Review of DC Microgrid System with Various Power Quality ...

Majlesi Journal of Mechatronic Systems Vol. 8, No. 3, September 2019

35

Review of DC Microgrid System with Various Power Quality

Issues in Real Time Operation of DC Microgrid Connected

System

Ila Rai1, S. Ravishankar2, R. Anand3

1,2,3-Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Bengaluru, Amrita Vishwa

Vidyapeetham, India.

Email: [email protected], [email protected] , [email protected]

Received: May 2019 Revised: June 2019 Accepted: July 2019

ABSTRACT:

This paper presents an overview of the various microgrid architectures of DC microgrid and power quality issues

including harmonic currents, inrush currents, bus fault,circulating currents and grounding of the system. A microgrid

utilizing a DC bus can avoid various power conversion steps, and hence minimize the loss incurred as compared to AC

bus. The high frequency semiconductor devices with greater voltage blocking capacities are essential components of

DC microgrid. With the advent of new power electronic devices and circuits, the practical implementation of DC

microgrid still suffers from various power quality issues and device limitations. This paper investigates and compares

the power loss and harmonics for different semiconductor devices with the help of MATLAB and the experimental

findings indicate that SiC device implementation significantly increases energy efficiency and enhances microgrid

power quality.

KEYWORDS: DC Microgrid, Harmonic Analysis, Inrush Current, Bus Fault, Power Quality.

1. INTRODUCTION

The energy landscape is rapidly changing because

electrical systems are balancing a range of challenges

around the globe.Environmental concerns and gradual

depletion of fossil fuel gave rise to a growing increase in

the penetration of distributed generators that incorporate

renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, and

new types of loads like electric vehicles and heat pumps

in the present-day electrical systems [1]. The concept of

microgrid is proposed as a possible answer to control the

impact of distributed generation and to make

conventional grid more suitable for large scale

deployment of distributed generation since it can work

independently, or in grid-connected mode [2]. Even if

notable progress has been made in enhancing the

performance of AC microgrids over the previous

century, DC microgrids have been acknowledged as

more appealing for various uses owing to greater

effectiveness, more natural interface to many kinds of

RES and ESS, better compliance with consumer

electronics, etc. The control system for DC microgrid is

less complicated as there are no issues related to reactive

power and frequency regulation. Sources can be directly

connected to DC microgrid through a controllable

electronic interface converter and regulation of common

DC bus voltage is the main challenge for proper control

operation [3]. The power quality issues of DC

microgrids differ in many respects from those in grid-

connected AC microgrids. The idea of power quality

issues in DC microgrid comes from the power electronic

converters which is the pillar of DC microgrid structure

which are often overlooked in DC microgrid. DC

microgrid, an emerging technology, needs to tackle

these issues to make its practical implementation

possible. The essential DC microgrid power quality

issues acknowledged in the literature are harmonic

currents, inrush current, fault current, and grounding,

voltage transient, Electro-Magnetic Interference (EMI),

communication challenge, voltage unbalance issue and

challenge to minimise the circulating currents [4].

To enrich the DC microgrid research field, these

issues are critically reviewed on real time operation and

reported in this paper.

The content of this paper is presented as follows: In

section II complete overview of different architectures

are discussed to motivate the analysis of DC microgrid

power quality issues. In section III DC microgrid

interfaced with AC grid is analysed. Section IV

discusses various power quality issues that have been

recognized as significant for design of DC microgrids.

Section V provides conclusions and summarizes the

mailto:[email protected]




36

power quality problems that must be considered in the

design of a DC microgrid.

2. OVERVIEW OF DC MICROGRID SYSTEM

The DC microgrids are classified into different

categories according to voltage polarity, grid

architecture and bus topology.

A. Voltage polarity of DC microgrid:

DC microgrids are using two-wire systems

(unipolar) or three-wire systems ((bipolar) currently for

power transmission [5-8]. The available voltage levels

are different in numbers in these two configurations. The

DC microgrid can be unipolar or bipolar according to

voltage level. The unipolar System provides only one

voltage level while bipolar system provides three

voltage level for consumer.

