Revision ACL Reconstruction

Robert G. Marx Editor

Revision ACL Reconstruction

Indications and Technique

ISBN 978-1-4614-0765-2 ISBN 978-1-4614-0766-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-0766-9 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013940915

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Editor Robert G. Marx Professor of Orthopedic SurgeryHospital for Special SurgeryWeill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA

I would like to dedicate this book to my wife Rena for her support, guidance, and encouragement, without which this book would not have been possible. I am also grateful to my daughters Ella and Hannah who are sources of inspiration and love.

vii

This book edited by Dr. Robert Marx on anterior cruciate ligament revision reconstruction is an excellent resource for the surgeon. The complex issues of alignment, slope, meniscus loss, and associated injuries to the medial collateral ligament and postero-lateral corner are covered in detail. Multiple techniques for dealing with misplaced or expanded tunnels are very well covered. Other diffi cult clinical problems such as failed double-bundle reconstructions and patients who have failed multiple operations are covered in great depth. This is the fi rst text to cover all aspects of ACL revision surgery. The book has the potential to help surgeons avoid failed revision reconstructions in the future.

Overall, this is a superb book that will greatly aid both the young as well as the experienced surgeon in managing these diffi cult problems.

New York, NY, USA Russell F. Warren MD

Foreword

ix

To produce this textbook, I recruited some of the most experienced and knowl-edgeable ACL surgeons and therapists from around the world. Contributors from over a dozen countries covering every continent on the planet bring vary-ing perspectives to the care of the failed ACL reconstruction. The book is intentionally divided up into chapters that necessitate overlap. Since revision ACL reconstruction comprises a heterogeneous group of patients with many different problems, the overlap allows for various viewpoints and different techniques for the same problem. In revision ACL reconstruction, there is often not a single right answer, but instead several reasonable options to choose from. In these cases, it is up to the surgeon to select the technique that they are most comfortable with and that will work best in their hands. It is my hope that this book will bring new thoughts and techniques for revision ACL reconstruction to surgeons to assist them in caring for their patients.

New York, NY, USA Robert G. Marx

Pref ace

xi

I have been fortunate to have had outstanding mentors during the course of my career. During my residency training, Allan Gross and Jim Waddell suc-ceeded each other as the chairman of orthopedic surgery at the University of Toronto. Their leadership was invaluable to me during that time. Jim Wright was my thesis supervisor for my research fellowship and he taught me the key principles for performing and evaluating clinical research. Tom Wickiewicz was the fellowship director for my sports medicine fellowship and his emphasis on education provided a valuable foundation. Russ Warren was a great mentor to me during my fellowship and he had a profound impact on how I care for patients. Lastly, my colleagues on the Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service at HSS contribute to a rich academic environment where we continue to learn from one another year after year. I am extremely grateful to all of these individuals for their time and effort teaching me and for moti-vating me to teach others.

Acknowledgments

xiii

Contents

1 Patient-Related Risk Factors for ACL Graft Failure .............. 1Andrew R. Duffee, Timothy E. Hewett, and Christopher C. Kaeding

2 Avoiding the Failed ACL: How to Prevent ACL Tears Before They Occur ...................................................................... 11Jessica Hettler and Grethe Myklebust

3 Diagnosis of Failed ACL Reconstruction .................................. 23Moises Cohen, Gustavo Gonçalves Arliani, Diego Costa Astur, and Camila Cohen Kaleka

4 Biomechanics and Etiology of ACL Graft Failure ................... 33Peter D. Fabricant, Moira M. McCarthy, Andrew D. Pearle, and Anil S. Ranawat

5 Technical Causes of ACL Graft Failure .................................... 43Andrew J. Blackman, Ljiljana Bogunovic, Steven Cherney, and Rick W. Wright

6 Indications for Revision ACL Reconstruction .......................... 53James P. Leonard and Kurt P. Spindler

7 Preoperative Planning for Revision ACL Reconstruction....... 63Travis G. Maak, Demetris Delos, and Frank A. Cordasco

8 Graft Selection for Revision ACL Reconstruction ................... 75Jeffrey Wilde, Asheesh Bedi, and David W. Altchek

9 How to Handle a Poorly Placed Femoral Tunnel ..................... 87Konsei Shino, Alberto Gobbi, Norimasa Nakamura, Anup Kumar, and Tatsuo Mae

10 How to Handle a Poorly Placed Tibial Tunnel ......................... 97Jón Karlsson and Kristian Samuelsson

11 Fixation in Revision ACL Reconstruction ................................ 105Nathan A. Mall, Wendell M.R. Heard, Nikhil N. Verma, and Bernard R. Bach Jr.

xiv

12 Single Stage ACL Revision Reconstruction: Indications and Technique ............................................................................. 119Joshua Hamann and Mark D. Miller

