hpi, s`jubanai, qumzs, pirlis luknr`s `b qu` s` nlhnj`bnb7 p`ri `l aijuh`bti, jib ln luz, hnbmpulnjmb `b ln l`jturn y lnjibamjmb a` nlhnj`bnhm`bti, jnhemn su nrihn y jilir, y iern `l hmlnkri a` ln mbhirtnlmana jibtrnln t`hpirnlmana"

Likitmpis, itis, plnbis, `sjrmtis, ns jihi tmpikrnns, `spnjmis, mbt`rlmb`nais y snbkrns sib lisqu` itirknb lis hntmj`s ltmhis a` jnan nrihn a` ln r`vmstn" Bi s jml l qumlmermi" Ns, ub nemshis` ner` `btr` ln trmst`zn sujmbtn a` ubn r`vmstn `b mhpr`si y ubn amkmtnl, ubn k`b`risn a` t`xturns,ilir`s qu` snl`b pir sus piris, y itrn smb ln rnknbjmn a` ln tmbtn, jr`jman a` mhk`b`s y t`xti amkmtnl,`he`ll`jman pir ln s`aujjmb a` ln pnbtnlln"

A@ZA@ LN AMU@JJMB

Uueb C`rbba`z HilmbnAmr`jjmb @amtirmnl


10/92

W >?X

Nrq" Funb Knerm`l Ijnhpi Curtnai &

Mbtriaujjmb

Ln prìjupnjmb jnan v`z hs tnbkmel` pir `l jhi a` ln `bs`nbzn a` ln nrqumt`jturn `sk`bumbn bi sili n pnrtmr a` ln l`jturn a` hltmpl`s `f`hplis sier` a`snirtubnans mbt`rv`bjmib`surenbns pr`s`bt`s `b Jilihemn y `b `l hubai, smbi tnhemb n pnrtmr a` ln jibjm`bjmn sier` lnr`spibsnemlmana qu` tm`b`b lns ubmv`rsmana`s y `b jibjr`ti sus pri`sir`s sier` ln jibstrujjmbuturn a` lns jmuana`s"

Jlnrnh`bt` li cnb `vma`bjmnai `b amv`rsis `sj`bnrmis E`ntrmz Knrjn, Firk` _r`z, Nle`rti Znl(anrrmnkn, C`rbnbai Tnrkns, Jlnuami Tnrmbm, Jnrlis Bmi, E`bfnhmb Enrb`y, Firk` Jnenll`ri yHnrmnbn _ntmi> , ln urk`bjmn a` r`vmsnr `l t`hn a` ln irhnjmb `b nrqumt`jturn sup`rn `l rnbki a`li mhpirtnbt` pnrn ll`knr nl bmv`l a` li urk`bt`, anai `l pnusnai y lnt`bt` a`t`rmiri a` lns jmuana`slntmbinh`rmjnbns"

Z`h`str` trns s`h`str` s` puà`b npr`jmnr lns j`r`hibmns a` krnai a` bu`vis pri`smibnl`s `bnrqumt`jturn, prijà`bt`s a` bi pijns ubmv`rsmana`s jilihemnbns, aiba` n li lnrki a` su jnrr`rntuvm`rib mbt`bsns lneir`s a` `btr`bnhm`bti `b ln jihpismjmb y `l amsì a` irhns n lns qu` s`l`s aàmjn ub nltsmhi pirj`btnf` a` aàmjnjmb `b lis plnb`s jurrmjulnr`s" Zmb `henrki, nl t`b`rub krnai a` nj`rjnhm`bti priubai sier` ln pr`s`bjmn a` `biqu`s i vmsmib`s qu` jnrnjt`rmj`b ya`b rmkir n ln irhnjmb mbt`krnl, ln prìjupnjmb sier` ln jnlmana a` ln jmuana pr`s`bt` y uturns` mbjr`h`btn"

û` jibv`bm`bt` s`rn `bjibtrnr hnyir mbt`bsmana `b `biqu`s pnrn ln prit`jjmb nl s`btmai a`luknr jihi lis h`bjmibnais pir Znlanrrmnkn Uin n pnrtmr a` lis junl`s bi sili ln plstmjn u`rnmhpirtnbt`, smbi tnhemb ln jibstrujjmb, ln r`stnurnjmb, `l pnmsnfmshi y ln tìrn, `btr` itris jnh(pis a` njjmb"

Z`kurnh`bt` `b hujcis a` lis prikrnhns `xmst`bt`s s` cn mbt`btnai ubn y itrn v`z ln `lneirnjmba` `f`rjmjmis njnahmjis `b lis qu` s` eusjn ln `lneirnjmb a` priy`jtis nrqumt`jtbmjis jibs(trujtmvis" Z`kurnh`bt` tnhemb s` cnerb `bjibtrnai jib lns amjultna`s mbc`r`bt`s n amjci r`tia`rmvnans pir ln jihpl`fmana a`l hemti mbt`ramsjmplmbnrmi"

@stn amjultna cn sup`rnai `b hujcis jnsis lis `su`rzis a` lns jihubmana`s njnahmjns, cnstn`l pubti a` nj`ptnr, s` piarn a`jmr, a` jihb nju`rai, qu` ln irhnjmb a`l nrqumt`jti `s sujm`b(t` junbai `st` s` `bju`btrn jnpnjmtnai pnrn `lneirnr nbt`priy`jtis nrqumt`jtbmjis"

@sti smkbmjn qu` lis nrqumt`jtis a` hujcis bi a` tiais prikrnhns jurrmjulnr`s a` nrqumt`jturnjilihemnbis s` cnb pr`pnrnai aurnbt` jmbji nis pnrn `lneirnr nbt`priy`jtis nrqumt`jtbmjis" Zm

> Ln r`vmstn CMQI a` nkisti a` 5??5 u` aàmjnan nl t`hn a` ln bs`nbzn a` ln nrqumt`jturn" Lis nutir`s h`bjmibnaispuelmjnrib nrtjulis `b `stn àmjmb"

AMAJQMJN ] _@UJ@_JMB A@ LN NU^PMQ@JQPUN"

Pbmv`rsmana Bnjmibnl a` Jilihemn, Hnbmznl`s"

&Nrqumt`jti a` ln Pbmv`rsmana Bnjmibnl a`Jilihemn, sà` Hnbmznl`s7 @sp`jmnlmstn `b A`(snrrilli K`r`bjmnl a` ln Pbmv`rsmana Nutbihna` Hnbmznl`s7 Hnkst`r `b Hultmhàmn àujn(tmvn a` ln Pbmv`rsmana a` Enrj`libn, @spnn,

y Aijtir `b Nrqumt`jturn, Amsì y Prenbmshia` ln Pbmv`rsmana Nutbihn a` Hir`lis, H(xmji" Aij`bt` a` Pbmv`rsmana Bnjmibnl, sà`Hnbmznl`s"

U`suh`b

Jihi pnrt` a`l prij`si irhntmvi `b nrqum(t`jturn, s` pripib` ln `strujturnjmb s`bsirmnln pnrtmr a`l usi jibsjm`bt` a` lis s`btmais" Lnjibfubjmb `btr` `xp`rm`bjmn y rnzb ir`jùb `sj`bnrmi a` jibstrujjmb a` jibijmhm`bti

`b aiba` s` pismemlmtn ln `vilujmb `b `l pri(j`si irhntmvi" Lis s`btmais, hàmnbt` su usimbt`bsi jihi u`bt` a` mbirhnjmb, `brmqu`j`b`l nblmsms a`l priel`hn nrqumt`jtbmji y pirjibsmkum`bt` nvir`j`b ln `l`vnjmb a`l bmv`l a`fumjmi y jrtmjn" @stn pripu`stn tuvi su prmh`rnns` `b ln t`sms a` aijtirnai @l Luknr a` lnJmuana Nrquìlkmjn( Sijcmjnlji, Hir`lis `bHxmji" Njtunlh`bt` tm`b` luknr ubn s`kubanns` `b ln mbv`stmknjmb Lkmjn y Nrqumt`jturn`b ln Pbmv`rsmana Bnjmibnl a` Jilihemn, sà`Hnbmznl`s #C`rh`s, >50;=-"

_nlnerns jlnv`

@strujturnjmb s`bsirmnl, irhnjmb a`l nrqumt`j(ti, jrtmjn nrqumt`jtbmjn, p`rj`pjmb, vilujmb,vmstn, iai, tnjti, ilnti, kusti"


11/92

W >>X

`sti `s jm`rti, s` piarn a`jmr qu` s` `stb krnaunbai nbt`priy`jtisa` nrqumt`jtis y bi nrqumt`jtis, smtunjmb qu` plnbt`n ais pismemlman(a`s6 jnhemnr l ttuli a` ln jnrr`rn n amsì nrqumt`jtbmji, i r`plnbt`nrln jnrr`rn a` nrqumt`jturn i nhens"

_ir itrn pnrt`, pnr`j` bnturnl qu` lis nrqumt`jtis r`jmb krnaunais mbm(

jm`b ubn lneir a` irhnjmb namjmibnl `b su prmh`rn `tnpn a`btri a`ljnhpi pri`smibnl" Jihi `s lkmji, ub hm`heri bu`vi `b junlqum`rirknbmznjmb tm`b` ub p`rmiai a` `btr`bnhm`bti y nanptnjmb n susmtmi a` trnenfi" @sti `s rnzibnel` y b`j`snrmi" Jisn jibtrnrmn ijurr`junbai `st` pri`smibnl jnr`j` a` lns jihp`t`bjmns ubanh`btnl`spnrn `br`btnr su lneir" Nll s` puà`b `vma`bjmnr priel`hns `b lnjnlmana a`l pri`smibnl a`rmvnans a` su prij`si irhntmvi"

Zm em`b cny prikrnhns a` nrqumt`jturn `b Jilihemn `b lis qu` `stnprìjupnjmb s` cn tihnai `b s`rmi y `l p`rl a` lis bu`vis nrqumt`j(tis s` cn `brmqu`jmai, cny itris `b lis qu` lns hiamjnjmib`s n lis

prikrnhns jurrmjulnr`s sib hs a` irhn qu` a` ibai"Ln amv`rsmana a` `biqu`s y vmsmib`s bi `s jibtrnpriauj`bt`" _ir `ljibtrnrmi `s `brmqu`jàirn `b trhmbis a` likrnr h`fir`s prikrnhnsa` nrqumt`jturn ` mbjlusi ln junlmjnjmb a` hujcis a` lis nrqumt`jtiskrnaunais `b `l pnsnai" Ln amv`rsmana y ln am`r`bjmn `b luknr a` s`rubn aèmlmana, s` pr`s`btnb jihi ubn ipirtubmana pnrn `brmqu`j`r lni`rtn a` p`rl`s a` nrqumt`jtis, a` nju`rai jib lns irtnl`zns `xmst`b(t`s `b jnan jihubmana njnahmjn"

@b li qu` pnr`j` cne`r nju`rai `s `b ln b`j`smana urk`bt` a` tihnr`l priel`hn a` ln irhnjmb a`l nrqumt`jti `b s`rmi" @s li qu` s` `s(

p`rnrn r`bt` n ln p`rtmb`bjmn a` r`spiba`r n lns b`j`smana`s r`nl`sa`l pns"

@l `biqu` qu` s` pripib` `b `st` jnsi `s ln mbt`rpr`tnjmb n pnrtmra` ln p`rj`pjmb s`bsirmnl" U`tihnr ln jibstrujjmb a` jibijmhm`btin pnrtmr a` pismjmib`s jlsmjns `b lns qu` `l jibijmhm`bti s` butr` pirln `bs`nbzn rnzibnan y pir lns ma`ns priv`bm`bt`s a` ln `xp`rm`bjmnpuà` pnr`j`r ubn vmsmb qu` ntm`ban n pripu`stns h`tamjns nbtm(kuns5" Zmb `henrki cny ub npirt` qu` s` plnbt`n jihi nlt`rbntmvn y`s `l qu` s` r``r` nl usi jibsjm`bt` a` lis s`btmais"

HtiaiLn mbv`stmknjmb a` ln qu` prijà` `stn pripu`stn a` `bs`nbzn a` lnnrqumt`jturn s` bnlmz b 5??= jib ln t`sms a` aijtirnai a`bihmbnan@l luknr a` ln jmuana nrquìlkmjn( Sijcmjnlji, Hir`lis:" N pnrtmra` amjcn mbv`stmknjmb s` an ln b`j`smana a` priubamznr `b t`hnsa` lkmjn nplmjnan n ln nrqumt`jturn y pir `stn rnzb s` prijàm nln jr`njmb a` ln lb`n a` mbv`stmknjmb `b Lkmjn y Nrqumt`jturn `b lnqu` pnrtmjmpnb `stuamnbt`s a` biv`bi y ajmhi s`h`str` a` ln @sju`ln

5 Gcrn, _lntb": Q`sms pr`s`btnan jihi r`qumsmti a` krnai `b l Aijtirnai `b Nrqumt`jturn, Amsì y

Prenbmshi `b ln Pbmv`rsmana Nutbihn a`l @stnai a` Hir`lis, Hxmji"

a` Nrqumt`jturn y Prenbmshi a` ln Pbmv`rsmana Bnjmibnl a` Jilihemn,sà` Hnbmznl`s"

Z` tm`b` jihi ens` h`tamjn ln trmnbkulnjmb c`rh`butmjn qu` s``hpl`n n hiai a` `strujturn n pnrtmr a` ln junl jnan `stuamnbt` s`

sih`t` n t`bsmb jibj`ptunl `b esquàn a`l s`btmai a` su ubjmbjihi nrqumt`jti n pnrtmr a`l usi jibsjm`bt` a` ub s`btmai `b pnrtmjulnr"

@l r`ti a` `bt`ba`r `l t`hn a` ln nrqumt`jturn a`sa` ln vmsmb, iai, tnj(ti, ilnti i kusti s` r`su`lv` a`sa` ub trnenfi `b `qumpi a` amsjusmbqu` s` mbmjmn jib ln r`jil`jjmb a` mbirhnjmb, jibtmbn jib l nblmsmsa` ln hmshn y bnlmzn jib ln `lneirnjmb a` ubn pripu`stn t`rmjn `bln qu` s` pripib` ln r`lnjmb a` amjci s`btmai `b pnrtmjulnr jib lnnrqumt`jturn jihi hemti pitmji ` mbjlusi bnrrntmvi"

U`sultnais

Ln mbv`stmknjmb `bjibtr r`njjmib`s jibsjm`bt`s ` mbjibsjm`bt`s pirpnrt` a` lis `stuamnbt`s" @b nlkubis jnsis ln amjultna mhpljmtn `bln b`j`smana a` r`jurrmr n ln l`jturn jihi hàmi a` naqumsmjmb a`mbirhnjmb u` r`su`ltn a` ubn irhn duman krnjmns n ln bnturnl`zna`l t`hn y nl prij`si lamji vmvmai" Itris `stuamnbt`s pir su pnrt`tuvm`rib amjultna `b r`silv`r `l r`ti pripu`sti, qu` s` r``r` n lnjibamjmb a` irhnjmb y `strujturnjmb pnrtmjulnr a` jnan mbamvmaui"@l usi a` ln p`rj`pjmb s`bsirmnl n pnrtmr a` ln mbamvmaunlmana a` jnan

s`btmai mbjr`h`bt ln jibsjm`bjmn sier` ln irhn a` naqumsmjmb a`ljibijmhm`bti pir pnrt` a`l nrqumt`jti"

Ln `xp`rm`bjmn priuban a` ln nrqumt`jturn #Znlanrrmnkn, 5??5- s``bntmz jib `l usi jibsjm`bt` a` lis s`btmais `b ln hàman `b qu` ubs`btmai npirtnen mbirhnjmb namjmibnl n lis itris"

