Revision Guide Year 11 Only - Elmgreen School€¦ · Revision Guide Year 11 Only In the exam you...
Transcript of Revision Guide Year 11 Only - Elmgreen School€¦ · Revision Guide Year 11 Only In the exam you...
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Religious Philosophy and Ultimate Questions
Revision Guide
Year 11 Only
In the exam you will be asked to answer four of six questions. Each question is
worth 18 marks. Those which we have studied, and therefore which you MUST
answer are;
Topic 1 (Question 1 in the exam) – The existence of God (pages 3-13)
Topic 2 (Question 3 in the exam) – The problems of evil and suffering
(pages 14-21)
Topic 3 (Question 5 in the exam) – Miracles (22-29)
Topic 4 (Question 6 in the exam) – Science and religion (30-38)
Do not answer Question 2 or 4. We will not have studied these.
Intervention for RE takes
place on a targeted bases with
Teachers working with small
groups for specific periods of
time.
There are breakfast
interventions which are open
to all students
BREAKFAST INTERVENTION!
Tuesdays, 07:30 – 08:15. Room 111
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Read this first! Key info on the revision booklet
Between September and March, you will cover all of the content within this revision booklet in your
lessons, preparing you for your exam on 4th June (provisional date). This exam is the second RE exam
you will do, and will contribute 50% towards your overall FULL GCSE grade.
As RE is only 1 lesson a week, your success in the subject will largely be down to how well you
learn the two revision booklets, as well as your completion of homework and class activities.
Why do this revision booklet? Success is usually about hard work. Look at these two quotes;
Hard work pays off!!To help you complete the booklet below we have added a tick sheet so that you can
monitor your progress. Here are the actions which you need to complete prior to the exam;
Action Date
completed
Re-cap 1-4 weeks
before the exam? (tick)
Re-cap 1-3 days before
the exam? (tick)
1. Cut out and write the key-
word cards
2. Learn all key-word card
definitions
3. Complete Topic 1 tasks and do
(at least) one past paper
4. Complete Topic 2 tasks and
do (at least) one past paper
5. Complete Topic 3 tasks and
do (at least) one past paper
6. Complete Topic 4 tasks and
do (at least) one past paper
“You have to fight to reach your dream. You have to
sacrifice and work hard for it.” (Messi)
“I wanted to sell a million records, and I sold a million
records. I wanted to go platinum; I went platinum. I've
been working nonstop since I was 15.” (Beyonce)
Good luck. Remember to speak to your
teacher for any help, advice, or assistance.
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Topic 1 – The Existence of God
Definitions for the KEY-WORD cards
Use the definitions below to help you complete your key words cards.
A Theist is someone who believes in a that there is a God, the creator of the world
An Atheist is someone who does not believe in God.
Someone who is Agnostic is not sure what to believe. There is not enough proof for
God or Science at the moment.
Creation is the act by which God bought the world into being
Genesis Chapter 1 is the book of the bible which says that the world was made by God
in 6 days, with the 7th being a day of rest
The Cosmological (First Cause) Argument says that regardless of how the world
started, God is behind the creation
The Design (Teleological) Argument says that due to the complexity of the world,
there must have been a designer who must have been God
Paley’s Watch is the idea, suggested by William Paley that because complex things like
a watch have a designer, so the world must have a designer which must be God
Newton’s thumb is the idea, suggested by Isaac Newton, that because we each have
individual thumb prints, we must each be individually made by God
The Argument from Miracles says that the ‘miracles’ which have happened in the past
are proof that God exists
The Argument from religious experience says that because people claim to have
experienced God, this is proof that God exists
The Moral Argument says that humans are able to choose between ‘right’ and ‘wrong’
because we have been given morals and a conscience from God
The Theory of Evolution is the idea that human life evolved from other life forms.
(This could be used as an argument against the existence of God)
The Big Bang is the idea that the Universe and all life started 14 billion years ago
after a huge explosion. (This could be used as an argument against the existence of
God)
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Topic 1 – The Existence of God
Fundamentalist Christians believe God
made the Creation in the 7 day Creation
story in Genesis.
It is LITERALLY or word for word true.
Liberal Christians say the Bible is a
myth a story to help us understand the
world. They accept the Big Bang could
have created the Universe but that God
made the Big Bang.