13 Two-Stage ACL Revision: Indications and Technique ............ 127Cory M. Edgar, Thomas DeBerardino, and Robert Arciero

14 Revising Failed Double Bundle ACL Reconstruction .............. 139Paulo H. Araujo, Karl F. Bowman Jr., Chealon D. Miller, and Freddie H. Fu

15 The Role of Lateral Extra-articular Augmentation in Revision ACL Reconstruction ............................................... 151Robert A. Magnussen, Sebastien Lustig, Matthias Jacobi, Ahmed Elguindy, and Philippe Neyret

16 Managing the Infected ACL Reconstruction ............................ 157Daniel Burke Whelan, Howard E. Rosenberg, and Nicholas J. Yardley

17 Meniscus Allograft Transplantation in Revision ACL Reconstruction ................................................................... 171Travis G. Maak, Venu Nemani, Thomas L. Wickiewicz, and Scott A. Rodeo

18 Cartilage Surgery in Revision ACL Reconstruction ................ 185Albert O. Gee and Riley J. Williams III

19 Medial Collateral Ligament Laxity in Revision ACL Reconstruction ................................................................... 201Iftach Hetsroni, Gian Luigi Canata, and Robert G. Marx

20 Posterolateral Corner Defi ciency in Revision ACL Reconstruction ................................................................... 211Michael K. Shindle, Bruce A. Levy, Mark Clatworthy, and Robert G. Marx

21 Osteotomy for Slope Correction Following Failed ACL Reconstruction ................................................................... 221Robert A. Magnussen, Diane L. Dahm, and Philippe Neyret

22 Osteotomy for Malalignment Following Failed ACL Reconstruction ................................................................... 227Davide Edoardo Bonasia, Massimiliano Dragoni, and Annunziato Amendola

23 Navigation for Revision ACL Reconstruction .......................... 239Stefano Zaffagnini, Tommaso Bonanzinga, Bharat Sharma, Nicola Lopomo, Cecilia Signorelli, Giulio Maria Marcheggiani Muccioli, and Maurilio Marcacci

Contents

xv

24 Approach to the Multiply Revised ACL-Defi cient Knee ......... 247Peter B. MacDonald, David A. Rhodes, Randy Mascarenhas, and Michael J. Stuart

25 Outcomes of Revision ACL ........................................................ 255Bryan A. Warme and Russell F. Warren

Index ..................................................................................................... 265

Contents

xvii

David W. Altchek Hospital for Special Surgery, Sports Medicine & Shoulder Service, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

Annunziato Amendola Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation , University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics , Iowa City , IA , USA

Paulo H. Araujo Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , UPMC Center for Sports Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA

Robert Arciero Orthopedic Surgery , University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington , CT , USA

Gustavo Gonçalves Arliani Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

Diego Costa Astur Department of Orthopedic and Traumatology , Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil

Bernard R. Bach Jr. Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Section, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

Asheesh Bedi Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine & Shoulder Surgery, MedSport, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Andrew J. Blackman Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Washington University , St. Louis , MO , USA

Ljiljana Bogunovic Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Washington University , St. Louis , MO , USA

Tommaso Bonanzinga Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica III/Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica , Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy

Davide Edoardo Bonasia Orthopaedics and Traumatology , CTO Hospital , Turin , Italy

Karl F. Bowman Jr. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , UPMC Center for Sports Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA

Contributors

xviii

Gian Luigi Canata Centre of Sports Traumatology, Koelliker Hospital , Torino , Italy

Steven Cherney Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Washington University , St. Louis , MO , USA

Mark Clatworthy Orthopaedic Surgery , Middlemore Hospital , Papatoetoe , Auckland , New Zealand

Moises Cohen Departamento de Ortopedia e Traumatologia , Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil

Frank A. Cordasco Hospital for Special Surgery, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, New York, NY, USA

Diane L. Dahm Department of Orthopedic Surgery , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA

Thomas DeBerardino Orthopaedic Surgery , University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington , CT , USA

Demetris Delos Hospital for Special Surgery , Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service , New York , NY , USA

Massimiliano Dragoni Orthopaedics and Traumatology , Policlinico Tor Vergata, University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy

Andrew R. Duffee OSU Sports medicine , The Ohio State University Medical Center , Columbus , OH , USA

Cory M. Edgar Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA

Ahmed Elguindy Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Fayoum University , Fayoum , Egypt

Peter D. Fabricant Orthopaedic Surgery , Hospital for Special Surgery , New York , NY , USA

Freddie H. Fu Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , UPMC Center for Sports Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA

Albert O. Gee Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA

Alberto Gobbi Sports Medicine , O.A.S.I. Bioresearch Foundation Gobbi NPO , Milano , Italy

Joshua Hamann Northwest Iowa Bone, Joint and Sport Surgeons , Storm Lake , IA , USA

Wendell M. R. Heard Department of Orthopaedics Surgery , Tulane University School of Medicine , New Orleans , LA , USA