DC microgrid with unipolar system

DC microgrid with bipolar system

DC microgrid with unipolar system:

Unipolar system transmits energy at single voltage

level over the bus. Positive and negative poles of the bus

are used to connect various sources and loads as shown

in fig.1.Selection of voltage level is very important as

there is only one voltage level for different loads. Power

transmission capability increases if the selected voltage

level is high, but it requires more no. of DC-DC

converters. Another issue with high voltage level is

increased safety risk. At low voltage level these issues

can be minimised and can be a conceivable answer for

off-grid houses in remote zones. The unipolar system

does not face the problem of asymmetry between the

poles and utilises less no. of DC-DC converters and

hence simple to implement.

DC microgrid with bipolar system:

The DC migrogrid with bipolar system is a three-

wire system and consists of positive line, negative line

and neutral line as shown in Fig. 2. This system can

provide option to choose three voltage level: +Vdc, -Vdc

and 2Vdc as any of the two wires can be used for power

supply. The bipolar system provides better dependability

and accessibility of the power during fault since the

power can be transmitted using other two wires under

fault condition. Bipolar System offers more flexibility

for connecting different loads, but unequal distribution

of loads can create unbalance in the system. System

unbalance can be minimised with the help of voltage

balancer and suitable control for power converter [9].

DC microgrid architecture and grounding scheme will

depend on unipolar and bipolar topology in future.

Fig.1. Unipolar DC Microgrid

Fig.2. Bipolar DC Microgrid

B. DC microgrid architecture:

The integration of renewable energy sources such as

wind energy and solar energy with energy storage

systems in DC Microgrid scheme is continually growing

with enhanced demand for electricity, making it a very

significant form of electrical distribution scheme. The

power generation capability of renewable energy

sources relies on weather conditions and is inherently

unsure and variable. Therefore, interfacing of DC

microgrid with the AC grid is of great significance to

improve DC microgrid system reliability and

accessibility. A DC microgrid can be interfaced with AC

grid in many ways such as:

Radial type of configuration

Ring or loop type of configuration

Interconnected type of configuration

Each type of configuration has its own advantages

and disadvantages and in view of these different

arrangements various types of DC microgrid

architectures are possible. In recent years different types

of DC microgrid architecture is already discussed. This

section reviews different configurations in detail which

are mentioned above.


37

Radial type of configuration

DC bus and AC grid are connected together at the

end providing only one route for power flow in this

configuration. Each load is linked to the grid using just

one route. The DC bus scheme used may be either

unipolar or bipolar depending on its requirements and

applications. The radial architecture is appropriate for

low voltage applications and can be used in residential

buildings. Radial configuration prevents additional

conversion and reduces distribution losses as grid

interface and loads can be installed close to each other.

Single-bus topology is most frequently used in a DC

microgrid system as it is appropriate for low voltage.

Microgrid can be linked straight to the energy storage

system and no. of battery cells in series can be decided

based on the load voltage [10], [11]. Single bus topology

is dynamically stable but suffers from voltage

fluctuation in the common DC bus because of the linked

energy storage system which limits its implementation

[12]. Another problem is unregulated battery charging as

it needs to coordinate with several parallel converters

linked to microgrid which generates an imperfection in

bus voltage. This increases the wear and tear of batteries

and the imperfection in bus voltage leads to circulating

current problems and also causes uneven loading of

converters[13][14]. On the other hand, when connected

via converter, energy storage system provides flexibility

in control, the system's performance and reliability can

also be improved. Using multiple battery stacks for

energy storage system, the scheme reliability can be

further enhanced, and this system can therefore be used

to supply loads in a variety of areas. This topology is

most widely discussed in the literature [15–17]. Despite

its attractive features, this type of topology suffers from

several technical problems. Since energy is provided via

a single bus, careful design is required for the control

parameters and circuits. A multiple bus structure is

suggested to provide the practical solution for these issue

[18], [19]. Multi-bus configurations of DC microgrid

can provide higher reliability and availability compared

to single bus topology and an alternate solution for

technical problem associated with single bus system. In

case of failure faulty buses can be isolated and each

microgrid can share the power from its neighbouring

microgrids [20-22]. Power transfer between all DC

buses can be controlled by monitoring local voltage

deviations at nominal value using digital communication

technology [23].