Traditional Christians believe God did
create the Creation as it says in the Bible.
However this creation took longer than 24
hours per day. Each day was millions of
years not 24 hours.
Three different types of Christians;
1
2
3
A religious believer is known as a_________________
Someone unsure of their belief is _________________
Three words to describe God are;_________________;
_____________________; ______________________
What do ‘liberal Christians’ say about the Bible?
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
What is the difference between a traditional and a
fundamental Christian?
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
What you must know!
Does God
Exist? Could there be a bigger question?
In this topic you’ll learn
arguments for and against
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Below are some arguments for and against the existence of God. Colour the key boxes and
then colour those which match.
For the existence of God Against the existence of God
People have “experienced God
through prayers or dreams. People believe in God because
they are brought up to believe by
their parents or community.
Science offers an alternative
theory to the origins of the world
by The Big Bang Theory.
People experience miracles – an
event which breaks the laws of
nature /Science. People feel that
God must have made the event
happen.
Science shows beauty and
order in the natural world.
Something must have created
these humans cannot. God is silent – there is no
evidence that he exists.
People experience God through
the beauty of the world –
Numinous Experience.
There is too much suffering and
evil in the world for God to exist. God gave us morals (a sense of
right and wrong). The Argument
from Morality states that humans
have the ability to understand
right from wrong. This sets us
apart from other animals or
mammals.
Science does not have all the
answers it only has theories.
Theories are evolving truth not
absolute truth.
People have changed their lives
due to a Religious Experience and
died for their belief. E.g. Gandhi
God does not answer
everyone’s prayers. Bad things
happen to Good people. It
seems unfair.
“One dark autumn afternoon I was sitting alone. I suddenly became aware of a holy presence in the
room. I heard the words, ‘Follow me’ I knew that this was God calling me”
Explain briefly how an atheist might explain the experiences described above. (2 marks)
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Evolving truth is.........
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Absolute truth is.........
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Science believes in
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Religions believes in
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In my opinion, two of the strongest arguments for the existence of
God are;
1_____________________________________________________
2_____________________________________________________
In my opinion, two of the strongest arguments against the
existence of God are;
1_____________________________________________________
2_____________________________________________________
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Argument 1 – the First Cause (Cosmological) Argument for Gods Existence
St Thomas Aquinas was a Christian Philosopher in the 1200’s who thought that the
evidence for God’s existence was very clear. He said we had to start with asking one
simple ______. “How did the u_______ get here?”
The Universe could not have come out of n_______. Something cannot come out of
nothing. It is i_______. The Universe must have been caused by something that
existed before the Universe did.
This something must not need anything else to bring it into e_________ (i.e. it does
not depend on anything else for its own existence). Aquinas calls this something the
F______ C______. This First Cause can only be ____ who is the C_________.
First Cause, Universe, Question, Creator, existence, illogical, nothing, God
Arguments against the first cause argument.
Rank these Against The First Cause Argument. 1= best argument against it, 8 = least good
argument against it
1. No evidence God caused the universe.
2. God cannot be produced as proof.
3. If everything has a Cause then God must have a cause.
4. Who made God?
5. If you say God is eternal then the universe may be eternal i.e. infinite
regress.
6. The Big Bang could have caused the Universe.
7. Just because other things have a cause does not mean that the Universe
has to have a cause.
8. Science may provide a ‘better’ explanation for the cause of the Universe
than the Bible.
“The Cosmological (First Cause) Argument proves God’s existence”. What do you think? Explain your opinion. (3)
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Argument 2 – The Design (Teleological) Argument for Gods Existence
Arguments against the Design / Teleological
Argument
1. Evolution shows how things appear orderly
but this is due to the survival of the fittest.
2. There is cruelty in the Animal Kingdom
would this be deliberately designed by
God?
3. Even if we accept that there is design to the
Universe does it have to be God?
4. Beauty is not seen or accepted by all
people.
5. It is surely too simple an answer to a
complex question.
The Teleological Argument / The Design Argument by William Paley
Paley’s argument focused on comparing the c___________ of the world to that of a w_____. Paley
argued that if you found a s_____ in the desert you would not be surprised as it would look like it was
part of the n__________ world.
However if you were to find a watch lying on the ground, you would think that it was the product of a
D_________ because it has many different parts (cogs and wheels) and needs an i__________
mind behind it.
