REVIEW ON HEPATOPROTECTIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR …

www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 7, 2020.

Kale et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research

1088

REVIEW ON HEPATOPROTECTIVE MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR

LIVER DISEASES

Swapnali Gangadhar Kale*, Sneha Sampat Kanase, Saurabh Deepak Kalkate and

Sagar S. Muley

Anand Charitable Sanstha’s Collage of Pharmaceutical Science and Research Ashti. Dist.

Beed.

ABSTRACT

Liver is a vital organ play a major role in metabolism and excretion of

xenobiotics from the body liver cell injury is caused by many toxic

chemicals (like antibiotic, chemotherapeutic agents, carbon

tetrachloride, Viral hepatitis, etc.). Excessive alcohol consumption and

microbes is well studied. Hence, herbal drugs have become

increasingly and become popular and their use trade worldwide. liver

injury induced by toxins is more common nowadays. So, herbal

medicines are used fr treatment of liver disease from a long time.

Thaats why herbal remedies are focused in the pharmaceutical

industries. Evolve a safe route of for liver disorder. Ther present

review is aimed to compile the data on herbal drugs used in

hepatotoxicity, their mode of action (MOA) are highlight the most recent studies on

hepatotoxicity subject and based information published in scientific database such as scopus

and pubmed.

KEYWORDS: Herbal drugs, liver, hepatoprotectives, herbs, herbal drug.

INTRODUCTION

Medicinal Plant have been major source for cure of human disease since time immemorial.

Today one fourth of the world population depends on traditional medicines side effect

convention medicines. Efficiency of plant derived drug the growing interest in natural

product has increased scientific interest in medicinal plants. There is a rational therapy

available for liver disorder and it’s so still changes to modern medicines. In Olden time

World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 8.084

Volume 9, Issue 7, 1088-1102. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105

Article Received on

07 May 2020,

Revised on 27 May 2020,

Accepted on 17 June 2020,

DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20207-17906

*Corresponding Author

Swapnali Gangadhar Kale

Anand Charitable Sanstha’s

Collage of Pharmaceutical

Science and Research Ashti.

Dist. Beed.



1089

herbal products were used for medicinal purpose both internally as well as externally herbal

drugs are used juice, latex or derived powder form.[1]

Liver

A. Histology of liver

The liver is the largest internal organ of the human body, weighing approximately 1.5 kg.

Embryologically it develops from the foregut and it spans the upper right and part of left

abdominal quadrants. Anatomically the liver consists of four lobes: two larger ones (right and

left) and two smaller ones (quadrate and caudate). Histologically speaking, it has a complex

microscopic structure, that can be viewed from several different angles. Physiologically

speaking, the liver also performs many essential functions and it is your best friend when you

are enjoying some beers with your friends. This article will examine every histological

component of the liver, its macroscopic and microscopic vascular supply, and the biliary

system.

Fig no. 1 – Histology of liver.

B. Functions

1. manufacture and excretion of bile.

2. manufacture of several major plasma proteins albumin, fibrinogen and prothrombin.

3. metabolism of proteins carbohydrates and lipids.

4. storage of Vitamins A, D and B12 and ions.

5. detoxification of toxic substances such as alcohol and drugs.



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6. liver has wide range of function including detoxification protein synthesis and production

of biochemical necessary for digestion and synthesis as well as breakdown of small and

complex molecules.

7. these herbal drugs have shown the ability to maintain the normal functioning of liver with

or without fever side effects.[2]

C. Pathophysiology

The normal liver contains resident and migratory Lymphocytes macrophages and leukocytes

that provide immunity foreign antigen. the cell of liver primary targets for the oxidative stress

and toxicity induced by Variety of agents this is because the liver is the major site for drug

metabolism coupled with the proliferative response to hepatocytes. liver injury is one of the

major health challenges in the world.[3]

liver play an astonishing array of pointer function in

the maintenance performance and regulation of homeostasis of the body it is also handling

the metabolism and biochemical pathway to growth fight against the deceased nutrient supply

energy provision and reproduction. excretion of drugs and other xenobiotic from body

thereby providing protection against foreign substance by detoxifying and climating them,

bile secreted by liver has among other things play an important role of digestion and has a

liquid for oxidation during metabolism of Ethanol made developed the result of hepatitis

leading to cirrhosis.[4]

The Indian traditional medicine like Ayurvedic Siddha Unani are

predominantly based upon use of plant material. herbal drugs have gained important and

popularity in recent year because of their safety efficiency and cost effectiveness.[5]

dictionary of Indian folk medicine and cotton include 2532 plants India has about 45000 plant

species and many them have been studied for their medicinal properties about 2000 figure are

available in the literature and commonly 500 spaces are used in the indigenous system even

though early for 500 to 1500 BC origin find long history of uages in the last two countries the

Ayurveda had received very little official support and attention were Notice from good

material partitioner and researcher a large extent work now being done on botany

Pharamacognocy biotechnology chemistry and Pharmacology of herbal medicine.