This concept can also be used for a multi-DC

microgrid scheme. Two or more microgrids can be

linked in series or parallel via DC bus in multi-DC

microgrid system and each microgrid can have its own

energy storage and renewable energy sources together

with different loads. The parallel radial architecture

offers more reliable operation as only defective buses

can be isolated and normal operation in healthy buses

continues [24]. This type of configurations has added

benefits such as different voltage level (in bipolar) and

simplicity. All nearby buses (multi-bus architecture) can

share energy in this type of configuration. Buses

connected after and before a faulty bus cannot share the

energy with the other part of the arrangement in a multi-

bus scheme [25] [26].The series connected radial

architecture does not provide flexibility in fault

conditions. In a series radial single bus system, a fault

may disturb all the consumer connected to it and in multi

bus system the buses connected after and before a faulty

bus cannot share the power with the other part of the

system [27].

Ring or Loop type of configuration

A ring type of configuration consists of more than

one path between the customers and grid interface and it

can overcome the limitations of radial configuration.

The faulty bus can be disconnected through switches

which are connected at the ends of each DC bus. This

offers resilience to the system during fault condition. All

the buses including their interface with other

neighbouring buses are controlled by an Intelligent

Electronic Device (IED) [28]. The IED isolates the

faulty bus from the system after detecting the fault in that

bus and gives a provision for a different path to supply

power during fault condition. This type of distribution

system is better than radial system and can be used for

industrial applications. Both radial and ring type

configuration mainly depend on the grid supply. The

drawback of the DC migrogrid system with radial and

ring type configurations is that it cannot get required

supply during fault condition in AC grid.

Reconfigurable topology is suggested to improve

system flexibility during faults or periods of

maintenance. This type of configuration can be either of

ring type or zonal type [29]. The common dc bus linked

to the load can be supplied bidirectionally in ring type

setup to provide alternative route to the DC bus during

fault. Multiterminal DC (MTDC) system is proposed in

[30–32] for HVDC system.

Multiple input terminals are used to supply DC

distribution network and connected in mesh type of

configuration. Power flow in this setup is though flexible

but more complex than in other configurations since the

system has various power transmission routes.

Interconnected type of configuration

In interconnected type of configuration, the DC bus

is connected to grid through more than one supply. It

ensures an alternative supply from AC grid in case of

fault in one or more feeders. This improves the

dependability of DC microgrid system. The system can

be connected in two ways:

Mesh type configuration

Zonal type configuration


38

Mesh type configuration is also known as

multiterminal grid configuration and each AC grid

interface is connected to DC grid through different AC-

DC converter. This system offers better reliability in

comparison with the radial or the ring type configuration

because of more no. of accessible AC feeder.

This type of architectures is best suited for High

Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) system and mostly used

in either wind farms or for transmission and distribution

of underground urban sub system [8].

There are different techniques of detecting and

isolating the faulty DC bus. A new technique known as

"handshaking technique" is proposed to locate and

isolate the defective DC bus. This technique can restore

the system even if there is no internal communication in

AC-DC converters [33].

A zonal type of configuration has been proposed in

[34-35]. In this configuration distribution system setup

is partitioned into different zones and each zone consists

of generation, energy storage system, power converter

and switchgear to supply power to a group of loads. Two

redundant DC buses are connected to each zone and

these buses get power from distributed sources of energy

and AC grid connected to it. This type of configuration

has better reliability compared to mesh configuration.

This system offers various options for load energy

supply, and power can be provided during fault

condition to load through another feeder. This setup

provides greater flexibility as the number of switches

linked to this scheme is large and has modular

configuration which is suitable for distribution planning.

This model is primarily used in shipboard power

supplies [36-37]. Reconfigurable topology can be used

in zonal type of configuration. Multiple DC distribution

units are split into different zones and linked in series in

reconfigurable topology system.