Ln ihbmpr`s`bjmn a`l s`btmai a` ln vmstn `b ln nrqumt`jturn, `stuamn(ai ubn y itrn v`z pir am`r`bt`s nutir`s #_nllnshnn, 5??4-, s` pib``b jibtrnst` jib pismemlmana`s jihi ln jnrmjmn smjn nl hnt`rmnl" Lnss`bsnjmib`s priv`bm`bt`s a` ln t`xturn i ln t`hp`rnturn `brmqu`j`b lnmbirhnjmb qu` butr` ln `xp`rm`bjmn" @l sibmai a` ln ermsn, y `b k`(b`rnl a`l pnmsnf`, jnrnjt`rmzn ln iern pnrn nhplmnr ns ln jihpr`bsmba` ln iern" _ir su pnrt`, `l ilnti y `l kusti p`rhmt`b `bjibtrnr vns a`nprixmhnjmb n r`lnjmib`s a` ira`b julturnl qu` anb s`btmai a` luknrn ln nrqumt`jturn"

Ln p`rj`pjmb s`bsirmnl nj`rjn nl nrqumt`jti n ln `s`bjmn hnt`rmnl` mbhnt`rmnl a` ln iern" @l `stuamnbt` `bju`btrn ns ub jnhmbi pnrntrnsj`ba`r a` ln irhn purn n ln irhn `brmqu`jman jib ln hnt`rmn" @lviluh`b amkmtnl y smbttmji, rmji pismel`h`bt` `b amsì kìhtrmji, `b(


12/92

W >5X

Znln a`l plnb`tnrmi a` Eikit, Hmrnr jib ln h`bt`" Kumib a`l hus`i a`l @spnjmi, pnrqu` @xplirn pnrn ln

Z`jr`tnrmn a` Julturn U`jr`njmb y A`pirt`, ni 5?>5


13/92

W >:X

ju`btrn `b li nbliki a` ln pismemlmana hnt`rmnl vnlir`s qu` l` ielmknbn priubamznr `b t`hns tjbmjis, jibstrujtmvis y smhelmjis"

Li ievmi a`l usi a` lis s`btmais puà` `bjibtrnr trnsj`ba`bjmn `b suusi jibsjm`bt`" @stn jibsjm`bjmn njmlmtn ln `strujturnjmb h`btnl y pirtnbti ln `l`vnjmb n ln jnpnjmana a` `lneirnjmb a`l fumjmi y ln jrtmjn"

Ln `strujturnjmb s`bsirmnl a`l nrqumt`jti l` mbstruh`btn a` ln smkum`btìrhn6

Z`btmai a` ln vmstn6mba`p`bam`bt`h`bt` a` lns eibana`s a` amsrutnrln plstmjn a` ln nrqumt`jturn y su r`lnjmb jib `l `btirbi smji, `l usijibsjm`bt` a` `st` s`btmai r`qum`r` a` ubn amstnbjmn na`junan pnrn`l likri a` su ``jtmvmana" Bi `s ln amstnbjmn jirtn ` mbhàmntn lnqu` ntm`ba` n `st` s`btmai" Ln `xmst`bjmn a` ubn amstnbjmn sujm`bt``btr` `l ies`rvnair y ln nrqumt`jturn mhplmjn ln p`rj`pjmb `sttmjn iambhmjn sier` `l smtmi" ]n s`n ln vmsmb s`rmnl a` Jull`b, ln p`rj`pjmbvmsunl a` Unshuss`b, i lns vmsmib`s a` itris t`rmjis a` ln nrqumt`jturn,

ln vmsmb cn t`bmai ubn pnrtmjmpnjmb prmvml`kmnan `b `l `stuami a` lnnrqumt`jturn" N p`snr a` qu` `st` s`btmai `s ubanh`btnl, bi `s su(jm`bt` a` irhn mba`p`bam`bt` pnrn likrnr ln mbt`krnlmana a` ma`ns is`bsnjmib`s prijà`bt`s a` ln `xp`rm`bjmn a` ub cnemtnbt` `b ub smtmi"

Z`btmai a`l tnjti6 ln amstnbjmn a`snpnr`j` pnrn `btrnr `b jibtnjtiamr`jti jib ln iern" Qijnr `l àmjmi y s`btmrs` tijnai pir `l hmship`rhmt` qu` `l hnt`rmnl jihubmqu` n qum`b li `xp`rmh`btn s`bsnjmib`s`brmqu`jàirns y am`r`bt`s n lns a` ln vmstn" Ln t`xturn, ln t`hp`rnturny ln pr`s`bjmn i nus`bjmn a` ln hnsn `stnel`j`b t`bsmib`s a` r`lnjmb`btr` `l nrqumt`jti y ln nrqumt`jturn"

Z`btmai a`l iai6lis sibmais prijà`bt`s a` junlqum`rn a` lns irhnsa`l pnmsnf` bi sili anb priubamana n ln nrqumt`jturn smbi qu` uemjnbn ln iern `b ub `spnjmi trmamh`bsmibnl qu` s` priy`jtn `b `l `spnjmil`fnbi" Ns jihi `l p`rri lnarn `b lns hibtnns y `sti cneln a` ln`xmst`bjmn a`l itri, `b ln jmuana `l rumai prijà`bt` a`l trji uemjnln iern `b ub `spnjmi(tm`hpi `sp`jji" @l sibmai vmnfn y s` r`d`fn"Uèitn y ll`bn lis `spnjmis"

Z`btmai a`l ildnti6ns jihi jnan jmuana tm`b` su pripmi nrihn, jnanpnrnf` i luknr puà` ll`knr n jnrnjt`rmznrs` pir ub ilir `sp`jji" @lmbkr`si n ub fnrab, n ub pnrqu` njutmji i n ubn eia`kn a` vmbistm`b` ub jnrjt`r titnlh`bt` mba`p`bam`bt`" Ln uemjnjmb na`junan a`

lis smtmis k`b`rnair`s a` ilir`s y `l hnb`fi a` lns jirrm`bt`s a` vm`btivm`bti mbstruh`btn nl nrqumt`jti sier` `l hnbti nrihtmji qu` puà`juermr y r`jirr`r ln nrqumt`jturn"

Z`btmai a`l kusti6ln `sp`jmnlmznjmb qu` mhplmjn `st` s`btmai r`bt` nlhemti a` ln nrqumt`jturn ielmkn bi sili n cnj`r ln r``r`bjmn s`bsirmnln ub jihàir i r`stnurnbt`, smbi n ln r`lnjmb `btr` ln julturn julmbnrmny ln nrqumt`jturn pripmn a`l luknr" Ns, pir `f`hpli, sm nlkum`b kiznln `xp`rm`bjmn knstribhmjn a` lis jcmlnquml`s i lns `bjcmlnans `b `lr`stnurnbt` Lns Hnnbmtns1 a` Ju`rbnvnjn, Hxmji, i sm nlkum`b

1 U`stnurnbt` tpmji h`xmjnbi a` krnb nj`ptnjmb `b l @stnai a` Hir`lis"

amsrutn ubn eu`bn enba`fn pnmsn `b ubn a` lns jnsns a` Znlnhmbn,Jnlans, piar jibjlumr qu` ln `xp`rm`bjmn nrqumt`jtbmjn s` uba` jibln knstribhmjn `b `s` hih`bti" Bnturnl`zn y julturn s` `bju`btrnbns `b ub hih`bti a` xtnsms a` ln p`rj`pjmb s`bsirmnl"

Jibjlusmib`s

Ln `strujturnjmb s`bsirmnl n pnrtmr a` ln vmstn mhplmj amstnbjmns lnrknspnrn pia`r naqumrmr ln mbirhnjmb eusjnan" _ir su pnrt`, ln mbirhn(jmb naqumrman n pnrtmr a`l tnjti ielmk ubn amstnbjmn hbmhn `btr`ln nrqumt`jturn y qum`b ln `stuamn" Ln nplmjnjmb a` ln nuamjmb jihihàmi a` jihpr`bsmb a`l priel`hn nrqumt`jtbmji npirt mbirhnjmbnamjmibnl n ln plnbt`nan mbmjmnlh`bt` `b prij`sis a` tnll`r a` amsìtrnamjmibnl jihi l spnjmi bvilv`bt` n ln nrqumt`jturn" @l ilnti jihi

`f`rjmjmi jibsjm`bt` pusi n ln h`hirmn jihi t`hn ubanh`btnl a`ls`btmai a` luknr" Ln amjultna mbc`r`bt` nl kusti ielmk n `bjibtrnr susilujmb `b ln r`lnjmb `btr` nrqumt`jturn y julturn"

Ln `strujturnjmb s`bsirmnl a`l nrqumt`jti r`pr`s`btn ubn pismemlmana `b`l irtnl`jmhm`bti a` lis prij`sis a` irhnjmb a` nrqumt`jtis tnbti nbmv`l a` pr`krnai jihi a` pistkrnai" Ln r`lnjmb amr`jtn `btr` mbv`s(tmknjmb y àujnjmb `s jlnv` a` ubn r`spu`stn jic`r`bt` r`bt` n lnr`spibsnemlmana a` jibstrujjmb a` ln jmuana jibt`hpirb`n" Bi silis` aè` nt`ba`r n ln mbqum`tua a` lns a`jm`bjmns `b lis prikrnhnsnjnahmjis, smbi qu` `s jibv`bm`bt` ` mbjlusi mhpirtnbt` `l`vnr lnjnlmana a` lis aij`bt`s ` mbj`btmvnr ln r`nlmznjmb a` mbv`stmknjmib`squ` ih`bt`b ln pmrhma` a`l jibijmhm`bti"

Emelmikrnn

Znlanrrmnkn Uin, Nle`rti #5??5- Ln nrqumt`jturn jihi xp`rm`bjmn, Eikit,Pbmv`rsmana Bnjmibnl a` Jilihemn, Eikit

_nllnshnn, Fucnbm #5??4- Lis ifis a` ln pm`l, Enrj`libn, Kustnvi Kmlm

Jull`b, Kiraib #>=4>- Qc` jibjms` Qiwbsjnp`, Libar`s, Nrjcmt`jturnl _r`ss

Unshuss`b, Zt``b @ml`r #W>=0=X 5??;- Ln `xp`rm`bjmn a` ln Nrqumt`jturn,

Eikit, U`v`rt`


14/92

W >1X

Nrq" Ilmhpmn Bmklmi)Dlirn a` lis bk`l`s Hirjnt`&

Jibijmhm`bti a` ub t`rrmtirmi

Ln mhpirtnbjmn a` ub t`rrmtirmi `sjibamai `b `l jirnzb a` Jilihemn, `btr` ln Jiramll`rn Irm`btnly ln J`btrnl n li lnrki a`l ri Hnkanl`bn, s` `bju`btrn r`jikman `b nbtmkuis t`stmhibmis, krnjmnsn qu` lis `stuamis nrquìlkmjis y nbtripilkmjis a` lns julturns pr`jilihembns qu` nll cnemtnrip`rhmt`b ub r`jirrmai pir sus nbtmkuis irk`b`s"

@l t`rrmtirmi nl qu` bis r``rmhis p`rt`b`j` ciy nl A`pnrtnh`bti a`l Qilmhn ` mbjluy` lis hubmjmpmisa` Hnrmqumtn, Ciban, Nhenl`hn y su jnpmtnl Menku" @st` t`rrmtirmi, ntrnv`snai pir `l ri Hnkan(

NHENL@HN, CIBAN, HNUM^PMQN, PBN UPQN JPLQPUNL ZIEU@ @L UIHNKANL@BN

PBN @S_@UM@BJMN NJNA@HMJN MBQ@UBNJMIBNL @B LN PBMT@UZMANA A@ MENKP

&Nrqumt`jtn a` #>=30- ln Pbmv`rsmana a` B(pil`s, Dà`rmji MM y aijtirnai `b Mbv`stmknjmb`b Jibs`rvnjmb a` Em`b`s Nrqumt`jtbmjis#5???- a` ln hmshn ubmv`rsmana" _ri`sirn a`ln Pbmv`rsmana `Jnhpus, Dnjultna a` Mbk`bm`rn#Jihi, Mtnlmn-" Mbv`stmknairn y jiirambnairn a`lpriy`jti Bu`vis mbstruh`btis a` amnkbstmji`b `l jnhpi a` ln r`stnurnjmb nrqumt`jtbmjn,Dibais HPUZQ #5???( 5??>-" _ri`sirn aÙ`stnurnjmb Nrqumt`jtbmjn pnrn `l pr`krnaia` Cmstirmn a`l Nrt` a` ln Pbmv`rsmana a` _msn

y a` Cmstirmn y Qjbmjn a` ln r`stnurnjmb `bln @sju`ln a` @sp`jmnlmznjmb a` Cmstirmn a`lNrt` a`l hmshi nt`bì" A`sa` 5??4 cn smai_ri`sirn Mbvmtnan a`l prikrnhn a` Nrqumt`jturna` ln Pbmv`rsmana a` Menku #Jilihemn-, aiba`jiirambn ub jursi a` v`rnbi `b U`stnurnjmbNrqumt`jtbmjn" @b ln njtunlmana `s pri`sirna` U`stnurnjmb `b ln Pbmv`rsmana `Jnhpus#Bivàrnt` ( Jihi- y jiirambnairn jm`btjna` lis jursis a` `sp`jmnlmznjmb `b Nblmsms y`vnlunjmb a`l rm`ski sshmji a` lis àmjmiscmstrmjis"

U`suh`b

Z` eusjn nbnlmznr ln ipirtubmana a` ubn UutnJulturnl Hnrmqumtn, Ciban, Nhenl`hn `b`l A`pnrtnh`bti a`l Qilmhn n trnvs a` lnsjibtrmeujmib`s a` lis `sjrmtis a` lis vmnf`risùripìs a`l smkli SMS qu` vmsmtnrib `l t`rrmtirmi"Z` pr`t`ba` vnlirnr ubn rutn cmstrmjn huymhpirtnbt` pnrn ln cmstirmn y `l a`snrrilli a`lQilmhn y a` Jilihemn, nrtmjulnbai ln nt`bjmbnl jibijmhm`bti a`l t`rrmtirmi y l j`btri cmstrmjia` Nhenl`hn, t`hn a`l jursi a` jiip`rnjmbmbt`rbnjmibnl #Mtnlmn, Jilihemn y Juen- `b ln @s(ju`ln Mbt`rbnjmibnl a` T`rnbi a` ln Pbmv`rsmanaa` Menku a`snrrillnai `b nkisti a` 5?>5" @lt`rrmtirmi a`l Qilmhn cn smai pielnai pir lis `s(pnil`s y lis mbkl`s`s, pir tnbti lns r`lnjmib`sjib ln cmstirmn a` @uripn sib huy u`rt`s"

_nlnerns jlnv`

_nmsnf`, pntrmhibmi, jmuana cmstrmjn, r`stnurn(jmb urenbn, jibs`rvnjmb mbt`krnan"


15/92

W >0X

l`bn, u` ln prmbjmpnl rutn duvmnl a`l Jnrme` qu` p`rhmtn ll`knr cnstn`l jirnzb a` Jilihemn y ln Jistn _njjn aurnbt` ln pijn pr`ji(libmnl, y a`spus a` ln Jilibmn" Ciban y Nhenl`hn u`rib pu`rtismhpirtnbt`s, yn qu` p`rhmtnb ln jihubmjnjmb jib itrns jmuana`s a`lmbt`rmir, mbjluy`bai ln jnpmtnl a` Jilihemn, Eikit"