Recent work in drug development released to spacies of

1. commiphora (used in hypolipidermic agent)

2. picrohiza (which is hepatoprotective|)

3. Bacopa (used in brain tonic).[6]



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Liver disease remains serious health problem and are caused among other by drug chemical

alcohol chronic liver disease caused by morbidity and mortality throughout the world

conventional medicine therapeutics for many, liver disorder include non-alcoholic fatty liver

disease and viral hepatitis has Limited efficiency and potentially life-threatening side effects.

The most commonly medicinal plant and herbal preparation used for the management of liver

disease include

1. Phylanthus sp. (Euphorbeaceae)

2. Silubum marianum (L)

3. Gaettn (milk thistle) (Astereceae)

4. Glycyrrhizin (Licorice root extract)

5. LIV52 (mixture of herb).[7]

Liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animal and is typically the largest

visceral organ liver liver are the play role of transforming and clearing Chemicals and is

susceptible to the toxicity form this agent some medicinal agent when taken in overdose and

sometimes even when introduced within therapeutic Rangers Mein injured the organ

Chemicals that cause the liver injury are called hepatotoxin.[8]

DIFFERENT HERBS USED AS HEPATOPROTECTIVES

A. Punernava

Punarnava, a potent ayurvedic has immense health benefits and has been in use since ancient

times in treating a host of health anomalies. Commonly known as Hogweed, Sterling, Tarvine

in English, Mukarati Kirei in Tamil, Raktakunda, and Shothaghni in Sanskrit, it goes by the

botanical name Boerhavia diffusa.

The herb is used as a diuretic and an expectorant, stomachic and is prescribed in the treatment

of jaundice. It is also given in the loss of digestive power, enlargement of spleen and for

abdominal pains. The roots are used by a large number of tribes in India for the treatment of

various hepatic disorders.[10]



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Fig no. 2 – Punarnava.

Punarnava which literally translates into ‘something that renews or replenishes the body’ i.e.

a reviver, is an herb belonging to the 4 o'clock Nyctaginaceae family that are characterized by

their unique type of fruit called anthocarp. Quite like its name, Punarnava is a traditional

ayurvedic plant that is used to rejuvenate the whole body. The plant as a whole is used in the

treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, fever, edema, eye problems, stomach issues, and liver

disorders.[9]

B. Arjuna

Arjuna (Terminalia arjuna Rob, family Combretaceae) consists of dried stem bark of the

plant, it grows in most parts of India. It apparently has a diuretic and a general tonic effect in

cases of cirrhosis of the liver.[11]

Arjuna is a potential cardioprotective agent belonging to the

Combretaceae family. It is an ayurvedic remedy that has been mentioned since vedic period

in many ancient Indian medicinal texts including Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and

Astang Hridayam. It was Vagabhatta who, for the first time, advocated the use of stem bark

powder in heart ailments.[12]



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Fig. no. 3 – Arjuna tree with dried bark.

Effective for chest pain, angina, heart disease, diabetes, heart failure, high levels of

cholesterol or other fats, osteoarthritis, HIV infection, lung condition, diarrhoea, urinary

problems, water retention. In the present study, whole lipid profile changed favourably after 1

month therapy of T. arjuna. Dwivedi reports that a study described in a thesis by S. Khalil in

2005 found that Arjuna bark powder along with statin for 3 months resulted in a 15%

decrease in total cholesterol, 11% decrease in serum triglyceride level and 16% decrease in

LDL cholesterol. There was a minimal decline in lipoprotein and nitrite levels. The result

suggests that Arjuna may work synergistically with statin in hyperlipidaemia.[13]

C. Bhringaraja

Eclipta alba (Bhringaraja), belonging to family Composite is a perennial shrub which grows

widely in moist tropical countries. It is used as alterative, anthelmintic, expectorant,

antipyretic, antiasthmatic, tonic, deobstruent in hepatic and spleen enlargement and

significant anti-inflammatory activity. It has been reported to be useful in liver ailments &

has been shown to possess hepatoprotective activity against carbontetrachloride induced

liver cell damage in animals.

http://www.aihbonline.com/article.asp?issn=2321-8568;year=2019;volume=9;issue=1;spage=98;epage=101;aulast=Priya#ref16



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Fig. no. 4 – Bhringraja.