3. DC MICROGRID INTERFACED WITH AC

GRID

The microgrid should function reliably under two

conditions: either in isolated from or connected to the

utility grid. Most of the DC microgrid is interconnected

to existing AC grid via converter and proposed for

bidirectional power flow to enhance system stability.

The microgrid would be designed and operated such that

it represents as a single predictable load or generator to

the grid at the point of interconnection. Hence, it is

essential to analyse how electrical power flows between

DC and AC networks in a DC microgrid system. There

are various types of AC-DC converter topologies used

for grid interface. Diode and controlled rectifier

topology, Active Front End (AFE) topology, Special

topologies are few of them. Diode and controlled

rectifier topology work on unidirectional power flow

and suffers from low order harmonics present in line

currents. A single-phase rectifier or a three-phase

rectifier is used for system requirements while passive

filters are connected to the front side of the rectifier to

improve the quality of line currents [38]. Active Front

End (AFE) topology uses bidirectional power flow

converter which delivers a high quality sinusoidal line

current. A suitable damping technique is required to

enhance the system's stability. AFE converters

connected in parallel to a common DC bus in the scheme

can produce circulating current during changing states.

Either switching frequency can be improved or PWM

patterns can be regulated to decrease the circulating

current [39]. To improve the power factor and quality of

line current a diode rectifier with boost converter is used

as special topology. This topology proves to be cost

effective with better reliability as less no. of switches are

used [40]. Some research has been performed in the

recent literature, focusing on the power architectures of

the interconnecting energy conversion devices between

DC microgrids and AC grids. The interconnecting

system can be categorized into three arrangements, i.e. a

single, parallel, and combined converter system. Small

scale system uses single bidirectional converter for

connecting DC microgrid to AC grid as power

generating capacity is less. Parallel interface converters

can be used to increase the power capability exchange

between DC microgrids and AC grids [41].Combined

converter system mostly used in hybrid AC and DC

microgrid.

4. POWER QUALITY ISSUES IN DC

MICROGRID

The idea to study about power quality issues in a DC

microgrid arise from the many power electronic

converters which form the backbone of the system and

are often overlooked. DC microgrid, an emerging

technology, needs to tackle these issues to make its

practical implementation possible. Some real case issues

such as fault current, inrush current, grounding and

harmonics due to converter are discussed in this section.

The DC microgrid can either be connected to an AC grid

interface to improve the dependability and accessibility

of the system or it can work in an islanding mode without

any grid interface. Therefore, in DC microgrid power

quality issues can either come from AC grid or from

internal connection. The various issues related to power

quality in DC microgrid are:

(A) Harmonic currents

(B) Inrush current

(C) Bus faults and voltage unbalance

(D) Circulating currents

(E) Grounding

A. Harmonic currents:

The DC bus serves as a link between multiple

electronic power converters. Harmonics can result from


39

the nonlinear effects of the various electronic power

converters on a DC bus [42]. Power electronics devices

connected in a DC microgrid mostly work at high

frequency. These converters draw distorted current

(non- sinusoidal) from main supply. According to the

Fourier analysis any non-sinusoidal signal will contain

harmonics in addition to the fundamental [43]. These

Harmonics due to distorted current drawn by converter

can create a severe power quality problem in DC

microgrid. Current harmonics can produce unwanted

effects such as improper EMI, resonance currents and

voltage oscillations which can be very harmful for the

system. Furthermore, although DC systems work on

unity power factor, the harmonics produced in the

system can reduce its value [43].Converters are used to

increase or decrease the magnitude of voltage and

sometimes used to invert the polarity if required. The

switch is realised with the help of power MOSFET and

diode. Thyristor, IGBT, BJT are also utilised according

to the application. To minimise switching and

conduction losses ultrafast 1200V IGBT is available in

market and widely used in renewable technology.

Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFET known as SiC-based

power electronics are also very much in use for

renewable technology. It can reduce the size and

switching losses in power system by 50% focussing

especially on the high-power electronics application

such as power utilities, smart grids, high-power

industrial drive, and renewable energy panel [44]. In this

paper, the performance of Si MOSFET, Cree 1200V-

SiC MOSFET (C2M0080120D) C2MTM and Infineon

1200V- IGBT Cool MOSTMCFDA power Transistor

(IPW65R110CFDA) are analysed and compared for

conduction loss and harmonic content according to

IEEE STD - 519. Table -1 presents the value of DC side

grid voltage, Total harmonic distortion and harmonics

present in the system using different devices. We can

observe SiC MOSFET based converter presents lower

power loss and higher efficiency compared with Si

MOSFET and 1200V IGBT. DC side and AC side

harmonics are also compared. It is observed that device

using SiC MOSFET doesn’t have 5th and 7th harmonics

on DC side .AC side comparison shows that SiC

MOSFET based device has low harmonic content

compared to Si MOSFET and 1200V IGBT based

devices. Hence smaller current harmonics of the

converter based on SiC MOSFET produces better power

quality output. The Application of SiC device will

greatly reduce the power loss and harmonic content and

hence improve the efficiency of the DC microgrid. Since

packing density is very high for SiC based device, it will

open up the opportunities for better system design

optimization minimizing the size and weight of power

converter.

5. RESULT BASED ON SIMULATION DONE IN

SIMULINK

Table 1. shows the comparison of output voltage and harmonic distortion for Si MOSFET, SiC MOSFET and 1200V

IGBT.

Device Harmonics Output Voltage

SI MOSFET Total

Harmonic

Distortion

18.13% 143.9 V

H1 1.56%

H3 6.89%

H5 3.60%

IGBT Total

Harmonic

Distortion

9.62% 182 V

H1 2.09%

H3 3.30%

H5 1.61%

SiC MOSFET Total

Harmonic

Distortion

7.55% 182.7 V


40

H1 1.65%

H3 2.19%

H5 0.74%

B. Inrush currents:

EMI filters are used to minimize electromagnetic

interference in DC microgrid interfaced with AC grid.

Inrush current flows through EMI filter and can create

oscillations in DC bus voltage. This will disturb the

normal operation of equipment connected to the

common DC bus [45].

Inrush Current

Fig. 3. Path for inrush current

Capacitance charging can generate an inrush current

irrespective of load and sometimes sufficient enough to

weld the contact creating arc which can damage the

system [46]. A high inrush current can cause voltage sag

in the microgrid .Despite of system design to withstand

the resulting physical stresses it can influence the

operation of other equipment connected to the system.

Small filter capacitance can reduce the amount of inrush

current but may not be sufficient for EMI generated in

the system. To minimise the effect of inrush current pre-

charge circuits and soft start circuits are proposed [47].

C. Bus faults and voltage unbalance:

A fault in DC bus can draw the current from energy

sources connected through the converters. Therefore, the

limit of fault current is decided by the power rating of

different devices such as energy sources, converters,

energy storage system and DC bus capacitor. A fault

current with low power can generate instabilities in

voltage on the different parts of the system and because

of low power fault the protection system setting can

confuse between real fault and heavy load conditions.

Series of fault can develop an arc which is difficult to

extinguish because of absence of natural zero crossing

points in DC system. Transients in DC bus are generated

because of frequent on and off connections of load and

can create voltage oscillations. Unequal distribution of

load can be responsible of creating voltage unbalance in

the system [48].

D.Circulating currents:

The load currents should be divided equally for all

converters connected in parallel with constant and same

voltage level. Any disparity in converter output voltage

will lead to initiation of circulating current. These

circulating currents will increase the amount of current

flowing through the switches. This results into higher

power ratings of power electronic switches and also

losses. The difference in current sharing because of

circulating current can cause converter overloading. The

load sharing cannot be proper as the converter with

higher output voltage must provide more load current.

Load variations, fluctuations in source energy,

parametric changes and feedback error are the major

cause of output voltage variations. A circulating current

can be initiated with very small variations in output

voltage and can cause the difference in current sharing

which in turn degrade the system performance [49].

If converters are linked to the common DC bus, then

the circulating current can be a big problem. The

circulating current can flow between the converters

because of common point of grounding at the converter

sides.

