Revision Booklet [5,S]
Transcript of Revision Booklet [5,S]
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SEPARATE AWARD
CHEMISTRY
IGCSEIGCSE
RevisionRevision
BookletBooklet
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Revision listRevision list1. Atomic structure:
- Finding number of protons, neutrons and electrons. Electronconfigurations.
- Isotopes andRelative Atomic Mass calculations.
2. Structure and Bonding:
- Ionic Bonding, Covalent Bonding and Metallic Bonding- Giant Ionic, Giant Covalent, imple molecular and Giant Metallic
structures.
3. Caron C!emistr":- Crude oil is a mi#tureof !"drocarons!learn de$initions"- eparation of a%&anesb# fractional distillation- Crac&ingal$anes- Al$anes as fuels % Combustion and environmental issues !especiall# &it' C("- Homo%ogous seriesand isomers of butane and pentane- Additionof '#drogen and bromine to al$enes !test for al$enes".- Ma$ing plastics !Addition 'o%"merisation"- (ermentationto produce alco'ol vset'ene ) steam- Reactions of a%co!o%s.- Condensation 'o%"meri)ation* n#lon and pol#ester.
*. Ca%cu%ations and Mo%es:- Calculating Relative formula mass from isotopic +.- + of an element in a compound- Reacting amounts from euations !mo%es"- Reacting volumes of gases at room temp.- Empirical-Molecular Formulae of com'ounds !using mo%eratios and RFM"- ercentage #ield calculations.
+. T!e Periodic Ta%e
- Relate group number, no. of outer electrons and metallic c'aracter acrossperiods.
- '#sical and c'emical properties, including trends, of ,rou's - / and t!einert gases.
- Euations for t'e reactions of Group / metals &it' &ater.- Euations for 0alogen displacement reactions.- roperties of c'lorine gas and '#drogen c'loride gas.- + of gases present in air.- Industrial e1traction of o1#gen and nitrogen from air.- Reactions of o1#gen % (1idation and reduction.- 2aborator# preparation of carbon dio1ide and '#drogen.- '#sical and c'emical properties of ammonia.- ollution b# sulp'ur dio1ide and nitrogen o1ides.
0. Reacti1it" series and t!e E#traction o$ Meta%s 0o& metals react &it' &ater, o1#gen !air" and steam.
3'e reactivit# series and dis'%acementreactions.
E1traction of metals from t'eir ores !(e and A% as specific e1amples".
Electrol#sis and RED2reactions.
4ses of metals related to t'eir 'ro'erties.
Cause and 're1entionof rusting.
/. E%ectro%"sis
Recall e1periments on migration of ions. 4rite ionic 'alf%euations representing t'e reactions at t'e electrodes.
Calculate t'e amounts of t'e products of t'e electrol#sis.
Calculations involving Farada#s.
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5etails for t'e electrol#sis of sodium c'loride solution !brine".
5. Energetics 6nderstanding t'e difference bet&een e#ot!ermicand endot!ermicreaction in
terms of bonds bro$en and made. Energ# level diagrams.
Calculating Energ# c'anges and 0 using E 7 m 1 c 1 3
Calculation of H for a reaction given average bond energ# data.
Energ# c'anges in neutrali8ation reactions and reversible reactions.
6. Acids Bases Sa%ts and 7eutra%isation Colours produced b# litmus, p'enolp't'alein, met'#l orange and universal indicator.
5efinitions of acids and al$alis in terms of proton transfer.
5escribe 'o& to carr# out acid%al$ali titrations.
Calculations involving concentrations of solutions.
-8. Pre'aring and Ana%")ing Sa%ts reparation of soluble salts.
reparation of insoluble salts.
Flame tests for metal ions !cations". 3est for 90), Cu;), Fe;)and Fe
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Atomic tructure
-. Fill in t'e table:particle relative mass relative c'arge position !centre of
atom or outside"neutron
electron
proton
9. Complete t'e follo&ing table.
Atom - Ion9umber of
protons9umber ofneutrons
9umber ofelectrons
ElectronConfiguration
= Ar />
;< 9a //
= Ca;) ;=
3. Boron consists of t&o isotopes, Boron*/= and Boron*//.a" 4'at are isotopes?
b" If t'e relative abundances are ;=+ and >=+ respectivel#, &'at is t'eaverage relative atomic mass of Boron?
*. 5ra& a diagram to s'o&ing t'e position of t'e fundamental particles in an atom ofsodium.
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Bonding and Structure
/. 5escribe an ionic bond.
;. 5escribe a covalent bond.
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@. 5ra& a diagram s'o&ing t'e s'ape of t'e follo&ing moleculesa" Met'ane
b" Carbon dio1ide
. !a" 5escribe t'e structure of solid sodium c'loride, in general terms:
!b" 3'e melting point of sodium c'loride is high*/low*
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Caron C!emistr"
/. !a" Crude oil is a mi1ture of '#drocarbons. 4'at is a '#drocarbon?