The effect of Eclipta alba extract was studied on paracetamol induced hepatic damage in

Mice. Treatment with ethanol extract of E. alba was found to protect the mice from

hepatotoxic action of paracetamol as evidenced by significant reduction in the elevated serum

transaminase levels Eclipta alba (Bhringaraja), belonging to family Composite is a perennial

shrub which grows widely in moist tropical countries. It is used as alterative, anthelmintic,

expectorant, antipyretic, antiasthmatic, tonic, deobstruent in hepatic and spleen enlargement

and significant anti-inflammatory activity.

It has been reported to be useful in liver ailments & has been shown to possess

hepatoprotective activity against carbontetrachloride induced liver cell damage in animals.

The effect of Eclipta alba extract was studied on paracetamol induced hepatic damage in

Mice. Treatment with ethanol extract of E. alba was found to protect the mice from

hepatotoxic action of paracetamol as evidenced by significant reduction in the elevated serum

transaminase levels.

D. Mangoteen

Garcinia mangostana Linn. commonly known as " mangos teen", is a tropical evergreen tree

and is an emerging category of novel functional foods sometimes called "super fruits"

presumed to have a combination of appealing subjective characteristics, such as taste,

fragrance and visual qualities, nutrient richness, antioxidant strength and potential impact for

lowering risk of human diseases. Mangosteen trees have a weak root system and prefer deep,

well drained soils with high moisture content, often growing on riverbanks.[12]

The

mangosteen is not adapted to limestone soils, sandy, alluvial soils or sandy soils with low



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organic matter content.[13][14]

Mangosteen trees need a well distributed rainfall over the year

(<40 mm/month) and a 3–5 week dry season.[13]

Fig. no. 5 – Mangoteen Fruits.

Mangosteen trees are sensitive to water availability and application of fertilizer input which is

increased with the age of trees, regardless of region.[14]

Maturation of mangosteen fruits takes

5–6 months, with harvest occurring when the pericarps are purple.[15]

Mangosteen is usually propagated by seedlings. Vegetative propagation is difficult and

seedlings are more robust and reach fruiting earlier than vegetative propagated plants.

E. Kutki

Picrorhiza kurroa is one of the major income generating non-timber forest products found in

the Nepalese Himalayas. It is one of the oldest medicinal plants traded from the Karnali zone.

Known as Kutki, it is a perennial herb and is used as a substitute for Indian gentian (Gentiana

kurroo).[16]

It is found in the Himalayan region from Kashmir to Sikkim at an elevation of 2700-4500

m and in Nepal, found abundantly between 3500 and 4800 m.



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Fig. no. 6 – Kutki plant with Rhizomes.

The rhizome has a long history of use in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of

digestive problems. Other uses have been proposed (e.g. for asthma, liver damage, wound

healing, vitiligo) but the medical evidence is not yet conclusive. It appears to be relatively

safe based on its long history of traditional use. Kutki has hepato-protective properties and

thus supports the liver and spleen. It is used in all forms of liver damage, cirrhosis and

inflammation of the liver. It protects the liver against damage from the hepatitis C virus.

F. Amla

Liver toxins, high blood cholesterol, and age-related kidney disorders have all been

scientifically proven to be corrected with the antioxidant properties contained in amla berries.

Amla fruits are used as a diuretic, refrigerant and laxative. Dried fruits are given in diabetes

and dysentery. They are also administered in jaundice, dyspepsia and anemia along with iron

compound. It is reported that fixed oil from fruits possess the property of promoting hair

growth. Seeds of the fruits are used in treatment of asthma and bronchitis. The leaves are

used as fodder. Alcoholic extract of the fruit is anti–viral. It is a popular ingredient of

“Triphala” and “Chyawanprash”. There fruits they are rich in Vitamin C (Lascorbic acid)

content, ranging from 0.1 to 0.7% in fresh pericarp.[17]



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Fig. no. 7 – Amla tree.