E. Grounding:

There are many literatures discussed about the

possible grounding schemes to ensure the safety of the

equipment connected to DC microgrids [50–52]. In DC

microgrid either positive or negative bus can be

grounded according to European Low Voltage Directive

[53]. The DC microgrid is usually connected with main

grid with different grounding scheme (TN, TT and IT)

to improve the system reliability. If a DC grid is

interfaced with grounded AC utility network and DC bus

conductor (positive or negative) is connected to ground,

it will create a permanent short circuit fault through

ground. An isolated DC microgrid grounding

configuration and a TN network in AC grid side can

cause a fluctuation in voltage level because of common

mode voltage generated by converters [54]. The

situation can be worst if this fluctuation enters in the DC

bus connected to the converters as it creates a current

which circulates within the converters and affects the

DC microgrid grounding system. To minimise the

unwanted circulating current is a big challenge in DC


41

microgrid system design. The aim of the system

grounding is to sense fault, minimise stray currents and

to maximise the protection by minimising common

mode voltage. The grounding arrangement not only

depends on bus voltage level but also on the setup of

power electronic converters including suitable wires ,

busways and connectors[55]. Grounding schemes used

for DC microgrid are as follows:

(a) TN-S grounding arrangement (b) IT grounding arrangement

(a) TN-S grounding arrangement: In this arrangement

one of the poles is connected to protective earth. Mostly

positive pole is connected to earth as shown in fig. 4.

This type of grounding is used for low voltage system.

(b) IT grounding arrangement: When DC voltage

considered is high (about 380V-400V) then IT

grounding arrangement is preferred. The different

possible grounding arrangements are as follows:

Non-isolated type of DC bus grounding scheme

Non-isolated type of DC bus mid-point

grounding scheme

Isolated type of DC bus grounding scheme

(i) Non-isolated type of DC bus grounding scheme

The DC bus (positive bus or negative bus) is directly

attached to the earth in non-isolated type of grounding

scheme and mostly negative bus is connected to the

earth. In case the live terminal comes in straight contact

with a person, the current is decided based on the

transient current, loop impedance and body impedance

of that person. This current can be very high if the

voltage in DC link is high. The fault current can flow

through the negative bus connected to earth as it

provides a low impedance path [57].

(ii) Non-isolated type of DC bus mid-

point grounding scheme

There is another probable arrangement for

grounding, the DC midpoint grounding, mostly used for

a bipolar DC bus system. Midpoint of coupling capacitor

is connected to earth as shown in fig.5. This provides the

safety by limiting current in case of line to ground fault

.In case a human body touches the live terminal, the

current entering the body will be reduced because during

a fault condition only part of the DC voltage is exposed

to the body and hence minimising the risk.

(iii) Isolated type of DC bus grounding

scheme

The arrangement in which DC bus power return is

isolated from the equipment ground is called isolated

type of DC bus grounding scheme and used to break the

fault current loop. However, after isolation also the fault

current can enter in the both AC and DC side converter

system via stray capacitors and EMI filter capacitors.

This type of grounding arrangement cannot provide

good option to detect fault current accurately.

Fig.4. TN-S Grounding Arrangement

Fig.5. IT Mid-Point Grounding Arrangement

6. CONCLUSION

This paper discussed about different architecture of

DC microgrid including various power quality issues.

The harmonics present in the system degrade the system

performance. Hence, this paper discussed the power loss

and harmonics for different devices through real time

simulation done in MATLAB .The results are compared

between Si MOSFET, IGBT and SiC based device. The

experimental result shows that SiC MOSFET based

device has low harmonic content compared to Si

MOSFET and 1200V IGBT based devices and can

increase the efficiency of microgrids. Although DC

microgrid is not utilized fully in practical application but

with different architecture and devices it can be a

promising future for smart grid. This advancement will

lead to recommendations of new hardware designs and

different arrangements for dc bus to make the existing

power system extremely reliable and accessible.

REFERENCES

[1] A. Ipakchi and F. Albuyeh, “Grid of the future,”

IEEE Power Energy Mag., Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 52–62,

Mar./Apr. 2009.