Iftach Hetsroni Orthopedic Surgery , Meir General Hospital , Sapir Medical Center, Kfar Saba , Israel

Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , Israel

Contributors

xix

Jessica Hettler Hospital for Special Surgery , Sports Rehabilitation and Performance Center , New York , NY , USA

Timothy E. Hewett OSU Sports Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Sports Health and Performance Institute , Columbus , OH , USA

Matthias Jacobi Orthopädie am Rosenberg , St. Gallen , Switzerland

Christopher C. Kaeding OSU Sports Medicine , The Ohio State University Medical Center, Sports Health & Performance Institute, Columbus , OH , USA

Camila Cohen Kaleka Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology , Santa Casa de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil

Jon Karlsson Department of Orthopaedics , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Gothenburg , Sweden

Anup Kumar Kasturba Medical College & Hospital , Department of Orthopaedics, Mangalore , Karnataka , India

James P. Leonard Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Nashville , TN , USA

Bruce A. Levy Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

Nicola Lopomo Laboratorio di Biomeccanica ed Innovazione Tecnologica , Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy

Sebastien Lustig Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , CHU Lyon Croix Rousse , Lyon , France

Travis G. Maak Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA

Peter B. MacDonald Department of Surgery, Section of Orthopaedics , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada

Pan Am Clinic , Winnipeg , Canada

Robert A. Magnussen Department of Orthopaedics Surgery , The Ohio State University Medical Center , Columbus , OH , USA

Tatsuo Mae Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine , Suita , Osaka , Japan

Nathan A. Mall Regeneration Orthopedics , St. Louis Center for Cartilage Restoration and Repair , St. Louis , MO , USA

Maurilio Marcacci Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica III/Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica , Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy

Robert G. Marx Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA

Randy Mascarenhas Department of Surgery, Section of Orthopaedics , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada

Contributors

xx

Moira M. McCarthy Orthopaedic Surgery , Hospital for Special Surgery , New York , NY , USA

Chealon D. Miller Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , UPMC Center for Sports Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA

Mark D. Miller Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , VA , USA

Giulio Maria Marcheggiani Muccioli Clinica Ortopedica e Traumatologica III/Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy

Grethe Myklebust Department of Sport Medicine , Oslo Sport Trauma Research Center , Oslo , Norway

Norimasa Nakamura Institute for Medical Science in Sports , Osaka Health Science University , Osaka , Japan

Venu Nemani Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service , Hospital for Special Surgery , New York , NY , USA

Philippe Neyret Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Centre Albert Trillat , Lyon , France

Andrew D. Pearle Orthopedic Surgery , Hospital for Special Surgery , New York , NY , USA

Anil S. Ranawat Orthopaedic Surgery , Hospital for Special Surgery , New York , NY , USA

David A. Rhodes Department of Surgery, Section of Orthopaedics , University of Manitoba , Winnipeg , Canada

Pan Am Clinic , Winnipeg , Canada

Scott A. Rodeo Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service , Hospital for Special Surgery , New York , NY , USA

Howard E. Rosenberg Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center , New York , NY , USA

Kristian Samuelsson Department of Orthopaedics , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Mölndal , Sweden

Bharat Sharma Department of Orthopedics, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Park, Singapore

Konsei Shino Sports Orthopaedic Center , Yukioka Hospital , Osaka , Japan

Michael K. Shindle Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Summit Medical Group , Berkeley Heights , NJ , USA

Contributors

xxi

Cecilia Signorelli Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologia , Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy

Dipartimento di Elettronica , Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano , Milano , Italy

Kurt P. Spindler Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Nashville , TN , USA

Michael J. Stuart Department of Orthopedics, Sports Medicine Center , Mayo Clinic , Rochester , MN , USA

Nikhil N. Verma Orthopaedic Surgery, Sports Medicine Section, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA

Bryan A. Warme Orthopaedic Surgery , Iowa State University Sports Medicine, McFarland Clinic , Ames , IA , USA

Russell F. Warren Orthopedics, The Hospital for Special Surgery , New York , NY , USA

Daniel Burke Whelan Division of Orthopaedics , St. Michael’s Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada

Thomas L. Wickiewicz Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service , Hospital for Special Surgery , New York , NY , USA

Jeffrey Wilde Orthopedic Surgery , University of Michigan Hospitals , Ann Arbor , MI , USA

Riley J. Williams III Orthopedic Surgery, Cartilage Study Group , Hospital for Special Surgery , New York , NY , USA

Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA

Rick W. Wright Department of Orthopaedic Surgery , Washington University , St. Louis , MO , USA

Nicholas J. Yardley Division of Orthopaedics , St. Michael’s Hospital , Toronto , ON , Canada

Stefano Zaffagnini Clinica Ortopedica e Traumalogica III/Laboratorio di Biomeccanica e Innovazione Tecnologica , Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli , Bologna , Italy

Contributors