Du` `b `stis t`rrmtirmis aiba` s` a`snrrill ln `xplirnjmb eitbmjn a`lhamji `spnil Fis J`l`stmbi Hutms, a`sa` `l >;3: cnstn `l >3?3,pnsnbai pir Ln H`sn, Kunauns, Ciban, Hnrmqumtn, Dnlb, Nhenl`hny `l Tnll` a` Znb Funb cnstn Menku #U str`pi, >=357 [mlsib y Kh`z,5?>?-" Ciy ln Uutn Hutms `st ams`nan jihi ub jmrjumti cmstrmji yjulturnl qu` mbt`rjib`jtn tians `stns pielnjmib`s a`l birt` a`l Qilmhn ya` Jubambnhnrjn" @l Hmbmst`rmi a` Julturn jilihemnbi, `b 5??3, jibijnsmb a`l emj`bt`bnrmi a`l nll`jmhm`bti a` Fis J`l`stmbi Hutms, cnprihivmai hujcis `v`btis y puelmjnjmib`s pnrn r`jiranr `stn mhpir(tnbt` `xplirnjmb eitbmjn qu` jibtrmeuy nl a`snrrilli a` ln jm`bjmnhamjn, ln eitbmjn y ln ziilikn"

Zmb `henrki, `l vnlir cmstrmji y julturnl a` `st` t`rrmtirmi `bju`btrnjibrhnjmb `b lis amnrmis a` vmnf` qu` hujcis `xplirnair`s y `stu(amisis `hpr`bam`rib `btr` bnl`s a`l smkli STMMM y prmbjmpmis a`l SMS"Qiais r`ju`ranb `b lis amnrmis a` vmnf` lns eikns a`l ri Hnkanl`bn"

Ciban" Eikns `b l` ri Hnkanl`bn #iti6 Ilmhpmn Bmklmi, 5?>5-

Z` l`s `bju`btrn `b lis junaris tpmjis a` jihm`bzis a`l smkli SMS,jib lis r`his `b hivmhm`bti, ria`nais a`l pnmsnf` silmtnrmi y trnbqumlia` ln rme`rn6 sib lns eikns a`l ri Hnkanl`bn" T`rana`ris hitir`sa`l trnbspirt` duvmnl qu` nbt`jàm pir hujcis nis n ln bnv`knjmb`b euqu`s a` vnpir `b Jilihemn, s` l`s ma`btmjn k`b`rnlh`bt` jib

ubn pijn juyn a`sjrmpjmb quà `brmqu`jman pir lns buh`risnsies`rvnjmib`s `sjrmtns pir lis vmnf`ris qu` s` nv`bturnenb `b `stispnrnf`s" Zu irmk`b, smb `henrki, s` `bju`btrn `b ln Jilibmn" Ln pr`(s`bjmn a` lis eikns `b `l Hnkanl`bn s` r`hibtn n lis nis a` lis`bjih`ba`ris, junbai `l trmeuti a` lis mbamis s` trnslna n ln lujcnjibtrn ln jirrm`bt` a`l ri `b eusjn a` Ciban" @b su `bsnyi, Anvma

@rb`sti _`ns Knlmbai s` pripib` r`jihpib`r lns pm`zns a` `stn cms(tirmn trnznbai ln irhnjmb a` ubn bu`vn rnzn6 ln cmstirmn a`l znhenf`ntnan nl a`stmbi a` Hihpix y, pir supu`sti, nl a`l ri Hnkanl`bn#_isnan, >=3=6 SSTM, >=-"

Jib `stns `henrjnjmib`s u` pismel` r`jirr`r `l ri y nljnbznr lispu`rtis a` Hnrmqumtn, Ciban y Nhenl`hn pnrn lu`ki mbmjmnr rutns hsmbnjj`smel`s qu` jibaujnb n ln jnpmtnl Eikit" Qianvn ciy `s ubsmst`hn a` trnbspirt` jmvml y jih`rjmnl huy usnai pnrn ntrnv`snr `l ria` ubn irmlln n itrn"

Du` jib `l trnspirt` `b eikns qu` tnhemb `l hamji Hutms vmnf pir `lri Hnkanl`bn `btr` lis t`rrmtirmis a` Nhenl`hn, Ciban y Hnrmqumtn,jmuana aiba` ciy `s pismel` vmsmtnr `l j`btri a` mbv`stmknjmb y ln jnsnaiba` vmvm `l hamji aurnbt` `l p`rmiai a` ln s`kuban `xplirnjmbeitbmjn" Hnrmqumtn tianvn `rn jibijman pir lis bntmvis y sier` tiaipir lis mbkl`s`s krnjmns n lns hmbns a` plntn"

Hnrmqumtn, jnsn a` ln s`kuban `xpàmjmb eitbmjn a` Fis J`l`stmbi Hutms#iti6 Ilmhpmn Bmklmi, 5??3-"

Huy mbt`r`snbt` vnl`rs` a` lns a`sjrmpjmib`s a` lis vmnf`ris qu` ji(bijm`rib `stis luknr`s `btr` `l smkli STMMM y bnl`s a`l SMS, pu`s `llitnhemb p`rhmt` vnlirnr sus hiamjnjmib`s, ns jihi ln jibs`rvnjmbjib r`sp`jti n ln smtunjmb njtunl"

_ir `f`hpli, Ciban, ubanan pir lis `spnil`s `b >0:=, `l >4 a`fubmi >3?0 u` n`jtnan pir ub t`rr`hiti qu` a`struy krnb pnrt` a`


16/92

W >4X

ln jmuana jilibmnl, àmjnjmib`s jih`rjmnl`s, pu`bt`s y amvmam jnsm `bais ln pielnjmb"

Ln smtunjmb a` `stn jmuana n prmbjmpmis a`l smkli SMS ln a`sjrmemKnspnra Qciair` Hillm`b `b `l lmeri rnbjs trnaujmai `b mtnlmnbi,Tmnkkmi nlln U`pueelmjn am Jilihemn s`kumti b`llnbbi >35:"

@l nutir nbnlmz ns ln jmuana a` Ciban6WX Nrrmvnm aubqu` s`bzn mbjibtrnr` buivm istnjilm n Ciban, libtnbnan Eikit v`btmau` l`kc`" Mb ubn vnll` nbjc`kkmntn aikbm mbtirbi amhibtnkb` pistn qu`stn jmtt7 iba` vm sm sir` ub siijnbt` jnlir`" Dnauipi prmhn am kmubk`rvm nttrnv`rsnr` au` pubtm, ml s`jibai a`m qunlm jillijnti sum Kunlm, tirr`bt` mhp`tuisi jc` ubmsj` l` su` njqu` nqu`ll` a`lln Hnkanl`bn7 pibtm nramtmssmhnh`bt` jistruttm siprn sjc`kkàm rupm jc` b` irhnbi l` jisj`, ` sikk`ttm n rivmbnr` na ikbm tr`huiti"Pb dnk`lli am qu`stn bnturn si`rtism, sib qumba`jm nbbm n Cibancn lnsjmnt` irrmemlm irh` a`m kunstm ip`rntm7 hilt` jns` ` ln jcm`sn b`

histrnbi tuttnvmn l` rivmb`" _ur rmhnbkibi nbjirn mbtnttm nljubm àmzmnssnm r`kilnrm" L` strna` sibi lnstrmjnt` ` jibaitt` mb lmb`n r`ttn" Um(l`vnbt` ln pmnzzn p`r irmr` rmjiv`ri nm bnvmklm jc` v`bkibi anll`privmbjm` hnrmttmh` ` p`r `ss`r` ml rmj`ttnjili a`ll` h`rjm mbvmntn nll`mbt`rb` privmbj`" ûmvm stnti mbstmtumti ub uzmi a`ll` aiknb` Hillm`b>3:?6 t" M, >?:(>?1-"

Hs tnra` Fismnc Jiba`r, vmnf`ri mbkls, b ln iern a` vnrmis vilh`b`sQc` Hia`rb trnv`l`r, nbnlmz Jilihemn, y `b pnrtmjulnr cnel tnhemba` Ciban y a`l vmnf` n trnvs a`l ri Hnkanl`bn" Ns ln a`sjrmem6

Ciban ms pr`ttmly smtuntà ib rmsmbk kriuba `bjlisà ey hiubtnmbs" Mt

wns irh`rly diurmscmbk, eut wns nlhist a`striyà ey tc` `nrtcqung`,nba tc` jmvml wnr cns kr`ntly amhmbmscà mts jihh`rj`" Qc` jibv`bts nbajcurjc`s nr` biw mb n amlnpmantà stnt`7 nba tc` pipulntmib, wcmjc mssnma ti cnv` nhiubtà ti >?,???, biw sjnrj`ly, `xj`às :,??? p`r(sibs" Qc` t`hp`rntur` ms v`ry cit, eut bit ubc`nltcy" N justih(cius` ms`stnelmscà c`r`" Nll lnrk` eints stip nba tc` eia`kns, ir wnr`cius`s,ib enbg, cnl n hml` rih tc` tiwb, ti nvima pnssmbk tc` hiutc i tc`Kunl`, n inhmbk tirr`bt wcmjc rusc`s aiwb tc` b`mkceirmbk hiubtnmbsi Hnrmqumtn ti fimb tc` Hnkanl`bn mb tc` j`btr` i tc` tiwb" Qcmstirr`bt ms jrissà ey n wiia`b ermak` i ib` nrjc, eilaly jibstrujtàib rnkh`bts i rijg wcmjc s`rv` ns pm`rs, eut biw mb n v`ry pr`jnrmius

stnt` #Jiba`r, >3506 :?=-"@stis t`stmhibmis cmstrmjis a`hu`strnb ln mhpirtnbjmn a`l luknr, nubqu``b `l hih`bti a` ln vmsmtn n `stn jmuana s` `bjibtrnen `b ub `stnaia` `birh` rumbn n jnusn a`l t`rr`hiti a`l >3?0" Ln smtunjmb jnhemn bnl`s a`l smkli SMS y ln prmh`rn hmtna a`l SS, hih`bti `b `l qu``b ln jmuana s` `stnel`jm`rib mhpirtnbt`s `hpr`sns jih`rjmnl`s y lnjibstrujjmb a` ubn krnb plnzn a`l h`rjnai amjnan btr` l >=>; y`l >=:0, tianvn xmst`bt`"

Ln mhpirtnbjmn jih`rjmnl y julturnl a` lns jmuana`s tilmh`bs`s uemjnans`b lns rme`rns a`l ri Hnkanl`bn tnhemb s` t`stmhibm `b Nhenl`hn,

j`btri nkrjiln a` irmk`b `spnil, juyn jnlmana a`l tnenji u` huy`stmhnan pir Knspnra Qciair` Hillm`b, qum`b a`sjrmem `st` puèlia` ln smkum`bt` hnb`rn6

WX WX kmubsm n E`ltrnb, pirti amhenrji p`r jiliri jc` bnvmknbai lnHnkanl`bn viklmibi trns`rmrsm na Nhenl`hn" E`bjc hm iss` stntianti ml sukk`rmh`bti am s`kumr` rmsnl`bai ln a`strn spiban am qu`stiuh`, pr``rmm ln smbmstrn jc` irmvn hnkkmir` jipmn am ikk`ttm nll` hmìss`rvnzmibm a ubi trn qu`stm p`r h` mhpirtnbtmssmhi rn ln jiltmvnzmi(b` a`l tnenjji am Nhenl`hn"

WX WX Mb qu`sti vmllnkkmi, ml jum t`rrmtirmi jibtm`b` rnkkunra`vilm pmnb(tnkmibm am tnenjji am ittmhn qunlmt klm nemtnbtm kiaibi am ubn amstr`tnnkmnt`zzn7 và`sm n prmhn kmubtn jc` bib hnbjnbi am njj`ba` ` h`bjc` nltriv` ml pipili ndmtti an hnlnttm`, vnbtnkkmi jc` anl biarmrsmh`klmi a`rmvnklm" Hnl neermjntn Nhenl`hn ` b ln sun jcm`sn, smbki(lnrmt nssnm rnrn b`lln Jilihemn, snrèe` ub hibuh`bti am e`b pijn

NCiban, _lnzn a`l H`rjnai, >=>;(>=:0#Diti6 Ilmhpmn Bmklmi, 5?>5-


17/92

W >;X

mhpirtnbzn s` bib ln rnjjihnbanss` ub s`rvmzmi am husmjn, am vmilmbm `strih`btm an nti #Hillm`b, W>35:X >3:?7 t" MMM, 51(50-"

Ln jmuana a` Nhenl`hn6 Hibuh`bti Bnjmibnl

Jihi cn piamai ies`rvnrs`, `stn jmuana tuvi ubn krnb mhpirtnbjmncmstrmjn y `jibhmjn `b `l Qilmhn, qu` s` `xt`bam a`sa` `l smkliSTMMM cnstn ln prmh`rn hmtna a`l SS, y u` a`jlnrnan Hibuh`btiBnjmibnl pir A`jr`ti ;;4 a` nerml 5 a` >=3?7 smb `henrki, `stnr`nlmana urenbn r`d`fn `b ln njtunlmana ub nj`l`rnai a`t`rmiri, jihili jirrieirn ub mbt`r`snbt` r`pirtnf` `lneirnai pir ln Pb`sji `b>=4=, a`bihmbnai Jilihemn" A`snrrilli turstmji y vnlirmznjmb a`lpntrmhibmi nrtstmji ` cmstrmji, qu` mbamjnen jhi yn n bnl`s a` lisnis s`s`btn a`l smkli SS `l t`rrmtirmi a` Nhenl`hn, n p`snr a` susjunlmana`s nhem`btnl`s, pnmsnfstmjns ` cmstrmjns, cnen p`ramai su mb(t`rs `jibhmji, turstmji y julturnl" Mbirtubnanh`bt` `stn smtunjmb s`

cn hnbt`bmai `b lis nis suesmkum`bt`s, y njtunlh`bt` Nhenl`hn vmv``b ubn smtunjmb a` titnl mbhivmlmana, jib ubn jihubmana `hpl`nan`b njtmvmana`s huy amsp`rsns y a` piji vnlir `jibhmji, r`sultnbai`sjnsns lns `strujturns r`j`ptmvns y jih`rjmnl`s, nubqu` tianvn `senstnbt` mbt`bsn ln njtmvmana nkrjiln, a`stmbnan sier` tiai nl jultmvia` nrriz y nlkiab"

Ciy, Nhenl`hn jibs`rvn nbtmkuis t`stmhibmis jihi ln Jnsn Mbkl`sn,sà` nahmbmstrntmvn aurnbt` ln pijn a` lis jultmvis a` tnenji, njtunl(h`bt` r`s`rvnais nl nlkiab y nl nrriz, na`hs a` hujcis a` lisàmjmis r`sma`bjmnl`s jibstrumais a`spus a`l mbj`bami a`l >350, quà`struy tiai `l j`btri urenbi" _nrtmjulnrmana`s a` Nhenl`hn sib lns

jnsns `b encnr`qu` jib prtmji"Ln mhpirtnbjmn jih`rjmnl a` Nhenl`hn `bju`btrn jibrhnjmb `b lnprmh`rn hmtna a`l smkli SS jib ln jibstrujjmb a` ub `rrijnrrml y ubn