[2] R. H. Lasseter, “Micro Grids,” in Proc. IEEE Power

Eng. Soc. Winter Meet., pp. 305–308, 2000.

CONVERTER LOAD

+Vdc

-

Grounding can be connected to either

positive or negative pole

CONVERTER LOAD +Vdc

-Vdc

Mid-Point connection


42

[3] Tomislav Dragiˇcevi´c, Xiaonan Lu, Juan C.

Vasquez, and Josep M. Guerrero, “DC

Microgrids—Part I: A Review of Control

Strategies and Stabilization Techniques”, IEEE

Transaction on Power electronics, Vol. 31, No. 7,

July 2016

[4] Stephen Whaite , Brandon Grainger and Alexis

Kwasinski, “Power Quality in DC Power

Distribution Systems and Microgrids”, energies

ISSN 1996-1073,May 2015

[5] T. Kaipia, P. Salonen, J. Lassila, J. Partanen,

"Possibilities of the low voltage DC distribution

systems," Proceeding of NORDAC 2006

Conference, Aug. 2006.

[6] Diaz, Enrique Rodriguez; Savaghebi, Mehdi;

Quintero, Juan Carlos Vasquez; Guerrero, Josep M,

"An Overview of Low Voltage DC Distribution

Systems for Residential Applications," Proceedings of the 5th IEEE International

Conference on Consumer Electronics, Berlin,

Germany, 2015.

[7] P. Salonen, T. Kaipia, P. Nuutinen, P. Peltoniemi, J.

Partanen, "An LVDC distribution system

concept," Proceeding of Nordic Workshop on Power

and Industrial Electronics (NORPIE), June 2008.

[8] H. Kakigano, Y. Miura, and T. Ise, “Low-Voltage

Bipolar-Type DC Microgrid for Super High

Quality Distribution,” IEEE Transaction on Power

Electronics, Vol. 25, No. 12, pp. 3066–3075, 2010.

[9] J. Karppanen, T. Kaipia, P. Nuutinen, A. Lana, P.

Peltoniemi, A. Pinomaa, A. Mattsson, J. Partanen, J.

Cho, and J. Kim, “Effect of Voltage Level Selection

on Earthing and Protection of LVDC Distribution

Systems,” Proceeding of 11th IET International

Conference AC and DC Power Transmission, pp. 10-

12, Feb 2015.

[10] T. Dragicevic, “Hierarchical control of a direct

current microgrid with energy storage systems in

a distributed topology,” Ph.D. Dissertation,

Faculty Elect. Eng. Comput., Zagreb Univ., Zagreb,

Croatia, 2013.

[11] F. Valenciaga and P. F. Puleston, “Supervisor

control for a standalone hybrid generation system

using wind and photovoltaic energy,” IEEE Trans.

Energy Convers., Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 398–405, Jun.

2005.

[12] P. Lindman and L. Thorsell, “Applying distributed

power modules in telecom systems,” IEEE Trans.

Power Electron., Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 365– 373, Mar.

1996.

[13] J.S. Glaserand, A.F. Witulski, “Output plane

analysis of load-sharing in multiple-module

converter systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron.,

Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 43–50, Jan. 1994.

[14] J.-W. Kim, H.-S. Choi, and B. H. Cho, “A novel

droop method for converter parallel operation,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 25-

32, Jan. 2002.

[15] D. Boroyevich, I. Cvetkovic, D. Dong, R. Burgos, F.

Wang, and F. Lee, “Future electronic power

distribution systems: A contemplative view,” in

Proc. Int. Conf. Opt. Electr. Electron. Equip., pp.

1369–1380, 2010.

[16] V. Nasirian, S. Moayedi, A. Davoudi, and F. Lewis,

“Distributed cooperative control of DC

microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 30,

No. 4, pp. 2288–2303, Apr. 2015.

[17] X. Lu, J. M. Guerrero, K. Sun, and J. C. Vasquez,

“An improved droop control method for DC

microgrids based on low bandwidth

communication with DC bus voltage restoration

and enhanced current sharing accuracy,” IEEE

Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 1800–

1812, Apr. 2014.