The watch would appear to have been designed with a p________. It could not have happened by
coincidence and therefore must have been d_______ by someone.
As the w_____ and things like the h________ e___ are more complicated than a watch it therefore
must also have a designer who has created it. This designer must be G_____.
In one Sentence then:-
The World is a complex machine it has a purpose, it must have a Designer, the Designer must
be God.
Complexity, stone, Watch, natural, Designer, intelligent, purpose, designed, God, world, human eye
. Issac Newton’s Thumb
Newton said; ‘In the
absence of any other
proof, the thumb alone
would convince me of
God’s existence.’
Newton believed that
because each thumb had
a unique thumbprint to
each individual and there
must be a DESIGNER –
who is God.
Arguments For The Design / Teleological Argument
If there is Design there has to be a Designer. The Beauty and complexity in nature could not have happened
by chance.
Anthropic Principle If the elements and process of the Big Bang had been a tiny bit different then life would
not be as it is. This shows deliberate creation by God.
There are many example of design in nature – the human eye, the Chameleon who changes its skin to
camouflage itself into its surroundings.
The Human Brain which is as complex as any man made computer.
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‘The design of the world shows that God created it.’
Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing that you have thought about more
than one point of view. Refer to religious arguments in your answer. 6 marks
On the one hand, the design argument does show that God created the world. This is because…
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On the other hand, the design argument does not show the that God created the world. This is
because..............................................................................................................................................
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In my opinion I think…
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Which do you believe is a better argument for God’s existence? The First Cause (Cosmological) or the Design argument
(Telelogical)? Give 3 reasons to explain why.
1.
2.
3.
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Argument 3 – The Religious Experience and Miracles Arguments
Many Christians
experience God
through:-
A prayer being answered.
A dream
A vision – Virgin Mary at Lourdes
Miracle
Feeling of awe and wonder at an event in nature.
Feeling God’s love.
Asking a question finding a passage in the Bible that answers it.
Seeing a sign from God.
Religious Experiences
Many C________ (and some other religions) believe they e___________ God
through a religious experience which can be by:-
Experiencing God through the lives of other G____ Christians – M_______ Theresa or M______ L_____ K___.
Others experience God through the B______ and Church Teachings.
Some experience God through the b_______ of the natural world which provokes a feeling of awe and wonder – N_________.
Some people find God through w________ in the Church or feeling that God has called him to them and they are c__________.
However atheists would say that Religious Experiences:-
Religious experiences are hard to accept by those that never have one (the belief that God did it is subjective)
They are difficult to p______ that they are true
People are very doubtful (s____________) of accepting these experiences happen.
They could be made by someone who was a f_______ i.e. an illusion
Could be due to mass h________ or wishful thinking.
May not be enough w___________ to “prove” it happened.
“God must exist because so many people have experienced God.”
What do you think? Explain your opinion 3 marks
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Christians, Great, prove, sceptical, fraud, converted, beauty, Numinous, worship, Martin
Luther King, Bible, Mother, hysteria, witnesses, experienced,
Examples of religious miracles are… (identify 3+)
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Argument 4 – The Argument from Morality (the Moral Argument)
Look at the statements below and decide if they are for or against the Moral
Argument as a proof of God’s existence.
In the Bible in the book of
Genesis. Adam and Eve
directly disobeyed God by
eating an apple from the
Tree of Knowledge. This
shows how much God
values our Moral Ability.
Other animals do not
have the ability to think
at the same level as
humans. Therefore we
must have been made
especially with this in
mind.
Although humans are
more intelligent other
animals – Dolphins,
Monkey’s – are also
capable of very intelligent
decisions. Humans have
just evolved even further.
All animals and societies
have developed ‘social
norms’ ways by which we
control society by acceptable
behaviour. FOR EXAMPLE
Mothers protecting offspring
– this is just an extension of
that.
Just because we have
the capacity for Moral
decisions, why assume
that it was God who
gave this to us? It could
have been something
else.
If God gave humans the
capacity to make moral
decisions then this
explains why many
humans give so much
time and money to help
others.
The Argument from Morality or The Moral Argument
The Argument from Morality, also known as the M...............,. argument states that ................
have a strong sense of ...................... and wrong, also called an ‘inbuilt sense of morality’. This
sense of right and wrong comes from a higher authority which is G..............