`stnjmb `rrivmnrmn qu` ln jib`jt n ln jnpmtnl, Menku" @stn rà `rri(vmnrmn u` nenbaibnan `b lis nis ijc`btn a`l smkli SS y ciy sili s`hnbtm`b` ln `stnjmb `b `stnai a` rumbn #Bmklmi, 5?>56 4;(;4-" @b `stnjmuana puà` ies`rvnrs`, jihi ub rnski amstmbtmvi, ln mbt`rr`lnjmb jib`l hàmi jmrjubanbt`, `stnel`jmbais` ub amliki p`rhnb`bt` `btr` `lluknr, jib ln pr`s`bjmn a`l ri Hnkanl`bn y lns hibtnns, a`stnjb(

ais` `b `st` s`btmai ln irknbmjmana a` ln jmuana y su nrqumt`jturn"

Pbn `xp`rm`bjmn amajtmjn mbt`rbnjmibnl `b Nhenl`hn

@l j`btri cmstrmji a` Nhenl`hn #Znbtnhnrn, >=34-, ubanan pir lis`spnil`s `b `l smkli STM y r`jibstruman pir lis mbkl`s`s n bnl`s a`lSTMMM, u` `l ief`ti a` `stuami `b `l jursi _ntrmhibmi Prenbi y Julturnl"Mbv`btnrmi urenbi a` Nhenl`hn j`btri cmstrmji Hnl`jb, amrmkmaipir lns nutirns a` `st` trnenfi `b ln @sju`ln Mbt`rbnjmibnl a` T`rnbia` ln Pbmv`rsmana a` Menku #nkisti 5?>5-"

@b `st` s`btmai s` a`bm`rib lis ief`tmvis k`b`rnl`s qu` s` pr`t`banbnljnbznr jib `l jursi, ns jihi nsp`jtis `sp`jjis pir likrnr, r`(lntmvis nl jibijmhm`bti a`l pntrmhibmi y lns njtunjmib`s `b `l jnhpia` ln r`stnurnjmb, a`t`rhmbbais` ln r`nlmznjmb a`l `f`rjmjmi `b aisns`s, anai `l piji tm`hpi qu` r`pr`s`btn su r`nlmznjmb `b sili aiss`hnbns7 ln prmh`rn n a`snrrillnrs` `b `l 5?>5, y ln s`kuban pnrt` `b`l v`rnbi a` 5?>:"

@st` jursi pr`t`bam mbj`btmvnr `b lis `stuamnbt`s ln b`j`smana a` r`s(jntnr `l vnlir cmstrmji y julturnl a` ln jmuana n trnvs a`l jibijmhm`btia` stn r`nlmana, a`t`rhmbnbai st` nsp`jti jihi ief`tmvi k`b`rnl a`l

tnll`r, jibaujm`bai su a`snrrilli n ln b`j`smana a` plnbt`nrs` jhijr`nr lns jibamjmib`s `jibhmjns pnrn `l em`b`stnr y `l a`snrrilli `ji(bhmji lijnl, k`b`rnbai njjmib`s qu` p`rhmtm`rnb ubn jibs`rvnjmb``jtmvn a`l _ntrmhibmi Prenbi y Julturnl, y jibsma`rnbai lis nsp`jtis

Nhenl`hn" Ln Jnsn Mbkl`sn #Diti6 Ilmhpmn Bmklmi, 5?>? mzqum`ran, y5?>5 ( a`r`jcn-

Nhenl`hn" Tmvm`bans jib prtmji #Diti6 Ilmhpmn Bmklmi, 5?>5-


18/92

W >3X

`jibhmjis, sijmnl`s y julturnl`s a` Nhenl`hn" A`fnbai s`btnai, pirsupu`sti, ln b`j`smana a` njih`t`r ub trnenfi mbt`ramsjmplmbnr, aiba`ln r`stnurnjmb a` ln nrqumt`jturn y ln vnlirmznjmb a`l hàmi nhem`bt`puànb jibtrmeumr nl r`sjnt` a` ln jmuana"

_nrn ln jibs`jujmb a` lis ief`tmvis trnznais s` plnbt`nrib amv`rsns

njtmvmana`s aij`bt`s jihi jib`r`bjmns, tnll`r`s y vmsmtns n Nhen(l`hn" @b r`lnjmb jib `l t`hn a` ln jibs`rvnjmb `b `l Hubmjmpmia` Nhenl`hn, s` cmzi bnsms `b lis nsp`jtis cuhnbis y bnturnl`s,mbt`krnbai vnlir`s hnt`rmnl`s ` mbtnbkmel`s, r`sp`tnbai `l jnrjt`r a`ln jmuana cmstrmjn y l a` sus pnmsnf`s, fubti jib ln nplmjnjmb a` l`y`sna`junans y birhns pnrn nrhibmznr ln ubjmibnlmana t`rrmtirmnl y a`ln nrqumt`jturn, jib lis vnlir`s `s`bjmnl`s y bnturnl`s" @s pir `lli qu``b `l jursi s` mbsmstm `b ln b`j`smana a` nt`ba`r n ln jibs`rvnjmbmbt`krnan a`l pnmsnf` bnturnl y a` ln Nrqumt`jturn a` Nhenl`hn, liqu` mhplmj ln jibsma`rnjmb a` vnlir`s sijmnl`s, julturnl`s y `sttmjis"

Nt`bam`bai n ln jihpl`fmana a`l t`hn y nl tm`hpi amspibmel`, `b sili

ais s`hnbns, s` irknbmz `l jursi a` hiai tnl qu` s` puam`rn r`nlmznr`l amnkbstmji a` ln jmuana cmstrmjn7 pnrn `lli s` jibirhnrib juntri`qumpis a` trnenfi, jnan ubi a` lis junl`s nbnlmznrn nsp`jtis r`ln(jmibnais jib6

Krupi >6 ln cmstirmn a` Nhenl`hn

Krupi 56 jihpib`bt` sijmnl6 pielnjmb, jistuher`s y trnamjmib`s,jihpismjmb sijmnl, nspmrnjmib`s, krupis a` àna`s, s`btmai a` p`r(t`b`bjmn, `xp`jtntmvns

Krupi :6 l`vnbtnhm`btis, prij`si `vilutmvi a` ln jmuana, nsp`jtis

nhem`btnl`s, hirilikn, vmnlmana, usis a` su`li, nblmsms a` lns hnb(znbns y pnrj`lns

Krupi 16 mbv`btnrmis"

Ln mbirhnjmb r`jipmlnan p`rhmtm jibij`r `b a`tnll` tiais lis ns(p`jtis r`lnjmibnais jib `l a`snrrilli cmstrmji a` Nhenl`hn, a`sa`su surkmhm`bti cnstn ln njtunlmana, lns jnrnjt`rstmjns a` ln pielnjmb,priel`htmjn sijmnl, nsp`jtis smjis a`l t`rrmtirmi, hirilikn, `strujtu(rn, a`t`rhmbnjmb a` lns zibns a` vnlir, stnai a` jibs`rvnjmb a` lis

mbhuèl`s, a` lns rà`s tjbmjns, mbv`btnrmi y jnt`kirmznjmb urenbn

a`l j`btri cmstrmji a` Nhenl`hn #s`jtir`s, jnll`s, Hnl`jb y itris-"

Ameufi a` pirtnan a`l lmeri U`nl `xpàmjmb eitbmjn a`l Bu`vi U`mbi a` Krnbnan,

jn" >;3:", Fis J`l`stmbi Hutms y Bmjils Jirt`s, Husì Fis J`l`stmbi Hutms #iti6

Ilmhpmn Bmklmi, 5??=-


19/92

W >=X

Nhenl`hn, Qilmhn #ijtuer`, >==4-, Hmbmst`rmi a` Julturn, U`pelmjn a` Jilihemn, Mbstmtuti Jilihemnbi a` Julturn, Zueamr`jjmb a` _ntrmhibmi Julturnl, Amvmsmb a` J`btris

Cmstrmjis y _ntrmhibmi Nrqumt`jtbmji


20/92

W 5?X

Pbmv`rsmana a` Menku, jursi _ntrmhibmi Prenbi y Julturnl" Mbv`btnrmi urenbi a` Nhenl`hn j`btri cmstrmji Hnl`jb #amrmkmai pir Ilmhpmn Bmklmi y Dlirn Hirjnt`

Lnernan-" Ameufi a`l prij`si `vilutmvi a` Nhenl`hn, Qilmhn, Krupi :6 L`vnbtnhm`btis, nkisti a` 5?>5"


21/92

W 5>X

Pbmv`rsmana a` Menku, jursi _ntrmhibmi Prenbi y Julturnl" Mbv`btnrmi urenbi a` Nhenl`hn j`btri cmstrmji Hnl`jb #amrmkmai pir Ilmhpmn Bmklmi y Dlirn Hirjnt`

Lnernan-" Nhenl`hn" _lnbi a` l`vnbtnhm`bti a` ln Jnsn Mbkl`sn, nkisti a` 5?>5, Krupi :6 L`vnbtnhm`btis"


22/92

W 55X

Jibjlusmib`s

@stn `xp`rm`bjmn amajtmjn u` suhnh`bt` mbt`r`snbt`, yn qu` lis `s(tuamnbt`s s` `br`btnrib nl t`hn jib ub nlti bmv`l a` hitmvnjmb nla`sjuermr nlkubis, y itris rà`sjuermr, lis vnlir`s cmstrmjis, julturnl`s ypnmsnfstmjis `xmst`bt`s `b `l hubmjmpmi a` Nhenl`hn, ns jihi `l nlti

pit`bjmnl turstmji qu` `bjm`rrn, y qu` puà` jibv`rtmrs` `b u`bt` a``hplì y r`jursis pnrn ln jibs`rvnjmb a` `stn jmuana cmstrmjn, quìrhn pnrt` a` ln rutn julturnl Ciban(Hnrmqumtn(Nhenl`hn"

Ln irknbmznjmb a`l jursi knrnbtmz qu` `l trnenfi a` jnhpi, lnsvmv`bjmns y `bju`btris jib lis pielnair`s y nutirmana`s a`l kiem`rbia` Nhenl`hn, nsp`jti r`l`vnbt` pnrn ln jihpr`bsmb a`l t`hn, s`mbjirpirnrn `b lis `stuamnbt`s pnrn njih`t`r mbv`stmknjmib`s uturns `b`l jnhpi a` ln r`stnurnjmb"

Lis s`hmbnrmis a`snrrillnais u`rib ubn hu`strn a` ln hnaur`z nljnb(znan pir lis `stuamnbt`s a`l jursi, lis qu` plnbt`nrib sus ma`ns y lns

jihpnrtm`rib jib `l r`sti a` lis pnrtmjmpnbt`s, pibm`bai a` hnbm`stiln irhn `b qu` u`rib jnpnj`s a` npripmnrs` a` lis jibijmhm`btisa`snrrillnais pir jnan ubi a` lis krupis qu` mbv`stmknrib sier` lncmstirmn, `l jihpib`bt` sijmnl, lis l`vnbtnhm`btis ` mbv`btnrmis a`Nhenl`hn"Jib lis trnenfis r`nlmznais s` likr iet`b`r ubn u`bt` ai(juh`btnl njtunlmznan y jrmtmjn, qu` puà`b s`rvmr a` pubti a` pnrtmanpnrn uturns mbt`rv`bjmib`s `b Nhenl`hn"

Emelmikrnn

Jiba`r, Fismnc #>350- Qc` Hia`rb trnv`ll`r n pipulnr a`sjrmptmib kì(

krnpcmjnl, cmstirmjnl, nba tipikrnpcmjnl i tc` vnrmius jiubtrm`s i tc`klie`" Jilihemn, Libaib, p" :?=

Hillm`b, Knspnra Qciair` #>3:?- Tmnkkmi nlln U`pueelmjn am Jilih(emn `s`kumti b`llnbbi >35:, lmeri `b rnbjs trnaujmai pir Kn`tnbiEnrem`rm, Bpil`s

Bmklmi, Ilmhpmn #5?>5- Ln r`stnurnjmb a` ln Nrqumt`jturn U`puelmjnbn"Ln `stnjmb a` Nhenl`hn, `b U`stnurnjmb Nrqumt`jtbmjn `b `l Qilm(hn, Menku, Pbmv`rsmana a` Menku, pp" 4;(;4

_isnan Jnrei, @aunrai #>=3=- Tmnf` `b jcnhpb, Eil`tb Julturnl

y Emelmikrji a`l Enbji a` ln U`pelmjn a` Jilihemn, >=, SSTM=)eil>="cth2

U`str`pi, Knerm`l #>=35- Fis J`l`stmbi Hutms y ln amusmb a` ln Mlust rn(jmb `b `l Bu`vi U`mbi, Jm`bjmn, Q`jbilikn y A`snrrilli vil" h, :(1

Znbtnhnrn, K`rhb #>=34- Nhenl`hn, Jnlm

[mlsib, @awnra I" y Kh`z Aurb, Fis H" #5?>?- Gmbkaih i Nbts6Fis J`l`stmbi Hutms nba tc` Anwb i Bnturnl Cmstiry mb tc` b`w wirla,Enltmhir`, Ficbs Cipgmbs Pbmv`rsmty _r`ss


23/92

W 5:X

AMNKBZQMJI A@L _P@BQ@ _UMBJM_NL A@L JNZQMLLI ZNB _@AUI A@ LN UIJN

Hsj" HNUKNUMQN C@JCNTNUUN C@UBBA@V&

&Lmj`bjmnan `b Emilikn a` ln Pbmv`rsmana aÌrm`bt` a` Znbtmnki a` Juen" Du` Hm`heria`l Lneirntirmi _rivmbjmnl a` Cmkm`b`, @pma`(hmilikn y Hmjriemilikn #>===(5??5-, Lneirnjib `l krupi a` jibs`rvnjmb y r`stnurnjmba` ln Ijmbn a`l Jibs`rvnair a` ln jmuanajihi jibs`rvnairn jm`btjn y `sp`jmnlmstn `bhna`rn, `b `l Lneirntirmi a` Amnkbstmji a` lnijmbn a`l Jibs`rvnair a` Znbtmnki a` Juen"Hst`r `b Emit`jbilikn Nhem`btnl #5??0- ycnstn ln `jcn ju`btn jib 5: jursis a` pis(krnai `btr` r`jmemais ` mhpnrtmais, ais `v`btis

jm`btjis y ais puelmjnjmib`s" Cn r`nlmznaiais priy`jtis6 ubi pnrn jihpl`tnr `l `qumpn(hm`bti a`l Lneirntirmi y l itri sier` ubn plnbtna` trntnhm`bti pnrn ln hna`rn hpl`nan b lnsr`stnurnjmib`s a` ln Ijmbn"

U`suh`b

@l Jnstmlli Znb _àri a` ln Uijn jibstmtuy` pir

`xj`l`bjmn ubi a` lis sheilis qu` ma`btmjnln jmuana a` Znbtmnki a` Juen" Jihi pnrtà` lns njjmib`s qu` njih`t` ln Ijmbn a`lJibs`rvnair a` ln jmuana pnrn su pr`s`rvn(jmb, s` cnb r`nlmznai hltmpl`s mbv`stmknjmib`s,`btr` `llns `stn, juyi ief`tmvi `s `vnlunr `lkrnai a` jibs`rvnjmb y a`bmr lns jnusns a`k`b`rnjmb a` lns am`r`bt`s pntilikns" _nrn`lli u` b`j`snrmi `hpl`nr tjbmjns emilkmjns

y smji(h`jbmjns bi a`strujtmvns" @l r`sultnaia` stis bsnyis p`rhmtm jibjlumr qu` l stnaia` jibs`rvnjmb a` lis `l`h`btis a` hna`rn

a`l hirrmlli y a`l pu`bt` pr`s`btn a`t`rmiri huynvnbznai aèmai n pntilikns jihi `l a`scm(lnjcnhm`bti, lns `bans y `l ntnqu` a` mbs`jtisxmlnkis"