!b" 0o& is crude oil separated? E1plain 'o& t'e process &or$s.
!c" Complete t'e follo&ing table.Crude oi% (raction Main use
Camping gas
gasoline Fuel for cars
Ma$ing c'emicals
5iesel
Fuel oil
Road surfaces
;. 3'ermal decomposition reactions can be used to split up large molecules.!a" 9ame t'e process used to t'ermall# decompose large molecules in t'e 'eav#
fractions of crude oil.
!b" 4'at are t'e conditions reuired for t'e process.3emperature . Catal#st .
!c" E1plain &'# oil companies need to carr# out suc' reactions !t&o reasons".
!d" 6sing structural formulae, s'o& 'o& t'e C@al$ane, 'e1ane, undergoes t'ermaldecomposition:
!e" 5escribe a test for one of t'e products in !c", and sa# &'ic' one:
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Et!ano%" 5ra& t'e structural !displa#ed" formula of Et'anol?
@" 5ra& t'e structural !displa#ed" formulae of t'e products from t'e 5e'#drationof et'anol?
" 5escribe 'o& et'anol is made industriall# from et'ene.Include an# important conditions and a balanced euation.
4'at are t'e Advantages and disadvantages of t'is met'od?
>" 5escribe 'o& et'anol is made from t'e Fermentation of sugars.
Include an# important conditions and a balanced euation.
4'at are t'e Advantages and disadvantages of t'is met'od?
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Po%"merisation
D" 4'at are differences bet&een condensation and addition pol#merisation.
/= a" 5ra& a section of t'e pol#mer formed &'en ropene is 'eated under pressure
&it' a suitable catal#st.
b" 4'at is t'e name of t'e pol#mer formed from propene?
c" 4'at t#pe of pol#mer is t'is?
//" Give t&o uses of !/" pol#!propene", and t&o for !;" pol#!c'loroet'ene".
/;" tud# t'e formulae of pol#mers A and B and ans&er t'e uestions.
C 9 !C0;"@ 9 C !C0;": C 9
00
( (
!C0;"@
C C C C C C C C C C
0 00
0 0 0
0
F 0 F
0 0 0
F 0
0
FF
0 0
A
B
(
0
9
0
!a" 4'ic' molecule is an e1ample of !i" an addition pol#mer?
!ii" a condensation pol#mer?
!b" 5ra& t'e structural !displa#ed" formula of t'e monomer used to ma$e B.
!c" 5ra& t'e t@omonomers used to ma$e A.
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Ca%cu%ations/. Calculate t'e percentage b# mass of:
!a" Fe in 'aematite, Fe;(, find its molecularformula.
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. 4'en et'ane is burnt in air t'e reaction is:
;C;0@ ) (; C(; ) @0;(
Calculate t'e volume of o1#gen needed to burn /==.=g of et'ane, at room temperatureand pressure. !/ mole of an# gas at room temperature and pressure occupies ;.=dm
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Periodic Ta%e-. !a" In &'at order are t'e elements placed in t'e eriodic 3able?
!b" 4'at are t'e electronic structures of c'lorine and potassium?Cl: H:
!c" 4'at is t'e electronic structure of a potassium ion?
9. 3'e table lists properties of four metals:meta% m.'t.oC densit"gcm3 !ardness 'ro'erties o$ su%'!ate
A D> =.D;= soft &'ite, soluble in &aterB >= /.= moderate &'ite, insoluble in &ater C /= >.D== 'ard green, soluble in &ater 5 /D ./= uite 'ard &'ite, soluble in &ater
4'ic' one is an al$ali metal? E1plain #our c'oice:
3. Rubidium is immediatel# belo& potassium in t'e eriodic 3able!a" 4rite a balanced s#mbol euation for t'e reaction of rubidium &it' &ater.
!b" 4'at safet# precautions &ould #ou use for t'e reaction in !b", and &'#?
!c" 6se #our $no&ledge of patterns in t'e eriodic 3able to predict &'et'er!i" rubidium is more or less reactive t'an potassium. E#'%ain "our c!oice:
!ii" rubidium 'as a 'ig'er or lo&er melting point t'an potassium. E#'%ain "ourc!oice:
*. Fluorine is immediatel# above c'lorine in t'e Group of t'e eriodic 3able.
a" 0o& &ould #ou e1pect t'e reactivit# of fluorine to compare &it' t'at of c'lorine?E1plain #our reasoning.
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b" 4rite a balanced s#mbol euation, &it' state s#mbols, for t'e reaction of c'lorine&it' a solution of potassium bromide.
c" 5escribe t'e observations t'at &ould be observed for t'e reaction in part b".
