ReviewReview

• - There are four common patterns of essay organization - There are four common patterns of essay organization in English you should have learned:in English you should have learned:

• 1.1. Chronological orderChronological order2.2. Logical division of ideasLogical division of ideas3.3. Cause and effectCause and effect4.4. Comparison and contrast.Comparison and contrast.

• With each pattern you use special transitionWith each pattern you use special transition signals and structure words.signals and structure words.• There are still other ways of essay organization. There are still other ways of essay organization. • For long essay or term papers , you may need to use a For long essay or term papers , you may need to use a

combination of patterns.combination of patterns.

QuizQuiz

• Write an essay on one of the following topics using a suitable Write an essay on one of the following topics using a suitable

• Generation GapGeneration Gap• University of PalestineUniversity of Palestine• Learning English as a Foreign LanguageLearning English as a Foreign Language• Communication RevolutionCommunication Revolution• How to write an essayHow to write an essay• Internet in the 21Internet in the 21stst Century Century

• You are required to show all steps on paper. You are required to show all steps on paper. - -

• PunctuationPunctuation

Punctuation Punctuation (p. 253- p. 261)(p. 253- p. 261)

• 1. Commas1. Commas

• 2. Semicolons2. Semicolons

• 3. Colons3. Colons

• 4. Quotation marks4. Quotation marks

PunctuationPunctuation1. Commas1. Commas

• Commas functions as:Commas functions as:

• 1. Introducers1. Introducers

• 2. Co-ordinators2. Co-ordinators

• 3. inserters 3. inserters

• 4. linkers4. linkers

PunctuationPunctuation1. Commas1. Commas

• Commas functions as:Commas functions as:

• 1. Introducers: 1. Introducers: • e.g. e.g. Recently, the legislature banned smoking in public Recently, the legislature banned smoking in public

places. places.

• _______, (main clause). _______, (main clause).

• 2. Coordinator 2. Coordinator • Many people opposed the new lawMany people opposed the new law, but, but it finally passed. it finally passed.

• Main clause___ (coordinating conjunction)__ Main clauseMain clause___ (coordinating conjunction)__ Main clause

•

PunctuationPunctuation1. Commas1. Commas

• Commas functions as:Commas functions as:• 3. Inserter: 3. Inserter: Smallpox, once a widespread disease, is under control. Smallpox, once a widespread disease, is under control. Main ----------------------------------------clauseMain ----------------------------------------clause

• 4. Linkers: 4. Linkers: • e.g. (1): The word color is spelled colour in British English, e.g. (1): The word color is spelled colour in British English,

for example. for example. • Main Clause-----------------------------, ----------------. Main Clause-----------------------------, ----------------. • e.g. (2): Cecile speaks English, French, Spanish, and Italian. e.g. (2): Cecile speaks English, French, Spanish, and Italian. • -----------, ---------, ---------,-----------, ---------, ---------,

PunctuationPunctuation1. Commas1. Commas

See p. 254 & 256 for words used for different kinds of See p. 254 & 256 for words used for different kinds of commas commas

See practice I, p. 255See practice I, p. 255

Punctuation Punctuation semi - colonssemi - colons

• The semi-colon is more like a period than a The semi-colon is more like a period than a comma. comma.

• It is used between: It is used between:

• 1. Between two sentences that are 1. Between two sentences that are closely connected in idea. closely connected in idea.

e.g. Alice is going to Harvard; she isn’t going to M. e.g. Alice is going to Harvard; she isn’t going to M. I. T. I. T.

Punctuation Punctuation semi - colonssemi - colons

• It is used between: It is used between:

• 2. Before conjunctive adverbs and 2. Before conjunctive adverbs and some traditional phrases. some traditional phrases.

• Skiing is dangerous; nevertheless, hundreds of Skiing is dangerous; nevertheless, hundreds of people ski. people ski.

Punctuation Punctuation semi - colonssemi - colons

• 3. Between items in a series if the 3. Between items in a series if the items already contain commas. items already contain commas.

• See p. 257See p. 257

Colons:Colons:

• 1. Lists1. Lists

• 2. Long quotations2. Long quotations

• 3. Subtitles3. Subtitles

• 4. Time4. Time

• 5. Formal salutations5. Formal salutations

Quotation marksQuotation marks

ParallelismParallelism(p. 168)(p. 168)

• Using similar grammatical structures Using similar grammatical structures to balance your writing. to balance your writing.

• If the first structure is a noun, make all the others nouns; If the first structure is a noun, make all the others nouns; if it is an infinitive verb phrase, make all of the others if it is an infinitive verb phrase, make all of the others infinitive verb phrases; if it is a dependent clause, make all infinitive verb phrases; if it is a dependent clause, make all of the others dependent clauses. of the others dependent clauses.

• with conjunctions (And, Or, But)with conjunctions (And, Or, But)

• Correlative conjunctionsCorrelative conjunctions

Sentence ProblemsSentence Problems

• 1. Sentence Fragments1. Sentence Fragments

• 2. Choppy Sentences2. Choppy Sentences

• 3. Run-On sentences and Comma 3. Run-On sentences and Comma SplicesSplices

• 4. Stringy Sentences4. Stringy Sentences

Sentence Problems: Sentence Problems: Sentence fragments (p. 171)Sentence fragments (p. 171)

• Sentence fragments are incomplete Sentence fragments are incomplete sentences or parts of sentences. sentences or parts of sentences.

• (A complete sentence must contain (A complete sentence must contain at least one main or independent at least one main or independent clause)clause)

• See p. 171See p. 171

Sentence Problems:Sentence Problems:Choppy SentenceChoppy Sentence

• Choppy sentences are sentences that Choppy sentences are sentences that are too short. They are the result for are too short. They are the result for using too many simple sentences.using too many simple sentences.

• • Although simple sentences are quite effective sometimes, Although simple sentences are quite effective sometimes,

overuse of them is considered poor style in academic overuse of them is considered poor style in academic

writingwriting. . • See, p. 173. See, p. 173.

Sentence Problems:Sentence Problems:Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices (p, 175)Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices (p, 175)

• A run-on sentenceA run-on sentence is a sentence in which two or is a sentence in which two or more independent clauses are written one after more independent clauses are written one after another with no punctuation. another with no punctuation.

• A similar error happens when two independent clauses are A similar error happens when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined by a comma without a coordinating incorrectly joined by a comma without a coordinating conjunctionconjunction

• N.B This kind of error is also called a comma N.B This kind of error is also called a comma splice. splice.

• Comma Splice means joining end to end.Comma Splice means joining end to end.