_nlnerns jlnv`

Jibs`rvnjmb, tjbmjns emilkmjns, smji(h`jbmjns, a`scmlnjcnhm`bti, `bans, mbs`jtis"

Mbtriaujjmb

@l jnstmlli Znb _àri a` ln Uijn, a`jlnrnai pir ln Pb`sji _ntrmhibmi julturnl a` ln Cuhnbmana, `b>==;, jibstrumai pir `l nhisi mbk`bm`ri mtnlmnbi Funb Enutmstn Nbtib`llm, irhn pnrt` a`l smst`hna``bsmvi a` ln encn a` Znbtmnki a` Juen" Zu nrqumt`jturn r`sultn mhpr`smibnbt` pir ln sup`rpism(jmb jic`r`bt` a` jamkis hàm`vnl`s y r`bnj`btmstns qu` a`db`b su mhnk`b `b am`r`bt`s t`rrnzns

n a`sbmv`l" Juer` ub r`n a` =,0 gh5, jib jmbji bmv`l`s qu` s` ner`b `b t`rrnzns n ln eijn a`ln encn7 `l r`bt` a` tm`rrn hu`strn ub hemti a` jibsma`rnel` vnlir `spnjmnl aiba` ub r`v`llbtrmnbkulnr s` nbt`pib` nl nhplmi isi s`ji7 `st` ltmhi a` mhpirtnbt` vnlir nrtstmji"

Ln `btrnan nl ju`rpi prmbjmpnl, lu`ki a`l pnsi pir ais pu`bt`s l`vnamzis, p`rhmt` ies`rvnr amstmbtisr`jmbtis a`lmhmtnais pir kru`sis huris a` hnhpist`rn juem`rtis pir evàns suj`smvns" Ln plnzna` nrhns s` hu`strn pir hàmi a` plnbis n a`sbmv`l r`lnjmibnais pir `sjnlmbntns y rnhpns qu`smrv`b a` vbjuli jib itrns plntnirhns y a`p`ba`bjmns"

@l r`sultnai a`l jihpl`fi prij`si a` nanptnjmb nl r`lm`v` p`rhmt` cnelnr a` ub smbkulnr jihpirtn(hm`bti viluhtrmji, plnstmjmana, viluh`trn y t`xturn a` lns pnrt`s, y `l`h`btis jihpib`bt`s a`hu`s(trnb su jnrjt`r y p`rsibnlmana" A`sa` su jibstrujjmb cnstn ln `jcn cnb trnbsjurrmais hujcis nisa` `xpismjmb n ln njjmb a` am`r`bt`s njtir`s tnbti emtmjis jihi nemtmjis, ubanh`btnlh`bt` `lmbt`hp`rmshi, qu` `b ln zibn jist`rn tm`b` ubn njjmb hs mbt`bsn"

Znbtmnki s` `st pr`pnrnbai pnrn j`lèrnr `b `l 5?>0 sus 0?? nis a` vman, y `b ubjmb a`snlvnkunranr su pripmn cmstirmn y julturn s` r`nlmznb trnenfis a` r`stnurnjmb a` lis mbhuèl`s hsmhpirtnbt`s a` ln jmuana, y `btr` `llis t`b`his @l jnstmlli Znb _àri a` ln Uijn" _nrn `l amnkbstmjia` `st` mbhuèl` s` trnznrib jihi ief`tmvis vnlirnr `l `stnai a` lis `l`h`btis a` hna`rn a`lpu`bt` y `l hirrmlli, lijnlmznr ` ma`btmdjnr lns pntilikns hs r`ju`bt`s, ns jihi a`t`rhmbnr lnsjnusns qu` ln k`b`rnrib7 pnrn likrnr `stis ief`tmvis u` b`j`snrmi cnj`r ubn mbsp`jjmb vmsunl `b lnqu` s` lijnlmznrib pntilikns, jib sus pismel`s jnusns, qu` s` r`lnjmibnb n jibtmbunjmb"

Tnlirnjmb a`l hàmi

@l jnstmlli Znb _àri a` ln Uijn `st uemjnai `b ubn zibn jist`rn aiba` `l jlmhn `s a`snvirnel`,yn qu` lns enrr rns bnturnl`s y nrtmdjmnl`s qu` xmst`b sili prit`k`b ln zibn hs enfn y pir tnbti lnmbjma`bjmn a` lis njtir`s nemtmjis, jihi ln njjmb a`l sil, ln lluvmn y `l hnr, sier` lis `l`h`btisa` hna`rn, sib hs nkr`smvis, pripmjmnbai n jirti plnzi, junbai bi sib aèmanh`bt` prit`kmais,ln npnrmjmb a` njtir`s emtmjis jihi cibkis ` mbs`jtis xmlnkis"


24/92

W 51X


25/92

W 50X

Jihi hu`strn ln tneln >, `b tiais lis `l`h`btis a`l pu`bt` s` ie(s`rvn hs a` ubn pntilikn6 `l ntnqu` a` mbs`jtis y lns pntiliknsprivijnans pir ln njjmb a`l mbt`hp`rmshi sib lns hs r`ju`bt`s, ycnb jnusnai hs ani n `stis `l`h`btis a` hna`rn" @l ntnqu` a`t`rhmtns suet`rrb`ns s` `bju`btrn huy nvnbznai `b tiais lis `l`h`b(tis y ln jnusn `s pr`jmsnh`bt` ln nltn a` prit`jjmb pr`v`btmvn7 s`

snen nbt`s a` ln ltmhn r`stnurnjmb #>==;- qu` `b `stn zibn `xmstn`stn `sp`jm` a` t`rhmtns y bi s` a`t`jtnrib sus jilibmns, pir bi jibtnrjib `qumpis `sp`jmnlmznais pnrn `st` tmpi a` trnenfi, pir tnbti `rnmhpirtnbt` prit`k`r ln hna`rn nbt`s a` ln r`stnurnjmb i a` li jibtrn(rmi s` aè`rn jihprnr hna`rn jib ubn nltn aurnemlmana bnturnl pnrnknrnbtmznr su p`rhnb`bjmn `b `l tm`hpi y ns ncirrnr r`jursis"

_ir itrn pnrt` `xmst`b ubn s`rm` a` pntilikns jnusnans pir njjmb a`lmbt`hp`rmshi jihi `bans, jnan a` pmbturn, a`scmlnjcnhm`bti7 a`btria` `st` krupi `l a`scmlnjcnhm`bti `s ln hs r`ju`bt` y ln hs anmbnpirqu` privijn ln npnrmjmb a` lns a`hs" @l sil y ln lluvmn njtnb

sier` ln sup`rdjm` a` ln hna`rn tnbti `b `l `xt`rmir jihi `b ln prit`j(jmb sup`rdjmnl a` `stn7 `b tm`hpis am`r`bt`s ln rnamnjmb silnr njtnprmbjmpnlh`bt` n trnvs a` lis rnyis ultrnvmil`tn y lis rnyis mbrnrrifis7lis ultrnvmil`tn bi p`b`trnb priubanh`bt` `b ln hna`rn" Zu njjmb s`j`btrn `b ln sup`rdjm` privijnbai ln a`krnanjmb a` ln lmkbmbn, lu`ki`l nkun a` lluvmn lnvn ln sup`rdjm` nrrnstrbailn y dbnlh`bt` s` pm`ra`jic`smb `btr` lns derns, tihnbai ub jilir krmsjì, jihi s` ies`rvn`b tiais lis `l`h`btis a` hna`rn a`l pu`bt`" Lis rnyis mbrnrrifisprivijnb ub jnl`btnhm`bti a` ln zibn aiba` mbjma`b privijnbai lnnpnrmjmb a` `bans `b ln sup`rdjm` y ln sueman a` r`smbns, aèmai nlr`jnl`btnhm`bti qu` priauj`b"

@l nkun a` lluvmn qu` hifn ln sup`rdjm` a` ln hna`rn smb prit`jjmb `snesireman rpmanh`bt`7 ln am`r`bjmn a` cuhàna `btr` ln sup`rdjm`

y `l mbt`rmir a` ln hna`rn privijn ub `stnai a` t`bsmb `b ln pm`znqu` ijnsmibn jurvnturns, nlneìs y `bans jihi s` ies`rvn `b lnsenrnbans a`l pu`bt`" @stn nkun a` lluvmn s` njuhuln `b lns ubmib`sa`snfustnans ijnsmibnbai ub nuh`bti a` ln jibj`btrnjmb a` lncuhàna y pir jibsmkum`bt` `l ntnqu` a` cibkis a` puarmjmb, `b`st` jnsi puarmjmb pnran `b nlkubns ubmib`s a` lis nrrmistr`s a` lnsjiluhbns y lns vmkns a` ensnh`bti, `btr` lns vmkns a` jm`rr` a` prtmji

y lns vmkns a` `btr pmsi, y btr` lis thpnbis y lns jiluhbns, aiba` s`

cn ies`rvnai tnhemb jr`jmhm`bti a` cibki ir`fb" #dk" >?-

@b `l jnsi a`l hirrmlli, ln a`krnanjmb a` ln hna`rn pir am`r`bt`snjtir`s `s hs priuban, pir `bjibtrnrs` `b ub nhem`bt` hs cistml,n p`snr a` `stnr npnr`bt`h`bt` hs prit`kman pir enrr`rns bnturnl`s,qu` `b `st` jnsi sib jirtmbns a` v`k`tnjmb, lns junl`s amshmbuy`bln u`rzn a` lis vm`btis y `l mhpnjti a` lis n`risil`s hnrmbis" @b `stnàmdjnjmb s` ies`rv ubn nvnbznan a`krnanjmb a` ln hna`rn,

ubanh`btnlh`bt` pir `l ntnqu` a` t`rhmtns y hnbjcns a` cuhànapir dltrnjmib`s a` ln juem`rtn"

Junbai s` an n ln hna`rn ubn prit`jjmb sup`rdjmnl jib pmbturns ienrbmj`s, lis rnyis PT, lis mbrnrrifis y ln njjmb a` ln lluvmn a`hirnbhs `b ll`knr n ln sup`rdjm` a` ln hna`rn qu` puànb ijnsmibnrjnhemis `b `lln"

A`sjrmpjmb a` lns pntilikns

Hnbjcns a` cuhàna6 `stn pntilikn npnr`j` junbai `xmst`b hi(amdjnjmib`s `b ln jilirnjmb y nsp`jti k`b`rnl a` ln sup`rdjm` pirjibj`pti a` ln pr`s`bjmn a` cuhàna lijnlmznan" #dks" >, 5, :-

D`bans6 qu` s` puà`b npr`jmnr `b lis `l`h`btis a` hna`rn, sibpriaujti a`l trnenfi qu` `stn r`nlmzn junbai s` jibtrn` y amlntn, piram`r`bjmns a` cuhàna qu` `xmst` `btr` `l mbt`rmir y lns jnpns hs`xt`rbns" Qnhemb puà`b npnr`j`r pir priel`hns nl s`jnr i jirtnr,jihi `b `l jnsi a` lns `bans rnamnl`s" #dks" 1, 0, 4-


26/92

W 54X

_uarmjmb pnran6 ln hna`rn s` tirbn a` jilir pnrai i jnrh`lmtn, s`jibtrn` trnbsv`rsnl n ln dern #`b irhn a` lnarmllis- y s` a`shiribn `bpilvi pnrai, ntnjnb j`lulisn, c`hmj`lulisns y nlt`rnb lmk`rnh`bt` ln`strujturn a` ln lmkbmbn"

@l nkun a`s`hp`n ub pnp`l huy mhpirtnbt` `b ln dsmilikn a` lis

cibkis xmlnkis, yn qu` `s nesilutnh`bt` b`j`snrmn pnrn ln k`rhmbn(jmb a` lns `spirns, ln s`jr`jmb a` `bzmhns, pnrn amsilv`r `l sustrnti`b ln nesirjmb y trnbspirt` a` sustnbjmns butrmtmvns y ln jibstmtujmb a`bu`vis t`fmais" #dks" ;, 3, =-

Ntnqu` a` mbs`jtis6 `l ntnqu` a` mbs`jti r`spiba` n ln nltn a` ubtrntnhm`bti pr`v`btmvi7 `b `st` mbhuèl` ln `sp`jm` a` t`rhmtn qu` s``bjibtr u` Jiptit`rh`s sp" #dk" >3-

@s ubn t`rhmtn suet`rrb`n qu` cn smai mbtriaujmai `b bu`stri pnsy qu` njtunlh`bt` fubti jib `l jih`fb jns`ri Jryptit`rh`s er`vmsjibstmtuy`b lns plnkns hs s`rmns `b Juen" Ntnjn hna`rn `b usi,reil`s vmvis y `b a`t`rmiri, y s` jibstmtuy` na`hs `b ubn plnknurenbn" Jibstruy`b tueis a` tm`rrn, snlmvn y itris hnt`rmnl`s pnrn pia`rtrnslnanrs` a` ub luknr n itri y prit`k`rs` a`l nhem`bt` `xt`rbi" Lisbmais s` lijnlmznb k`b`rnlh`bt` enfi `l su`li, nubqu` puà`b ll`knr nr`nlmznr su `xmst`bjmn `b jibtnjti jib `l hmshi" Zib tnhemb `sp`jm`s

mb`rmir`s, nubqu` lis cemtis suet`rrbìs a` sus hm`heris lis cnj`huy jnrnjt`rstmjis y amjml`s a` jibtrilnr" #dks" >>, >5-A`scmlnjcnhm`b(

ti6 `stn pntilikn `s jnusnan pir njtir`s nemtmjis jihi `l sil y lnlluvmn, qu` njtnb sier` ln sup`rdjm` a` ln hna`rn nl xt`rmir y)i sier`

ln prit`jjmb sup`rdjmnl a` `stn7 ln rnamnjmb silnr njtn n trnvs a`lis rnyis ultrnvmil`tn y a` lis rnyis mbrnrrifis7 lis ultrnvmil`tn bi p`b`(trnb priubanh`bt` `b ln hna`rn" Zu njjmb s` j`btrn `b su sup`rdjm`privijnbai ln a`krnanjmb a` ln lmkbmbn, lu`ki `l nkun a` lluvmn lnvnln sup`rdjm` nrrnstrbailn y s` pm`ra` jic`smb `btr` lns derns y tihnub jilir krmsjì" #dk" >: y >1-

A`snfust`s6 lis a`snfust`s `bjibtrnais `b lis `l`h`btis a`l pu`bt`

prmbjmpnl s` aè`b n ubn hnln `f`jujmb y n ln nltn a` hnbt`bmhm`btir`ju`bt` qu` p`rhmtnb jirr`kmr lis hmshis" #dk" >0, >4, >;-


27/92

W 5;X

Jibjlusmib`s

@l `stnai a` lis `l`h`bti a` hna`rn a`l pu`bt` y a`l hirrmlli `b s`btm(ai k`b`rnl `s hnli pirqu` su krnai a` a`t`rmiri `s huy nvnbznai y`stb jihprih`tmais ln hnyirn jib ubn u itrn pntilikn"

Ln pntilikn hs r`ju`bt` a` irmk`b nemtmji `s `l a`scmlnjcnhm`bti y

lns `bans jnusnan pir ln njjmb a`l mbt`hp`rmshi, y a` irmk`b emtmji,`l ntnqu` a` mbs`jtis xmlnkis juyn jnusn prmbjmpnl u` ln nus`bjmn a`prit`jjmb pr`v`btmvn"

U`jih`banjmib`s

Zustmtumr tiai lis `l`h`btis annais a`l pu`bt` y a`l hirrmlli"