. 0#drogen c'loride gas is produced in t'e laborator# in a similar manner b# reactingsodium c'loride &it' sulp'uric acid.
a" 5escribe &'at &ould be observed if universal indicator &as added to '#drogenc'loride gas dissolved in &ater.
b" 5escribe &'at &ould be observed if universal indicator &as added to '#drogen
c'loride gas dissolved in met'#lben8ene.
@. 4'at is t'e + composition of gases in dr# air?
. 0o& are o1#gen and nitrogen obtained from air.
>. 5ra& a dot and cross diagram for nitrogen gas, 9;and e1plain &'# it is unreactive.
D. 5escribe t'e c'emical test for &ater.
/=. 5escribe 'o& carbon dio1ide is produced in t'e laborator#.
//. 4'at &ould #ou observe during t'e t'ermal decomposition of copper!II" carbonate?
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Reacti1it" Series and E#traction o$ meta%s
/ 4'en t'e metal scandium is dipped into a solution of copper!II" sulp'atesolution, t'e solution c'anges from blue to colourless, and a pin$ deposit appears on t'esurface of t'e scandium.
4'en scandium o1ide is 'eated strongl# &it' magnesium 'eat is given out and scandium
metal is formed.
a" 6se t'is information to put t'e t'ree elements scandium, magnesium and copper inorder of increasing reactivit#, e1plaining #our reasoning:
!b" uggest a met'od !not using a different metal" b# &'ic' scandium ma# be e1tractedfrom is compounds.
;. 5escribe 'o& iron is e1tracted from its ore.!Include euations and a consideration of 'o& t'e impurities are removed".
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uantitati1e E%ectro%"sis
/. 5escribe 'o& potassium manganate!II" can be used to s'o& t'at ions moveduring electrol#sis.
;. 4rite 'alf euations for t'e reactions occurring at t'e electrodes during t'eelectrol#sis of molten CaCl;.
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Energetics
/. In an e1periment, =.@= g of propane !C" &as completel# burned in air. 3'e 'eat
evolved raised t'e temperature of /== g of &ater b# @.D C. 6se t'is data to
calculate t'e ent'alp# of combustion of propane.!3'e specific 'eat capacit# of &ater is ./> J g%/H%/".
;. In an e1periment, /.== g of propanone !C0
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. 4'en '#drogen reacts &it' iodine, &e can s'o& t'e reaction as follo&s0 * 0 ) I * I ; !0 * I"
!a" Given t'e follo&ing bond energies, calculate t'e 'eat of reaction.!0 * 0: $J"
!b" 5ra& an energ# level diagram for t'e reaction.
. 3emperature &as recorded as an al$ali &as added to / cm
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Acids Bases Sa%ts and 7eutra%isation
-.Complete eac' &ord euation, t'en &rite a balanced c'emical euation underneat':
!a" 8inc ) '#droc'loric acid
Euation
!b" magnesium '#dro1ide ) '#droc'loric acid
Euation
!c" calcium carbonate ) sulp'uric acid
Euation
!d" ammonia ) sulp'uric acid
Euation
!e" redict t'e products of t'e follo&ing reactions, b# completing t'e &ord euations:
!i" copper!II" o1ide ) nitric acid
!ii" ammonium carbonate ) et'anoic acid
!iii" iron ) sulp'uric acid
;. 4'at is an acid?
4'at is an al$ali?
4rite t'e ionic euation for neutrali8ation.
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. 4'at volume of / mol dm%
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Pre'aring and Ana%")ing Sa%ts
Give t&o e1amples of soluble salts. !6se different t#pes of salts"
5escribe using bullet points 'o& #ou &ould ma$e a pure solution of sodium nitrate.
5escribe using bullet points 'o& #ou &ould ma$e pure barium sulp'ate.
Complete t'e follo&ing tables5etecting Gases
TEST (2R TEST METH2D 2BSERATI27S
0;
C(;
(;
0Cl
Cl;
0;(
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3esting for anions
TEST (2R TEST METH2D 2BSERATI27S CHEMISTRY E;uation
C239
S2*9
C%
Br
I
3esting for cations
TEST (2R TEST METH2D 2BSERATI27S
F
Ca9F
7aF
(e9F
(e3F
Cu9F
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olubilit# of alts
Sa%t So%u%e Sa%ts Inso%u%e Sa%ts
7itrates
C!%orides
Su%'!ates
Caronates
H"dro#ides
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9a;( 3est for 9a) (
;%E1perimental tec'niue
in bullet points
Made industriall# b#
3'ree Euations for process
0;(
3est for 0;(usingConditions for process
Bonding 5iagram of tructure
3est for9a)
Cl%
9aCl
olution electrol#sis Made in lab b#
roducts
Euations: Cat'ode
Anode
pecial apparatus feature
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Fe;(