People God right Moral
Critics of the Moral Argument or Argument from
Morality
It is hard to ................ the Moral Argument. It could
just be society’s way of .................... people due to
................... and humankinds need to survive. When
we break the rules we do not feel ........... because of
breaking God’s rules but because we are breaking
society’s rules and are going against our upbringing.
There is no God or heaven. Religious and non-
Religious people may have a strong sense of
morality but it could be different but why would God
give different messages to the world?
Controlling - Guilt - Prove - Evolution
2010 Give two reasons why some people
disagree with the argument from
morality. 2 marks
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2010 Explain the argument from morality for God’s existence. 3 marks
(NOTE: There are three marks on offer here, so make three developed points)
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‘Explain why some people do not believe in God.’ 5 marks
(NOTE: There are five marks on offer here so fully develop your points, and mention at least 3 of them: ideally
more)
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There are therefore five arguments for the existence of God: The cosmological, design, religious experience, miracle and
moral arguments. Which, in your opinion, is the strongest? Explain your opinion.
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Now have a go at the exam questions! For mark schemes go to the AQA site.
Topic 1 – 2011 Exam Questions
Topic 1 – 2012
Questions for my teacher. What do I need help with?
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Topic 1 – Sample Paper
Notice that you can get additional marks for
good Spelling, Punctuation and Grammar. This is
for the 6 mark questions.
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Topic 2 – The problems of Evil and Suffering
Definitions for the KEY-WORD cards
Use the definitions below to help you complete your key words cards.
Natural Suffering is suffering which is caused by Nature (e.g. Earthquakes,
Volcano’s)
Man-made suffering is suffering caused as the result of human actions (e.g.
murder)
Free Will is having the ability to choose your own actions (religious believers
argue that God gave us Free Will)
Just/Unjust is whether something is fair or right. ‘Just’ means it is, ‘Unjust’
means it isn’t.
The Story of Job is a story from the Bible when God tests a man, Job, and
allows Satan to ruin his life causing great suffering. Still, however, Job loves
God and in the end gets everything back he has lost and even more.
The story of original sin is the story of Adam and Eve, when they ate the fruit
from the forbidden tree, thus disobeying God.
Evil is the opposite of Good. Often used to describe terrible actions or events.
Evil as a ‘personal being’ is the idea that evil is an evil spirit or devil rather
than an impersonal force.
Evil as a ‘psychological phenomenon’ is the idea that evil is arising from within
the mind of someone
Evil as an ‘impersonal force’ is the idea that evil is a power outside of people
that draws them to evil
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Topic 2 – The problems of Evil and Suffering
“Villagers flee war zone”
“Floods leave thousands homeless”
“Murderer given life sentence”
“Earthquake destroys hospital killing 500”
Explain, using examples the difference between
natural suffering and man-made suffering. (4
marks)
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The key bits;
The problem of evil asks how people can believe in an all- loving (BENEVOLENT) all-knowing (OMNISCIENT) and all-powerful (OMNIPOTENT) God, when there is evil and suffering in the world
Did God create evil? Maybe God does not care about human suffering or is causing suffering so maybe he’s not all-loving. Maybe God can’t do anything about suffering so maybe he isn’t all-powerful.
Maybe God doesn’t know about suffering so maybe he isn’t all-knowing.
MORAL EVIL AND NATURAL EVIL - Complete the following sentences:
1. The sort of evil that is caused by people deliberately choosing to do wrong things is called
…………………………………………… or ……………………….evil.
2. The sort of evil that is a feature of the natural world, such as earthquakes and tidal waves, is called
………………………………........................................................
Man Made Suffering, Moral, Natural Suffering
2 What you must know!
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Adam and Eve: Original Sin. What is he story and how does it link to Evil and Suffering? Look on youtube and search ‘Adam and Eve animation’. Watch the film posted by Adam Romero.
F W
P
T
E
Education Punishment Test Free Will
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WHY DOES GOD ALLOW SUFFERING?
WHY DOES
GOD ALLOW
SUFFERING?
2. FREE WILL
Some Christians say that we suffer because God gave
Humans Free Will to choose their own actions and live
their lives as they please. This has consequences
because:-
.…………………………………………………………
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4. GROWING AS A HUMAN BEING/EDUCATION
Some Christians say that we need evil and suffering to help us
grow as human beings. In times of great suffering human
beings can do the most good and unselfish actions. This
means that…
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3. Other Christians say that the
reasons for evil and suffering are a
mystery. As explained in the story
of Job. It is part of God’s plan
beyond human understanding.