Nplmjnr trntnhm`btis pr`v`btmvis na`junais t`bm`bai pr`s`bt` `l bmv`la` rm`ski a` `stis `l`h`btis"

@stnel`j`r ub jmjli a` hnbt`bmhm`bti jnan s`ms h`s`s"

Emelmikrnn

Hmjrisit Jirpirntmib, #5??0- Jibtnhmbnjmb, Hmjrisit @bjnrtn5??4 WATAX

Hmjrisit Jirpirntmib #5??0- Hna`rn, Hmjrisit @bjnrtn 5??4WATAX

Hmjrisit Jirpirntmib #5??0- _utr`njjmb y a`sjihpismjmb, Hmjri(sit @bjnrtn 5??4 WATAX

Hmjrisit Jirpirntmib #5??0- Q`rh`s Hmjrisit @bjnrtn 5??4WATAX

_`rnzn, Z" D" y jil" #5??>- _rit`jjmb _r`v`btmvn a` ln Hna`rn" Znbtmn(ki a` Juen, Nrt`s Krdjn _nl`rhi

Bmv`l a` rm`ski

@l pu`bt` prmbjmpnl a`l jnstmlli Znb _`ari a` ln Uijn `st sih`tmai nub bmv`l a` rm`ski MMM pir bi `bjibtrnrs` `b jibtnjti jib `l su`li, bi

enfi juem`rtn #`xpu`stn-, pir tnbti `l trntnhm`bti qu` a`e` ll`vnr `spir mbh`rsmb prilibknan jib amsilv`bt`s irkbmjis cmariamsp`rsnel`s,priaujtis hmxtis i snl`s cmarisiluel`s"


28/92

W 53X

Mbtriaujjmb

NBQ@J@A@BQ@Z A@ LN TMTM@BAN MBAPZQUMNLMVNAN JIHI _UI_P@ZQN@JILKMJN

Nrq" Fnmh` Znrhmrbti Ijnhpi&

&Nrqumt`jti a` ln Pbmv`rsmana Bnjmibnl, sà`Hà`llb" Aijtirnai a` ln @sju`ln QjbmjnZup`rmir a` Nrqumt`jturn a` Enrj`libn, a` lnPbmv`rsmana _ilmtjbmjn a` Jntnlun" Aij`btùbmv`rsmtnrmi y priy`jtmstn `b Jilihemn y@spnn" Aij`bt` a` ln Pbmv`rsmana _ibtmjmnEilmvnrmnbn a` Hà`llb `b ln njultna a` Nr(qumt`jturn" A`sa` cnj` vnrmis nis a`snrrillnubn mbv`stmknjmb sier` lis smst`hns a` jibs(trujjmb mbaustrmnlmznan, y pnt`bt ub smst`hn `b@spnn" _ir `st` ietuvi `l pr`hmi Julturn @ a`ln Nljnlan a` Hà`llb pnrn ln irhnjmb a``hpr`sns"

U`suh`b

Pbn a` lns jibstnbt`s prìjupnjmib`s a` lnnrqumt`jturn hia`rbn cn smai ir`j`r silujmib`sa` vmvm`ban mbaustrmnlmznan `b krnba`s jnbtman(

a`s" A`sa` lis `sjrmtis a` Jnsns `b s`rm` a`L` Jireusm`r #>=5:-, cnstn bu`stris ans, lishn`stris a` ln hia`rbmana s` cnb nnbnai pirpr`s`btnr silujmib`s aurna`rns b l tm`hpi qu`puànb nt`ba`r krnba`s pielnjmibnl`s" DrnbgLliya [rmkct, [nlt`r Kripmus, Nlvnnr Nnlti,Eujghmbst`r Dull`r, Jcnrl`s @nh`s, Firb Ptzib,`btr` itris, mbt`btnrib smb hujci xmti irhulnrsmst`hns cnemtnjmibnl`s qu` s` njihianrnb nlns jibamjmib`s cuhnbns" @l krnb priel`hn a``stns pripu`stns rnamj `b ln `stnbanrmznjmb

y hnsmvmana r`bt` n ln praman a` ma`btmanaa`l mbamvmaui" Zmb `henrki, hujcis a` `stis

plnbt`nhm`btis t`bnb ln mbt`bjmb a` pr`s`rvnry cnj`r hs `jm`bt`s lis r`jursis smjis y cu (hnbis, a`sa` ub s`btmai `jilkmji" Z` pr`v,jib lns njtunl`s t`jbilikns, qu` s`rn pismelà`snrrillnr `st` suì trubjnai a` ln hia`rbm(ana, smb r`bubjmnr n ln mbamvmaunlmana"

_nlnerns jlnv`

Nrqumt`jturn hia`rbn, Tmvm`ban mbaustrmnlmznan,`jilikn"

Jib `l ttuli a` Jnsns `b s`rm`, L` Jireusm`r biher ubi a` lis jnptulis a` su lmeri T`rsub` nrjcmt`jtur` #>=5:-, pnrn cnj`r h`bjmb n ln priaujjmb a` jnsns a` hnb`rn mbaustrmnl, tnljihi `stnen sujàm`bai jib lis nutihvml`s" Bi s`rn `l hn`stri sumzi `l bmji nenba`rnai `bir`j`r silujmib`s `b s`rm` pnrn ln vmvm`ban7 tnhemb li cnrnb tiais lis krnba`s hn`stris a` ln

hia`rbmana, jihi `b su hih`bti li irhulnrib Hm`s vnb a`r Uic`, [nlt`r Kripmus, Drnbg Lliya[rmkct y Nlvnr Nnlti, y nlkubis qu` npnr`jnb `b s`kubans lns jihi Umjcnra Eujghmbst`r Dull`r,F`nb _riuv, i Frb Ptzib, `btr` itris" _riaujmr mbaustrmnlh`bt` ln vmvm`ban cn smai ubn a` lnsijupnjmib`s jibstnbt`s a` ln nrqumt`jturn hia`rbn cnstn bu`stris ans"

N am`r`bjmn a` lns mbaustrmns a`l nutihvml, `l tr`b, `l enrji i `l nvmb, ln hnb`rn a` priaujmr lnnrqumt`jturn s` cn vmsti r`znknan pir hs a` ais smklis" ûmzs ieà`zjn n qu` ln mbaustrmn cnnljnbznai jib hnyir pribtmtua y njmlmana nqu`llis priaujtis qu` sib hvml`s, `b jibtrnpismjmbjib lns àmjnjmib`s `sttmjns ` mbnhivmel`s" Z` aè`b r`snltnr lns jibamjmib`s a`l hubai `b lisais ltmhis smklis, n pnrtmr a` ln r`vilujmb mbaustrmnl, pu`s cnb jnhemnai a` hnb`rn nj`l`rnan"Z` cnb anai hs jnhemis y, pir tnbti, hnyir `vilujmb `b lis ltmhis aisjm`btis nis qu` `b

lis jmbji hml nbt`rmir`s6 p`bs`his, pir `f`hpli, qu` `l nbc`li a` vilnr a`l ciher`, tnb vmvi `b`l mhnkmbnrmi a` Lìbnrai An Tmbjm cnj` juntri smklis, np`bns s` puai r`nlmznr `b >=?: jib `lprmh`r nvmb trmpulnai pir lis c`rhnbis [rmkct" Ln r`priaujjmb a` ln mhnk`b, tnb sili pismel`hàmnbt` ln tjbmjn a` ln pmbturn aurnbt` hml`s a` nis, s ncirn njtmel` hàmnbt` ln mbv`bjmb a`ln itikrnn y pist`rmirh`bt` pir `l jmb`, ln t`l`vmsmb i ln Mbt`rb`t" Nsmhmshi, lis nvnbj`s jm`btjis`b hàmjmbn i nstribihn #ncirn jibij`his hujci h`fir `l ubmv`rsi-" Ln cuhnbmana cn piamaill`knr n ln lubn y vmsluhernr itris plnb`tns y knlnxmns mbmhnkmbnel`s b ln pijn a`l a`sjuermhm`btia` Nhrmjn, jmbji smklis ntrs"

Qrns ln rn mbaustrmnl, ln rn mbirhtmjn cn h`rkmai jib krnb u`rzn y j`l`rmana" Ll`vnhis tnb silitr`s ajnans a`sa` su jihm`bzi, y bu`stri hiai a` njtunr y a` r`lnjmibnrbis jib `l hubai cnjnhemnai rnamjnlh`bt " Ln p`rj`pjmb a`l hubai s` cn trnbsirhnai6 ln priaujjmb y l jibsuhis` mbjr`h`btnb7 ln v`lijmana nuh`btn y lns amstnbjmns amshmbuy`b7 ln hivmlmana s` xtm`ba`7 lis jis(tis amshmbuy`b y ln puelmjmana jr`j` xpib`bjmnlh`bt`" _`ri itrn jisn huy amstmbtn sujà` junbaiies`rvnhis ln hnb`rn `b qu` jibstrumhis bu`stri cemtnt `b `l plnb`tn" Lis njtunl`s prij`sisa` jibstrujjmb smku`b r`znknais, jib r`sp`jti nl tm`hpi, n lns b`j`smana`s a` ln cuhnbmana

y n lis njibt`j`r`s a`l hubai" Jibtmbunhis jibstruy`bai jib tjbmjns nbj`strnl`s, hnyirh`bt`jib `strujturns rkmans a` cirhmkb #a`sjuem`rtns pir lis rihnbis cnj` hs a` ais hml nis- yj`rrnhm`btis `stnel`s a` j`rhmjn #`hpl`nais a`sa` tm`hpis mbh`hirmnl`s a` lis nquìs cnj`


29/92

W 5=X

hs a` >>"??? nis- i pmàrn" Z`kumhis jibstruy`bai a` hnb`rnrkman ` mbnhivmel`, junbai lis tm`hpis qu` trnbsjurr`b sib a` lnhivmlmana, `l jnhemi, ln nanptnemlmana, ln lmk`r`zn"

Ln trnamjmb hia`rbn

Ln vmvm`ban mbaustrmnlmznan s` irmkmb jib `l pripsmti a` jibstrumrr`skunrais b krnba`s jnbtmana`s, a` hnb`rn rpman, pr`jmsn y enfijisti" Mbjlusi tm`b` sus irk`b`s a`sa` hujci nbt`s qu` ln r`vilujmbmbaustrmnl7 surkm a` lns b`j`smana`s pripmns a`l s`r cuhnbi y s` a`(snrrill, b prmbjmpmi, b smtunjmib`s nf`bns n ln pripmn vmvm`ban, jihijibs`ju`bjmn a` lns jilibmns `xtrnbf`rns, lis jnhpnh`btis hmlmtnr s,lis `strnkis a` lns ku`rrns, ln `xplitnjmb hmb`rn, lis a`snstr`s bntu(rnl`s i lis ns`btnhm`btis a` h`rk`bjmn"

@b Birt`nhrmjn ln pr`nermjnjmb bnjm `b `l smkli STMMM jib lispmib`ris nbt` su nb a` jilibmznr krnba`s `xt`bsmib`s a` t`rr`bisjib àmjnjmib`s qu` s` trnbspirtnrnb jmlh`bt` y s` hibtnrnb pirhnbi a` iern bi junlmjnan" A` nc surkm l smst`hn Enlliib Drnh`,ub lmk`ri nrhnzb a` lmstib`s r`v`stmai jib tnelib`s a` hna`rn qu`r``hplnznen l trnamjmibnl smst`hn jibstrujtmvi a` rieustns y p`snansvmkns y jiluhbns, mhpirtnai pir lns jilibmns ùrip`ns" @l smst`hnnh`rmjnbi r`sultnen a` krnb utmlmana yn qu` utmlmznen hnt`rmnl`s pri(pmis a`l luknr, `rn rpmai, `jibhmji, lmk`ri y s` pian r`nlmznr jibhnbi a` iern bi junlmjnan" Quvi tnl krnai a` nj`ptnjmb qu` nhàmnais a`l smkli SMS `l smst`hn r`pr`s`btnen `btr` `l 4? y `l ;?%a`l titnl a` ln àmjnjmb `b Birt`nhrmjn7 mbjlusi ciy an smku` utm(

lmzbais`" Itri a` lis njtir`s qu` prihivm ln nermjnjmb a` jnsns`b s`rm` u` ln èr` a`l iri n hàmnais a`l smkli SMS, ln junl r`qu`rnns`btnhm`btis rpmais sier` t`rrmtirmis vrk`b`s" _`ri sier` tiai u``l mhpulsi pripmjmnai pir Nkustmb` Qnylir #>3;5(>=53-, n qum`b s` l`ntrmeuy` ln mbv`bjmb a`l smst`hn Enlliib Drnh` y qum`b trnenfnen `bhtiais rnjmibnl`s a` priaujjmb `jm`bt`, li qu` p`rhmtm ub krnbnvnbj` a` ln priaujjmb `b s`rm`" N pnrtmr a` nll krnba`s nlhnj`b`sjih`rjmnl`s, jihi ln jna`bn a` nlhnj`b`s Z`nrs, s` aàmjnrib nir`j`r n sus jlm`bt`s jnsns pir jntlikis" Mbjlusi `l krnb mbv`btir`stnaiubma`bs` Qcihns Nlen @amsib ll`k n pnt`btnr y n jibstrumrenrrmis `bt`ris jib ub smst`hn a` jnsns pr`nermjnans a` cirhmkb"

Drnbg Lliya [rmkct y `l Nh`rmjnb Zyst`h(Eumlt Cius`s

@btr` >=>> y >=>;, [rmkct a`snrrilln ub smst`hn a`bihmbnai Qc`nh`rmjnb Zyst`h(eumlt cius`s pnrn ln rhn Umjcnras Jihpnby #k">-" ]iu Jnb Iwb nb Nh`rmjnb Cih` `rn `l `sliknb qu` nbubjmnen`l bu`vi smst`hn `b ub p`rmamji a` Jcmjnki" @b hs a` biv`jm`btisplnbis [rmkct ameuf y `lneir `sp`jmjnjmib`s pnrn priaujmr mbaus(trmnlh`bt` pnrt`s a` amjmis, jihi `strujturns a` hna`rn, fubtns pnrnpmsis, t`jcis, hilaurns, v`btnbns i pu`rtns" Hs qu` ubis hia`lis

pr``stnel`jmais, pripibn ubn mbbmana a` vnrmnjmib`s a` ln vmvm`banqu` puam`rn ràujmr `l tm`hpi a` jibstrujjmb y jistis a` trnenfi, nln v`z qu` p`rhmtn ubis amsìs p`rsibnlmznais pnrn jnan jlm`bt`"@l smst`hn bi tuvi ubn eu`bn njikman y s` nenbaib su priaujjmb7smb `henrki, ln nermjnjmb a` jnsns `jibhmjns `b s`rm` s`kumrnsm`bai aurnbt` hujcis nis ubi a` sus prmbjmpnl`s t`hns a` mbt`rs"

@b lis nis tr`mbtn lis `spisis Fnjies l` silmjmtnrib ubn vmvm`ban qu`bi sier`pnsnrn lis 0"??? alnr`s7 pnrn [rmkct `stn lmhmtnjmb s`jibvmrtm b ub krnb r`ti" Jhi jibstrumr ubn vmvm`ban amkbn jib huypiji amb`ri9

Qc` cius` i hia`rnt` jist ms bit ibly Nh`rmjns hnfir nrjcmt`jturnlpriel`h eut tc` priel`h hist amjult ir c`r hnfir nrjcmt`jts WX Nsir h`, M wiula rntc`r silv` mt wmtc sntmsnjtmib ti hys`l nba Psibmn,tcnb ti eumla nbytcmbk M jnb tcmbg i nt tc` hih`bt #Nllmsib y Erynb,Dr`ne, >=-" >

