Lectures 21 Review

Approximately 90% of nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine.

1. True 2. False

Answer: True.

The majority of chemical digestion also occurs in the small intestine as well. What are released from the following organs to help aid in chemical digestion:

Liver:Pancreas:

Bile Digestive enzymes

Name the three regions of the small intestine as they move throughout the GI tract.

Approximately how long is each region?

1. Duodenum (10-12 inches)2. Jejunum (7.5-8 feet)3. Ileum (10.8-12 feet)

Which of these 3 regions receives the main pancreatic duct and bile duct which aid in digestion?

Answer: Duodenum

What is the purpose of microvilli in the small intestine?

1. Decrease surface area of SI and therefore decreases friction between bolus and epithelium.

2. It’s sole purpose is to aid in the movement of food as it moves through the small intestine.

3. Increase the surface area of absorption and releases digestive enzymes in the final stages of digestion.

Answer: Number 3.

Name the type of hernia based on the location it is occurring:

Type of Hernia Location of occurrence

Intestine push through inguinal canal.

Intestines push through the femoral triangle

Stomach pushes through esophageal hiatus

Intestines push through the rectus abdominis

Inguinal herniaFemoral herniaHiatal herniaUmbilical hernia

Bonus Question: Do hiatal and femoral hernias occur more in males or females?

Answer:Hiatal hernias = malesFemoral hernias = females

What 2 things are primarily absorbed in the large intestine?

1. Nutrients and Electrolytes2. Water and Electrolytes3. Proteins and Electrolytes

Answer: Water and Electrolytes

Name the structure of the large intestine based on the description below:

_________________ are fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum._________________ are three thin, longitudinal bundles of smooth muscle._________ are sacks or bulges that store food moving through the GI tract.

Epiploic appendagesTeniae coli

Haustra

Locate the following structures of the large intestine:

1. Ileocecal Valve

2. Cecum

3. Appendix

4. Ascending colon

5. Hepatic flexure

6. Transverse colon

7. Splenic flexure

8. Descending colon

9. Sigmoid colon

10. Rectum

11. Anal canal

1

2

3

4

56

7

8

910

11

The internal sphincter is made up of (skeletal/smooth) muscle and is therefore

(involuntary/voluntary).

The external sphincter is made up of (skeletal/smooth) muscle and is therefore

(involuntary/voluntary).

Locate the internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter, and anal sinuses on the animation to the right: 1

2

3

Name the disorders of the lower GI tract based on the descriptions below:

When fecal matter obstructs the appendix it will swell and even burst if untreated.

This is the second most common form of cancer that arises from intestinal polyps.

This is periodic inflammation of the intestinal walls commonly associated with cramps, diarrhea, weight loss, and intestinal bleeding.

Any hindrance to movement of chyme or feces through the intestine is known as…

Appendicitis

Colorectal Cancer

Inflammatory bowel disease

Intestinal obstruction

The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder are all __________ organs, because they secrete

substances into the GI tract to facilitate digestion.

1. Accessory Digestive2. Gastrointestinal Tract3. Endocrine

Answer: Accessory Digestive

The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the _______ region of the small intestine.

Is the pancreas part of the exocrine or endocrine system? Explain.

1.Duodenum2.Jejunum3.Ileum

Answer: Duodenum

Answer: it belongs to both systems, because it releases digestive enzymes into the small intestine (exocrine) and also produces insulin and glucagon (hormones of the endocrine system).

Main pancreatic duct

Accessorypancreatic duct

Name the 4 lobes of the liver:

Gallbladder

Left lobe

Anterior view

Round ligament

Falciform ligament

Right lobe

Inferior view

Right lobe Left lobe

Quadrate lobe

Caudate lobe

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

1. Storage of excess blood nutrients.2. Detoxification of poisons and

drugs.3. Clean out debris and old RBC’s.4. Secrete amylase for the digestion

of proteins.5. Production of blood proteins.

Answer: Number 4.

What is the digestive function of the liver?

Answer: To produce bile.

Hepatic Artery

Hepatic Portal Vein

Hepatic Vein, then Inferior Vena Cava

Locate the structures of a hepatic lobule:1. Hepatocyte 2. Branch of hepatic artery 3. Branch of hepatic portal vein 4. Hepatic sinusoid 5. Central Vein 6. Bile canaliculi 7. Branch of bile duct

Hepaticlobule

1

23

4

5

67

The gall bladder stores and concentrates bile. Name the structures that bile passes through as it moves from the liver to the small intestine:

Cystic duct 1

2

34

Left and right hepatic ducts (from the liver)

Common hepatic duct

Common bile duct

Duodenum

Major duodenal papilla

Main pancreatic duct

Bonus: What is the function of bile in the digestive process?

Answer: the emulsification of fat/lipids.

Match the following disorders of the accessory organs with their description below:

Commonly caused by alcoholism, liver cells are destroyed and replaced by connective tissue that results in jaundice and toxin buildup in blood.

These are caused by crystallization of cholesterol or calcium and bile salts.

Inflammation of the liver that is usually associated with flu-like symptoms and jaundice.

Liver Cirrhosis

Viral Hepatitis

Gallstones

Name the missing structures of the peritoneal cavity:

Peritoneal Cavity

Liver

Stomach

Transverse colon

Diaphragm

Urinary bladder

Pancreas

Duodenum

Jejunum

IleumRectum

Peritoneal cavity

Lesser omentum

Mesocolon

Greater omentum

Parietal peritoneum

Mesentery proper

Visceral peritoneum

Peritoneal Cavity Questions. Fill in the blanks:

____________ organs lie directly against the body wall and are outside the parietal peritoneum, as where ____________ organs are found the peritoneal cavity.

Double layer folds that support intraperitoneal organs are known as______________.

intraperitoneal

Retroperitoneal

mesenteries

Name the 4 types of mesentery and which organs they support:

1. Greater Omentum – Stomach2. Lesser Omentum – Stomach3. Mesentery Proper – Small Intestine4. Mesocolon – Pancreas and Transverse Colon

Name as many retroperitoneal organs as you can:

Answers: Duodenum, Pancreas, Ascending and Descending Colon, Rectum, and Kidneys

Hint: AC/DC Kids PaRty Down

Embryonic development of the digestive system questions:

Endoderm becomes a tube after what process of pregnancy?

What are the organs called that bud off of the primitive gut tube?

Name the three regions of the primitive gut tube:

1.

2.3.

Answers:1. Foregut2. Midgut3. Hindgut

Answer: Body Folding

Answer: Accessory Digestive Organs

What do each region of the primitive gut become? Finish the table:

Primitive Gut Region Organs of GI tract it becomes

Foregut

Midgut

Hindgut

Pharynx to duodenumDuodenum to transverse colon

Transverse colon to anus