We have to have faith in God.
5. TEST OF FAITH
Some Christians say that suffering is a
loving test from God. This means
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1. ORIGINAL SIN
Some Christians say that suffering is a result
of the Fall of Adam and Eve from the Garden
of Eden. The means that...
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....................................................................... What do we learn from Adam and Eve?
One more Bible Story - THE STORY OF JOB
(searh “The Story of Job (spreadin The Word with stick figures)” in YouTube)
Job was a good man who was ……......... to God, but God allowed Satan (the Devil) to
test Job by making him ……...... ... Job lost all his wealth, his family and his home, but
still he ......…….. ..faithful to God. His friends began to think that he must have sinned a
lot to suffer so much but Job protested he had always been good and faithful to God.
However, he began to want to know ……... God was allowing him to suffer. God told
him that as Creator of the world, he was much more ……............. than Job. Job should
recognise that he had no right to ……...........God. Job understood that he should just
……........his suffering, and everything that he had lost was restored to him.
What does this story tell us about suffering?
Committed
Remained
Powerful
Why
Question
Suffer
Accept
Go on YouTube and search the ‘Story of Job’. There are a number of good video’s, including one by the
‘good project’.
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2010 ‘God cannot be loving if he lets people suffer. What do you think? Explain your
opinion. 3 Marks
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RELIGIOUS RESPONSE TO SUFFERING
Christians may pray to God for guidance
may accept it as part of God’s plan
use it to become a better person
try to live in a way that minimises the suffering
try to believe in a positive side to suffering
Lose faith in God or turn away from God
Suffering may be due to Karma
Love yourself as you love
others.
Show compassion to victims
of suffering.
Give to charity.
Share like Jesus did.
Don’t question Gods plan
SO THEN… What is Evil? EVIL IS......
1) Evil is an IMPERSONAL FORCE that draws people to do wrong.
2) Evil is a PERSONAL BEING (The Devil or Satan) who is tempting people to sin. He
has appeared at various times in the Bible as the opposite or enemy of God. In the form of a
snake he tempts Eve to eat the forbidden Apple. He tests Jobs’ faith in God. He tempts
Jesus to abandon God. The Devil tries to trick people into doing wrong and needs to be
fought. He is the enemy of humankind and God.
3) Evil is a PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON. Evil is caused by a persons’ mental
state caused by their upbringing, diet, relationship to society or a damaged mind from
childhood abuse or parental influences. Emotional trauma leads them to evil actions.
4) Evil is the lack of a CONSCIENCE the understanding of what is morally right and wrong.
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2011 Explain briefly what is meant by saying evil is a psychological phenomenon. 2 marks.
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2011 Blaming a personal being (Devil) for evil is just an excuse. What do you think? Explain your
opinion 3 marks
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2010 ‘THERE WILL ALWAYS BE EVIL’ Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer,
showing that you have thought about more than one point of view. Refer to religious
arguments in your answer. 6 marks
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Now have a go at the exam questions! For mark schemes go to the AQA site.
Topic 2 – 2011
Topic 2 – 2012
Questions for my teacher. What do I need help with?
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Topic 2 – Sample Paper
Notice that you can get additional marks for
good Spelling, Punctuation and Grammar. This is
for the 6 mark questions.
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Topic 3 – Miracles
Definitions for the KEY-WORD cards
Use the definitions below to help you complete your key words cards.
A Miracle is something which might either ‘defy the laws of nature’ or be a
‘happy coincidence’.
The Laws of Nature are descriptions of how Scientists expect the world to
work (e.g. if you drop something, gravity will make it fall to the ground)
Omnipotent (all-powerful) means that God is all-powerful and therefore made
the world and can perform miracles
Omniscient (all-knowing) means that God knows exactly what is going on,
therefore God may decide to intervene (get involved) in the world to help and
answer prayers
Benevolent (all-loving) means that God loves his creation (the world) and his
people (us)
Immanence is the idea that God is present and active in the world
Transcendence is the idea that God is beyond and outside life on earth and the
universe
David Hume’s argument on Miracles is that there is never enough evidence for
them to defy the laws of nature, therefore they don’t happen. He also said that
most people who claim to have seen miracles are uneducated and influenced too
much by their religious belief.