Ln vmvm`ban `jibhmjn r`pr`s`btnen pnrn l ln pismemlmana a` qu`

ln k`bt` pier` njjàm`rn n ln vmvm`ban y, pir itrn pnrt`, ln ipirtu(bmana a` `xpr`snr ln mbamvmaunlmana `b hàmi a` ubn a`hijrnjmn"@st` lneirntirmi a` `xp`rmh`btnjmb `jibhmji y sijmnl s` trnaufi`b lns jnsns usibmnbns a` lis nis tr`mbtn y junr`btn, likrnans npnrtmr a` ln priaujjmb `b s`rm` a` sus jihpib`bt`s" Z`kurnh`btù` [rmkct `l nrqumt`jti hia`rbi qu` histr ubn r`lnjmb hs jlnrn

y amr`jtn jib ln bnturnl`zn7 nl utmlmznr lis hnt`rmnl`s pripmis a`l luknr7nl vmbjulnr a`jmamanh`bt` `l `spnjmi mbt`rmir jib `l pnmsnf` `xt`rmir,

y nl cnj`r qu` sus àmjmis `hulnrnb y s` njiplnrnb p`r`jtnh`bt`jib l luknr `b qu` s` mbs`rtnenb r`jira`his, pir f`hpli, ln jnsna` ln jnsjnan" _ir `sti s` l` r`jibij` a` hnb`rn hs `vma`bt` ub

s`btmai jilikmstn b su nrqumt`jturn"Lis jihm`bzis a` ln mbaustrmnlmznjmb a` ln vmvm`ban b @uripn s` anba` hnb`rn huy am`r`bt`" _ia`his r`hibtnrbis cnstn `l nrqumt`jtirnbjs @ukb`(@hhnbu`l Tmill`t(l`(Auj n hàmnais a`l smkli SMS,qum`b `b vnrmis a` sus priy`jtis mbtriauj` `se`ltns `strujturns h`t(lmjns, c`jcns `b ermjn, mhprmhm`bai jib `lli ub nmr` a` krnjmlmana`b ln `strujturn y pripmjmnbai ub jibtrnst` `btr` lis bis `l`h`btis

y lis kru`sis huris a` pmàrn" Itri a` lis krnba`s mhpulsir`s a` lnmbaustrmnlmznjmb b @uripn u` l pnmsnfmstn mbkls Fis`pc _nxtib, qum`bpnrn ln `rmn ubmv`rsnl a` Libar`s, `b >30>, jibstruy` `l Jrystnl _nln(

j`, ub birh` mbv`rbna`ri a` ;5"??? h5 jibstrumai jib ubn bsmhn`strujturn h`tlmjn y j`rrnhm`btis njrmstnlnais" Ln pripu`stn a` _nxtibpnr`jn mhpismel` a` r`nlmznr pir `l krnb tnhni a` ln àmjnjmb ypir l piji tm`hpi a` qu` amspibn, p`ri sili ln priaujjmb mbaustrmnl`b s`rm` l` p`rhmtm ln r`nlmznjmb a` hml`s a` pm`zns `stnbanrmznans"

> A`jlnrnjmib`s a` [rmkct `b Nrjcmt`jturnl Diruh, >=:3"


30/92

W :?X

@l priy`jti ll`k n jibv`rtmrs` `b ub `f`hpli a` nrqumt`jturn krjmln krnb `sjnln y `stnbanrt` `b lis jihm`bzis a` ln mbaustrmnlmznjmb"

Lns Jnsns `b s`rm` a` L` Jireusm`r

@b ln `sj`bn ùrip`n y hubamnl, ubi a` lis njtir`s hs e`lmk`rnbt`s` mbduy`bt`s `b pri a` ln mbaustrmnlmznjmb a` ln vmvm`ban u` L` Jir(eusm`r" @b >=>1 pnt`bt ub `btrnhnai `strujturnl a` lisns y pmlnr`squ` llnh Hnmsib Aih(mbi, qu` r``hplnznen `l trnamjmibnl smst`hnmhp`rnbt` a` huris a` jnrkn" @st` smst`hn l` p`rhmtmrn a`snrrillnr lisllnhnais jmbji pubtis a` su nrqumt`jturn6 ln plnbtn lmer`, ln t`rrnznfnrab, lis pmlitms, ln v`btnbn libkmtuambnl y ln njcnan lmer`, p`risier` tiai pismemlmtnenb ln jib`xmb, l jr`jmhm bti, ln nanptnemlmana

y ln vnrmàna a`l jibfubti hàmnbt` ubns pm`zns r`kulnr`s" Jib ubprmbjmpmi a` bsnhel`s smhmlnr nl smst`hn Aih(mbi, L` Jireusm`r r`nlmzlu`ki vnrmis priy`jtis r`sma`bjmnl`s, jihi `l jibfubti cnemtnjmibnl

a` _`ssnj `b Euraìs #k" 5-, tiai ub enrrmi jibirhnai n pnrtmr a`haulis r`jtnbkulnr`s qu` s` pianb sueamvmamr y npnr`nr a` amv`rsnshnb`rns, jibirhnbai eliqu`s a` àmjmis"5 Zu prìjupnjmb pircnj`r a` ln vmvm`ban mbaustrmnlmznan `l hitir a` trnbsirhnjmb a`ln sijmàna y a` ln nrqumt`jturn `stnen pr`s`bt` `b hujcis a` sus`sjrmtis6

WX s` cnb priaujmai `b lns ermjns tnbtis jnib`s, nvmib`s, jnhmi(b`s y vnkib`s, ubi s` amj` Bi s` piarnb nermjnr jnsns9 @st` s ub`stnai a`l `sprmtu huy njira` jib ln pijn WX" Ln jnsn yn bi s`r`sn jisn p`snan y qu` pr`t`ba` a`snnr lis smklis, l ief`ti ipul`bti

pir `l junl s` hnbm`stn ln rmqu`zn7 s`r ubn c`rrnhm`btn, jihi li `s`l nuti #L` Jireusm`r, p" >=:-"

L` Jireusm`r `bjibtrnen `b ln mbaustrmn `l krnb nlmnai pnrn njtunlmznrln nrqumt`jturn a` jihm`bzis a`l smkli SS, `b pnrtmjulnr ln vmvm`ban,_iur Etmr6 stnbanrms`r `t tnylirms`r cnen nrhnai mbsmstm`bai `b lnb`j`smana a` stnbanrmznr y priaujmr mbaustrmnlh`bt` lis jihpib`bt`sjibstrujtmvis" Zu hmsmb r`vilujmibnrmn s` vmi t`rkmv`rsnan pir nlkubisjrtmjis qu`, n rnz a` su rns` jnsn `s ubn hqumbn pnrn cnemtnr,li jlnsmjnenb jihi ub nrqumt`jti ubjmibnlmstn" Z` trntnen a` ubnmbt`rpr`tnjmb enstnbt` lmt`rnl a` sus pnlnerns" Zu ies`smb bi `rnjibv`rtmr ln jnsn b ub h`jnbmshi jihpl`fi7 su a`sì `rn jibv`rtmr lnjnsn b ub mbstruh`bti jm`bt` qu` amkbmjnrn ln `xmst`bjmn cuhnbn,

5 @l r`sultnai a` ln plnb`njmb a` `stns vmvm`bans y su usi pir pnrt` a` lis usunrmis anpnrn r`d`xmibnr nj`rjn a` ln mbaustrmnlmznjmb b s`rm` y su r`lnjmb jib lis cnemtnbt`s6ubn v`z t`rhmbnai `l enrrmi, lis usunrmis a` lns vmvm`bans trnbsirhnrib rnamjnlh`bt`sus jnsns juerm`bai i j`rrnbai lns t`rrnzns, pmbtnbai lns njcnans jib itris jilir`s,cnjm`bai hiamjnjmib`s s`kb sus pripmis r`qu`rmhm`btis, nl pubti a` a`skurnrjihpl`tnh`bt` ln urenbmznjmb y a`fnr pijis v`stmkmis a` ln mhnk`b pr`jibjèmanpir L` Jireusm`r" @b nis pist`rmir`s `l kiem`rbi Drnbjs r`jup`r y r`stnur lnsvmvm`bans n su `stnai irmkmbnl" @stis c`jcis bi a`fnb a` lnai ln amjitihn pr`s`bt``btr` `l cemtnt r`p`tmtmvi, titnlh`bt` plnb`nai pir `l nrqumt`jti, y `l a`sì a` lisusunrmis a` `xpr`snr su pripmn mbamvmaunlmana"

pu`s ln nrqumt`jturn pnrn l rn ub hàmi qu` eusjnen prmbjmpnlh`bt``hijmibnr nl s`r cuhnbi"

L` Jireusm`r r`nlmz hltmpl`s priy`jtis a` jnsns b s`rm` aurnbt` tiansu jnrr`rn, jihi lis h`bjmibnais Hnmsib Aih(mbi #>=>1- y ln jmu(ana`ln Druks `b _`ssnj #>=51-, i ln Jnsn Hibil #>=>=-, Jnsns a`

cirhmkb nrhnai #>=>=-, lns Jnsns Jmtricnb #>=5>-, lns Jnsns pnrnnrtmstns #>=55-, Jnsns pnrn ier`ris #>=55-, Tmllns mbhuèl` #>=55-,Jnsns pnrn nrt`snbis #>=51-, pnsnbai pir sus pripu`stns cnemtnj(bnl`s Uiq `t Uie `b Jnp Hnrtmb #>=1=-, aiba` n pnrtmr a` ub smst`hn

a` `strujturns h`tlmjns a`bihmbnai Er`v`t 5,54 x 5,54, r`nlmznaijib p`rl`s mbaustrmnl`s, nrhn ubn pnrrmlln trmamh`bsmibnl qu` s`rvmrna` sipirt` n lis j`rrnhm`btis y `btr`su`lis, jibtnbai jib ln pismemlm(ana a` t`b`r ubn krnb amv`rsmana a` `spnjmis #k" :-" Ln pripu`stn


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a` Jnp Hnrtmb s` quànrn `b priy`jti7 p`ri `l smst`hn a` pnrrmlln`strujturnl jibstmtumai n pnrtmr a` a`lknais p`rl`s h`tlmjis s` v`rnhnt`rmnlmznai `b pist`rmir`s ierns, jihi ln Hnmsib a` LCihh` `bVrmjc #>=4;- i `l _ne`llb Zumzi `b ln Jmuana Pbmv`rsmtnrmn a` _nrs#>=:>-" @st` tmpi a` r`tjuln `spnjmnl, qu` s`rvn a` sipirt`, anrn pmn lns Pbmts a` cnemtnjmb a` hàmnais a` lis jmbju`btn, lns junl`s

s` jibjmem`rib pir L` Jireusm`r jihi krnba`s àmjmis mbspmrnais`b lis euqu`s trnsntlbtmjis, jib ubn pripu`stn a` cnemtnemlmanabivàisn6 `b `l mbt`rmir a` lis àmjmis s` pianb rùbmr ln vman ai(hstmjn jib itrns njtmvmana`s jihi `l jih`rjmi, `l trnenfi, `l ijmi iln àujnjmb" Lns Pbmts `rnb ubn `sp`jm` a` hmjrihubai"

Nubqu` puam`rn pnr`j`r qu` sus pripu`stns s` nl`fnrnb a` ln bnturnl`(zn, pu`sti qu` b llns pràihmbnen ln nestrnjjmb y l jibtrnst` jib`l pnmsnf`, `b `l ibai t`bnb ub s`btmai r`mvmbamjntirmi a` ln hmshn"L` Jireusm`r utmlmznen lis nk`bt`s bnturnl`s jihi `l sil, `l vm`bti,ln lluvmn, lns vmstns i `l pnmsnf` jihi mbstruh`btis a` amsì" @b su

nrqumt`jturn bi sili mhp`rnen ub s`btmai prjtmji smbi qu` eusjnen`b ln bnturnl`zn ub nlmnai a`l jul npr`ba`r pnrn jibjmlmnr `l hubaismji jibstrumai pir lis cuhnbis jib `l hubai bnturnl" Hujcis a`sus amjmis y pripu`stns mbjlunb h`jnbmshis bnturnl`s pnrn pripmjmnrub hnyir jibirt `b sus vmvm`bans, jihi,pir `f`hpli, amspib`r a`t`rrnzns fnrab i qumèrn sil`s pnrn nt`bunr ln rnamnjmb silnr, i nji(hianr lns àmjnjmib`s s`kb ln irm`btnjmb silnr pnrn npriv`jcnrhs cirns a`l an, i jr`nr juem`rtns `l`vnans jib njuhulnjmb a`nkun pnrn r`rmk`rnr lis bmv`l`s mb`rmir`s, i `xt`ba`r lns v`btnbnsa` `xtr`hi n `xtr`hi pnrn qu` `btrnrn hnyir jnbtmana a` luz, ijibj`btrnr ln `strujturn r``hplnznbai lis huris a` jnrkn `b ubis

junbtis pmlnr`s, k`b`rnbai jib `lli lns plnbtns lmer`s y ub jibtnjtihs amr`jti jib l pnmsnf` jmrjubanbt`" Nubqu` bi u`s` tnb vma`bt`,tiais `stis njtir`s cnjnb qu` su nrqumt`jturn tuvm`s` ub s`btmai `ji(lkmji, pu`s pibnb `b pl`bn jibvmv`bjmn lis njtir`s bnturnl`s jib`l cemtnt cuhnbi"

Kripmus, [njcshnbb y lns _njg`kà cius`s

Ln vmvm`ban `b s`rm` tuvi itri nenba`rnai mhpirtnbt` `b `l nrqumt`j(ti nl`hb [nlt`r Kripmus, ubanair y amr`jtir pir vnrmis nis a`

ln `sju`ln Enucnus, `b ln qu` mhplnbt ubn irhnjmb qu` rùbn`l nrt` jib ln tjbmjn6 @l nrtmstn `s ub nrt`snbi `bnlt`jmai, amrn"_nrn `l j`rtnh`b a` ln [`mss`bci `b Ztuttknrt, `b >=5;, prihivmaipir ln nsijmnjmb a` nrqumt`jtis, nrtmstns ` mbaustrmnl`s a`bihmbnan[`rgeuba, qu` jibvij n lis nrqumt`jtis hs prihmb`bt`s a`lpnbirnhn ùripì pnrn irhulnr silujmib`s vnbkunramstns pnrn lnpriaujjmb mbaustrmnl a` ln vmvm`ban, irhul ubn vmvm`ban titnlh`bt`

hiaulnr, jibstruman jib hnt`rmnl`s s`jis, jib ubn strujturn lmk`rn a`h`tnl r`juem`rtn jib pnb`l`s a` ermjn #k" 1-"