Fig. no. 8 – Amla growing on tree.

Amla, being rich source of vitamin C, is considered to be effective in slowing down the

ageing process. Ageing is a cumulative result of damage to various cells and tissues, mainly

by oxygen free radicals. Vitamin C is a scavenger of free radicals which breaks them down; it

has an antioxidant synergism with vitamin E which prevents pre-oxidation of lipids.

Hepatoprotective activity of Emblicaofficinalis (EO) and chyawanprash (CHY)extracts was

studied using Carbontetrachloride induced liver injury model inrats. Emblica officinalis and



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CHY extractswere found to inhibit the hepatotoxicityproduced by acute and

chronicadministration as seen from the decreasedlevels of serum and liver lipid

peroxides(LPO), glutamate-pyruvate transaminase(GPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP).

Chronic CCI (4) administration was alsofound to produce liver fibrosis as seen fromthe

increased levels of collagen hydroxylproline and pathological

analysis. Emblicaofficinalis and CHY extracts were found toreduce the elevated levels

significantly, indicating that the extract could inhibit theinduction of fibrosis in rats.[18]

Fig. no. 9 – Saffron plant.

G. Saffron

Saffron is a plant. The dried stigmas (thread-like parts of the flower) are used to make saffron

spice. It can take 75,000 saffron blossoms to produce a single pound of saffron spice. Saffron is

largely cultivated and harvested by hand. Due to the amount of labor involved in harvesting,

saffron is considered one of the world's most expensive spices. The stigmas, and sometimes the

petals, are also used to make medicine.



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Fig. no. 10 – Dried stigma of Saffron.

Saffron is used for depression and Alzheimer disease. Women use saffron for menstrual

cramps and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Men use it to for early orgasm (premature

ejaculation) and infertility. Saffron is used for many other conditions, but there is no good

scientific evidence to support many of these uses. Saffron is LIKELY SAFE in food amounts.

Saffron is POSSIBLY SAFE when taken by mouth as a medicine for up to 26 weeks. Some

possible side effects include dry mouth, anxiety, agitation, drowsiness, low mood, sweating,

nausea or vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, change in appetite, flushing, and headache.

Allergic reactions can occur in some people.

H. Jatamanasi

Fig. no. 11 – Jatanamasi.



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Fig. no. 12 – Rhizomes of Jatamanasi.

Nardostachys jatamansi DC. (Valerianaceae) and Selinum vaginatum C.B. Clarke

(Umbelliferae) are two important indigenous drugs found in Himalayan region. The roots and

the rhizomes of N. jatamansi, as mentioned in Ayurveda, have been used in various herbal

formulations including dietary supplements. This important traditional drug is also used to

treat epilepsy, hysteria, syncope, convulsions, and mental weakness.

The decoction of the drug is also used in neurological disorders, insomnia, and disorders of

cardiovascular system. It has been reported to exhibit antidepressant, anticonvulsant and

antiarrhythmic activities as well as to possess antioxidant and lipid peroxidation

activities.[19,20]

Consuming jatamansi in excess may cause adverse effects on the body. As it has laxative

properties, consuming in large quantities may cause loose stool. The dosage should always

be regulated and as per prescriptions.

Nausea and vomiting is often accompanied with having more than prescribed dose of the

herb and its products. Frequent urination and abdominal cramps can also occur. Some people

may be allergic to the constituent chemicals of jatamansi. It is extremely important to go

through the constituent list of the herb before consuming it. If an allergic person consumes

even a minimal quantity of the product, he may have reaction. Pregnant and lactating women

should avoid consumption of jatamansi and products containing it as it induces menstrual

discharge.



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CONCLUSION

From the review study, it is clear that the herbal plant play a significant role against on

various diseases. Different medicinal herbs extracts have potent hepatoprotective actibvities.

The hepatoprotective activity is probably due to the presence of flavonoids, phenolic

compounds, polyphenols, etc. in all few herbal plants.

the result of this study indicate that extract of leaves and plant of some medicinal herbal

plants have good potential for use in hepatic diseases. The present review study give

evidential explore mechanism o action medicinal plant against experimently indiced

hepatotoxicity. Hene this reviw study is concluded that the herbal drug posses

hepatoprotective activity.

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