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Topic 3 - Miracles
Give two examples of modern day ‘miracles’. (2)
3 What you must know!
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“Miracles prove God’s existence’ Do you
agree? Explain your answer
Explain religious attitudes towards the
existence of miracles (4)
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Do one of these questions here;
What did Hume say about miracles?
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Miracles Revision Worksheet Identify and explain four positive things that
Miracles tell us about God?
A miracle is....
“Miracles are always religious events”. Identify three reasons to support or
oppose this statement;
1.
2.
3.
“David Hume argued that
Miracles were impossible
because the chances that the
laws of nature can be broken
are so small, that it is stupid
to believe that they can be by
God or anything else.”
Describe a miracle from the Bible;
Describe a miracle from the modern
day;
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“Miracles are proof that God exists”. Identify two reasons to support this;
1.
2.
Identify two reasons to oppose this;
1.
2.
What is your opinion?
“Miracles cause
problems for
religious
believers”.
Identify three
arguments to
support this
point of view.
1. 2. 3.
“Hume’s opinion on Miracles was correct”. Identify two reasons to support
this;
1.
2.
Identify two reasons to oppose this;
1.
2.
What is your opinion?
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Now have a go at the exam questions! For mark schemes go to the AQA site.
Topic 3 – 2011
Topic 3 – 2012
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Topic 3 – Sample Paper
Questions for my teacher. What do I need help with?
Notice that you can get additional marks for
good Spelling, Punctuation and Grammar. This is
for the 6 mark questions.
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Topic 4 – Science and Religion
Definitions for the KEY-WORD cards
Use the definitions below to help you complete your key words cards.
Religious Truth is what believers claim to be true about the existence of God and the
creation of the Universe.
Historical Truth is when you use evidence to come up with what is and is not true,
usually about past events.
Scientific Truth is when something is proven to be true based upon logical, scientific
evidence.
Creationism is the (religious truth) that the world was made by God in 6 days.
A Liberal Believer is someone who may believe parts of their religion, but not
everything. They may doubt, for example, the idea of creationism.
A Fundamentalist Believer is someone who believers the texts and beliefs of their
religion word for word, even if it conflicts with scientific evidence.
The Cosmological Revolution was from the 15th Century onwards when science started
to challenge religious beliefs about how the world was created.
Evolving, Changing Truth is the idea that some truths will change over time, depending
upon the new evidence that comes to light.
Absolute Truth is a truth that is fixed for all times and all cultures. For example, the
earth goes around the Sun.
The Theory of Evolution is the idea that human life evolved from other life forms.
(This could be used as an argument against the existence of God)
The Big Bang is the idea that the Universe and all life started 14 billion years ago
after a huge explosion. (This could be used as an argument against the existence of
God).
Darwinism is the idea developed by Charles Darwin, closely linked to evolution, that
humans have evolved through a process of ‘natural selection’.
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Topic 4 – Science and Religion
“Outline one religious creation story” (3)
The Bible creation story 4 What you must know!
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“Religion still provides the best solution for how the world was made” Do you agree? Answer showing that you
have thought about more than one point of view, and religious opinions (6)
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Identify three areas where
science and religion differ;
Identify three areas where
science and religion are similar;
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Different Christians believe different things…
Fundamentalist
Liberal
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Science and Religion Worksheet Scientific Truth is... Religious Truth is...
Describe a religious creation
story
How might the discovery that the world was not the
centre of the Universe have challenged religious belief?
‘It is possible to believe both in the Big Bang theory and in God.’ What do you
think? Make three points to support your opinion;
I agree/disagree because...
1.
2.
3.
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“Science is more important than religion” Do you agree? Give three points to support
your opinion;
I agree /disagree because....
1.
2.
3.
Explain how Darwin’s Theory of evolution challenged religious belief. (4 marks)
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Now have a go at the exam questions! For mark schemes go to the AQA site.
Topic 4 – 2011
Topic 4 – 2012
Questions for my teacher. What do I need help with?
38
Topic 4 – Sample Paper
Notice that you can get additional marks for
good Spelling, Punctuation and Grammar. This is
for the 6 mark questions.