Z`kurnh`bt` ln jibtrmeujmb hs mhpirtnbt` a` Kripmus n ln vmvm`banpr`nermjnan s` an `b `l trnenfi jibfubti jib `l nrqumt`jti nl`hbGibrna [njcshnbb, llnhnans _njgnkà cius`s a` prmbjmpmis a` lisjunr`btn #k" 0-" _ir `s` `btibj`s [njcshnbb `stnen cuy`bai a`ln ku`rrn `b @uripn7 pr`vmnh`bt` cnen trnenfnai `b `l a`snrrillia` smst`hns hiaulnr`s" Junbai ll`k n @stnais Pbmais u` r`jmemai

y cispànai pir ln nhmlmn Kripmus `b Bu`vn ]irg7 np`bns pirtnen`btr` sus em`b`s ub pnr a` fu`kis a` plnbis qu` trnn a` @uripn b lisqu` s` a`sjrmen l smst`hn a` bsnhel`s a` ubis pnb`l`s a` hna`rn,ubmais pir ubns pl`tmbns h`tlmjns" Junbai [njcshnbb l` `bs`n Kripmus `l priy`jti, `st` s` histr tnb mbt`r`snai qu` l` pripusia`snrrillnr l smst`hn a` hnb`rn jibfubtn pnrn ln K`b`rnl _nb`l Jiir(pirntmib, a` ln qu` Kripmus `rn vmj`pr`sma`bt`" [njcshnbb:, `b `lstnbi a` lis Kripmus aiba` cnen mhprivmsnai su ijmbn, s` aàmj

mbjnbsnel`h`bt` n h`firnr l smst`hn cnstn qu` likr ubns mbk`bmisnsfubtns h`tlmjns, ubns jlnvmfns qu` s` bjna`bnenb njmlmtnbai l hib(tnf`7 a` `stn hnb`rn s` likrnen ubmr pnb`l`s `b cml`rn, `b irhn a` L,`b Q i `b jruz, tnbti `b v`rtmjnl jihi `b cirmzibtnl, li qu` itirknennl smst`hn ubn krnb d`xmemlmana `b `l hih`bti a` ams`nr" @l smst`hn`b su jibfubti p`rhmtn xpnbamr i jibtrn`r ln àmjnjmb, cnjmbailnhuy v`rstml" N bmscà cius` mb ibly 3 ciurs `rn `l l`hn prihijmi(bnl a` ln qu` prih`tn s`r ln jnsn pr`nermjnan pir `xj`l`bjmn, `ljlhnx a` ajnans a` `vilujmb y `xp`rmh`btnjmb `b ln vmvm`banpr`nermjnan7 na`hs pnr`jnb anrs` tians lns jibamjmib`s pnrn`l xmti a` `stn `hpr`sn6 `l mbk`bmi a` [njcshnbb s` jihembnen

jib ln `xp`rm`bjmn y `l pr`stmkmi a` Kripmus7 s` t`bnb pr`vmstns ubnermjn `b Bu`vn ]irg y ln itrn `b lis bk`l`s, jnpnj`s a` priaujmrubns >?"??? ubmana`s a` vmvm`ban nl ni7 s` anenb lns jibamjmib`ssijmnl`s y `jibhmjns yn qu` @stnais Pbmais r`jmb `btrnen `b lnku`rrn y s` b`j`smtnenb krnba`s jnbtmana`s a` vmvm`bans" _`ri `stnkrnb `hpr`sn s` vmi rustrnan6 tnb sili s` v`bam`rib `btr` >0? y 5??jnsns, y `l smst`hn a` jih`rjmnlmznjmb a` lns _njgnkà Cius`s uùb ritubai rnjnsi" Lns rnzib`s qu` s` `skrmh`b a` tnl a`j`pjmbsib vnkns y hltmpl`s" Ln hiaulnjmb `sjikman pir [njcshnbb `rnamstmbtn n ln `stnel`jman pir ln mbaustrmn `stnaiubma`bs`, li junl cnjnqu` bi s` puam`s`b utmlmznr `l`h`btis a` ln mbaustrmn yn `xmst`bt` y

lns pm`zns tuvm`s`b qu` s`r priaujmans `b ubn bmjn `hpr`sn, li junl`bjnr`jn lis jistis" _ir itrn pnrt`, nubqu` l amsì rn mbk`bmisi, lnjibstrujjmb `rn huy lmhmtnan, pu`s jibtnen jib pijns pm`zns `stnb(anrmznans" _`ri `l krnb `rrir jibsmstm `b nsuhmr qu` ln jnsn `b s`rm``rn ub priaujti, `b luknr a` p`bsnr qu` ln priaujjmb a` ln vmvm`ban

: Qcnt v`bmbk ib A`j`he`r ;, >=1> amj` [( r`turbmbk cih`, M tila Kripmus ir tc` rsttmh` tcnt M cna a`v`lipà aurmbk tc` tmh` mb tc` mbt`rbh`bt jnhp `b Drnbj` n ubmv`rsnlsyst`h i mbaustrmnlmzà eumlambk jihpib`bts, i jiurs` mb tc` h`trmj syst`h w` tnlgnt`r amb`r ubtml lnt` mb tc` bmkct neiut mtWX @b Qc` Ar`nh i tc` Dnjtir y(Hna` Cius`,pp" 51;(513"


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pr`nermjnan `rn ub prij`si qu` `stnen lmknai n itris njtir`s a`ln jna`bn jihi ln jih`rjmnlmznjmb, ln l`kmslnjmb, `l trnbspirt` i lntm`rrn, y lns _njgnkà Cius`s bi jibsma`rnenb stn vmsmb hs nhplmna`l prij`si"

Nubqu` lis mbt`btis a` Kripmus y [njcshnbb pir r`nlmznr ln vmvm`banmbaustrmnlmznan t`rhmbnrib `b ritubais rnjnsis, s pusm`rib a` hnbm(`sti ln b`j`smana a` prij`snr mbaustrmnlh`bt lis hnt`rmnl`s, a`purnr`l amsì a` lis jihpib`bt`s y `stnel`j`r h`jnbmshis a` hiaulnjmbqu` p`rhmtm`rnb ln `jm`bjmn y ln rnpma`z `b `l hibtnf`, li junl s`trnaujn `b `jibihn a` hàmis, tnbti cuhnbis jihi bnturnl`s"

Lns Amhnxmib Cius`s a` Eujghmbst`r Dull`

@l mbk`bm`ri `stnaiubma`bs` Umjcnra Eujghmbst`r Dull`r trnenf lnrkisnis a` su vman, `btr` >=53 y >=13, `b ln ma`n a` vmvm`bans lmk`rnsnermjnans a` hnb`rn mbaustrmnl" Aurnbt` `s` p`rmiai `stuvi a`snrri(llnbai vnrmns pripu`stns a` vmvm`bans qu` s` menb p`r`jjmibnbai yr`trinlmh`btnbai ubns jib itrns, qu` esmjnh`bt` jibsmstnb `b ubsmst`hn lmk`ri a` `l`h`btis `strujturnl`s, sih`tmais n `su`rzis a`jihpr`smb, ntnais hàmnbt` t`bsir`s qu` trnenfnenb n trnjjmb"Dull`r ens su trnenfi `b ln ies`rvnjmb a` lis prmbjmpmis `strujturnl`sa` ln bnturnl`zn, yn qu` `stis sib `xtr`hnanh`bt` `jm`bt`s y r`pr`(s`btnb ubn jibihn a` ln irhn y ln hnt`rmn" @b ub jihm`bzi trnenfsier` ln ma`n a` ubns tirr`s lmk`rns a` vmvm`bans, a`bihmbnans 1A

`b nlusmb n ln amh`bsmb a`l tm`hpi, qu` `stnenb jibirhnans npnrtmr a` ub ust` v`rtmjnl a`l qu` p`banb ubns jnpsulns pir hàmi a`jnel`s" @l jibfubti s` pian mznr hpl`nbai amrmkmel`s vilnair`s pnrns`r trnslnanais n itri luknr"

Jib lis hmshis prmbjmpmis a` lmk`r`zn `strujturnl, Dull`r a`snrrilln lnsAyhnxmib Cius`s #k" 4-, b lns qu` `b prmbjmpmi hpl`n ub hstml a`lqu` p`ba`b ju`rans qu` sistm`b`b tiais lis a`hs l`h`btis, su`lis,t`jcis y pnrà`s, a` irhn smhmlnr jihi trnenfn ub pu`bt` jilknbt`"@l ust` jibt`bn ub `l`vnair `b su mbt`rmir y ub smst`hn a` v`btmlnjmbbnturnl qu` p`rhmtn ub jibirt trhmji `b `l mbt`rmir a` ln vmvm`ban" Lnplnbtn `rn c`xnkibnl y prjtmjnh`bt` tiai `stnen ams`nai sier` lnkurn trmnbkulnr, naiptnan jihi ln irhn `strujturnl mbaìrhnel`" Nprmbjmpmis a` lis junr`btn Dull`r a`snrrill lns Ayhnxmuh A`pliyh`btPbmts, tnhemb jibijmans jihi lns AAP, ubns ubmana`s jmlbarmjnsjib jcnpn h`tlmjn ibaulnan, mbspmrnans `b lis tpmjis smlis a` nl(hnj`bnhm`bti `stnaiubma`bs`s, n lis qu` mbjirpir ubns v`btnbns

`b irhn a` ifis a` eu`y" N trnvs a` ub nhmki, Dull`r jibv`bjm


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n ln `hpr`sn a` j`r`nl`s Euttl`r pnrn qu` a` `stis smlis s` cmjm`rnbp`qu`ns vmvm`bans mbaustrmnlmznans"1 Aèmai n su enfi jisti, `stns

vmvm`bans tuvm`rib ubn eu`bn nj`ptnjmb `btr` `l pelmji, p`ri s``hpl`nrib

`sp`jmnlh`bt` pnrn cispànr n lis silanais aurnbt` ln ku`rrn" Nis

a`spus `l suhmbmstri a` nj`ri u` aàmjnai `xjlusmvnh`bt` pnrn lismhpl`h`btis a` ku`rrn y lns AAP bi puam`rib jibtmbunr"

@l hia`li mbmjmnl a` ln Ayhnxmib Cius` bi s` ll`k n jibstrumr, p`ris`rn ln ens` a` li qu` n hàmnais a` lis junr`btn s` `rmkm jihi lnAyhnxmib mbaustrmnl hnjcmb`, hs jibijman jihi ln [mjcmtn Cius`,`b nlusmb nl puèli aiba` s` nanpt ubn mbaustrmn n`ributmjn pnrnln nermjnjmb a` `stns jnsns `b s`rm`" @b `stn silujmb ln plnbtn `rnjmrjulnr, ln juem`rtn t`bn irhn a` sihermlln y `l ust` j`btrnl `rn hs`se`lti, nubqu` s` hnbtuvi `l prmbjmpmi `strujturnl a`l hstml a`l qu`jilknenb lis t`bsir`s qu` sist`bnb lis r`v`stmhm`btis `b nluhmbmi" @l

nmr` jmrjulnen irm`btnai n trnvs a` jhnrns `b `l pmsi qu` li jibau(jnb nl mbt`rmir pir `l ust`, a`sa` `l junl s` amstrmeun nl mbt`rmir a` lnvmvm`ban y lu`ki `rn `xtrnai nl `xt`rmir pir hàmi a` ubn jnp`ruzn`b ln juem`rtn qu` ubjmibnen jihi hilmb`t` #k" ;-" A` stn hnb`rn,hàmnbt` h`jnbmshis bnturnl`s a` jibv`jjmb, `l nmr` s` r`bivnenjibstnbt`h`bt` y hnbt`bn ln cuhàna a`btri a` ln vmvm`ban" Lnszibns a` nkun, jihi ln jijmbn y lis enis, `stnenb titnlh`bt` nu(tihntmznans7 lis nrhnrmis `rnb rianbt`s7 ln t`hp`rnturn s` r`kulnen,

y `l pilvi y `l rumai `xt`rbi s` `lmhmbnenb" Ln [mjcmtn Cius` `rnr`nlh`bt` ubn hqumbn" Qnl v`z cnyn smai Dull`r qum`b s` tih hs`b s`rmi l nirmshi a` L` Jireusm`r a` qu` ln jnsn rn ubn hqumbn

pnrn cnemtnr" û pnsnrn sm ln hqumbn `s ubn jnsn a` cnemtnr9,s` pr`kubtnen Dull`r b ubn pr`s`btnjmb a` ln jnsn 1A `b ln CnrvnraZijm`ty ir Jibt`hpirnry Nrt `b hnyi a` >=5=, cnjm`bai nlusmb nlis r`qu`rmhm`btis ubjmibnl`s esmjis pnrn ln jnsn nbubjmnais pir L`Jireusm`r `b T`rs ub` nrjcmt`jtur`" #NT, pp" 05 y 01-

Ln [mjcmtn Cius` t`rhmb sm`bai itri mbt`bti nllmai a` Dull`r `b sumbt`bjmb a` mbaustrmnlmznr ln vmvm`ban7 tnb sili s` jibstruy`rib aishia`lis, pu`s r`sultnen huy jistisi r`jibv`rtmr ln mbaustrmn n`ribu(tmjn a` Gnbsns `b ubn ermjn a` vmvm`bans priaujmans `b s`rm`" A`junlqum`r hnb`rn, jib sus nbt`rmir`s `bsnyis yn `stnenb s`btnans

lns ens`s pnrn su pistr`ri mbt`bti, su pripu`stn hs rnamjnl, ln Ztnb(anra i lmvmbk pnjgnk` nba sgyer`ng aih` a` >=13, ubn pripu`stntitnlh`bt` snlman a` li jitmamnbi, pu`s ln jnsn s` jibv`rtn `b ubn`sp`jm` a` jibt`bàir qu`, a`spl`knai, nt`ban ubn s`rm` a` b`j`sm(ana`s esmjns a` ln vmvm`ban6 airhmr, jih`r, lnvnrs`" Qiai `lli `stnenr`juem`rti pir ubn jpuln `srmjn a` plstmji #ubn a` sus prmh`rnskìans-, qu` r`sultnen jnsm mbhnt`rmnl" N trnvs a` lis jibstnbt`s h`(

1 Lis smlis trnbsirhnais a` Dull`r u`rib ub xmti mbhàmnti y ln `hpr`sn Euttl`r a`Gnbsns Jmty ll`k n priaujmr vmvm`bans n ubis pr`jmis nprixmhnais a` >? alnr`s `lh`tri junarnai, `b NT, p" 13"

firnhm`btis y r`d`xmib`s a` Dull`r sier` ln jnsn, stn s` u` nlmk`rnbain tnl pubti qu` s` a`shnt`rmnlmz y s` quà `b su `s`bjmn" Ln ma`nknb u`rzn y ln jnsn jihi `bt` smji jnsm a`snpnr`jm"

@b ln Ztnbanra i lmvmbk pnjgnk` l ief`ti a` ln vmvm`ban jihi tnl a`fa` s`r li hs mhpirtnbt`, pu`s `l irknbmshi u` p`ram`bai hnt`rmnlm(

ana cnstn jnsm a`svnb`j`rs`, y `b su luknr `h`rkn jib krnb u`rznln njtmvmana qu` s` a`snrrillnen `b `lln6 ln jitmamnbmana" Ln jnsn `vi(lujmib a` ief`ti n c`rrnhm`btn a` usi" Nis a`spus Dull`r amrn qu`ln jlnv` a` tiai `sti `stnen `b ln `h`rnlmznjmb, `s a`jmr, `b cnj`rhs trnbsmtirmns lns pnrt`s, `b cnj`r hs jib h`bis7 `b a`bmtmvn, mrr`stnbai jnan v`z hs hnt`rmn cnstn a`fnr a`sbuai `l jibj`pti" LnZtnbanra i lmvmbk pnjgnk` u` jihi ubn nj`ptnjmb a` su pnrt`, a`s(pus a` buh`risis ` mbrujtuisis mbt`btis, pu`s li mhpirtnbt` bi `rnmbaustrmnlmznr ln jnsn p`bsnan jihi ub ief`ti7 rn ubn mbvmtnjmb pnrnr`p`bsnr ln ma`n a` ln vmvm`ban" A` c`jci, `b ubis a` sus nrtjulishs jibijmais, Qc` Hiib, l s` pr`kubtn qu `s ubn jnsn9" N li

lnrki a` tian su lnrkn priaujjmb `stuvi `lneirnb

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