[18] T. Dragicevic, J. M. Guerrero, and J. C. Vasquez, “A

distributed control strategy for coordination of an

autonomous lvdc microgrid based on power-line

signaling,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 61, No.

7, pp. 3313–3326, Jan. 2014.

[19] H. Kakigano, Y. Miura, and T. Ise, “Low-voltage

bipolar-type DC microgrid for super high-quality

distribution,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol.

25, No. 12, pp. 3066–3075, Dec. 2010.

[20] N. C. Ekneligoda and W. W. Weaver, “A game

theoretic bus selection method for loads in multi

bus DC power systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind.

Electron., Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 1669–1678, Apr. 2014.

[21] T. Dragicevic, J. C. Vasquez, J. M. Guerrero, and D.

Skrlec, “Advanced LVDC electrical power

architectures and microgrids: A step toward a

new generation of power distribution networks,” IEEE Electrif. Mag., Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 54–65, Mar.

2014.

[22] Q. Shafiee, T. Dragicevic, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M.

Guerrero, “Modeling, stability analysis and active

stabilization of multiple DC microgrid clusters,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Energy Conf., pp. 1284–1290,

2014.

[23] Q. Shafiee, T. Dragicevic, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M.

Guerrero, “Hierarchical control for multiple DC-

microgrids clusters,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.,

Vol. 29, No. 4, pp. 922–933, Dec. 2014.

[24] T. Hakala, T. Lahdeaho and R. Komsi, “LVDC Pilot

Implementation in Public Distribution Network”, Proceeding of International Conference on

Electrical Distribution, CIRED 2015, June 2015.

[25] K. Sun, L. Zhang, Y. Xing, and J. M. Guerrero, “A

distributed control strategy based on DC bus

signaling for modular photovoltaic generation

systems with battery energy storage,” IEEE Trans.

Power Electron., Vol. 26, No. 10, pp. 3032–3045,

Oct. 2011.

[26] T. Dragicevic, J. M. Guerrero, and J. C. Vasquez, “A

distributed control strategy for coordination of an

autonomous lvdc microgrid based on power-line

signaling,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 61, No.

7, pp. 3313–3326, Jan. 2014.

[27] P. Karlsson and J. Svensson, “DC bus voltage

control for a distributed power system,” IEEE

Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 1405–

1412, Nov. 2003.

[28] J.D. Park, J. Candelaria, L. Ma, and K. Dunn, “DC

Ring-Bus Microgrid Fault Protection and


43

Identification of Fault Location,” IEEE Trans.

Power Delivery., Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 2574–2584,

2013.

[29] J.-D. Park, J. Candelaria, L. Ma, and K. Dunn, “DC

ring-bus microgrid fault protection and

identification of fault location,” IEEE Trans. Power

Del., Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 2574–2584, Oct. 2013.

[30] N. R. Chaudhuri, R. Majumder, and B. Chaudhuri,

“System frequency support through multi-

terminal DC (MTDC) Grids,” IEEE Trans. Power

Syst., Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 347–356, Feb. 2013.

[31] R.T. Pinto, P. Bauer, S. F. Rodrigues, E. J.

Wiggelinkhuizen, J. Pierik, and B. Ferreira, “A novel

distributed direct-voltage control strategy for grid

integration of offshore wind energy systems

through MTDC Network,” IEEE Trans. Ind.

Electron., Vol. 60, No. 6, pp. 2429–2441, Jun. 2013.

[32] C. Gavriluta, I. J. Candela, C. Citro, J. Rocabert, and

P. Rodriguez, “Decentralized primary control of

MTDC networks with energy storage and

distributed generation,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.,

Vol. 50, No. 6, pp. 4122–4131, Nov./Dec. 2014.

[33] W. Lu and B. T. Ooi, “Multi-terminal HVDC as

enabling technology of premium quality park,” IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 18, No.

3, pp. 915–920, Jul. 2003.

[34] Kwasinski, A. “Advanced power electronics

enabled distribution architectures: design,

operation, and control,” Proceeding of Power

Electronics and ECCE Asia (ICPE & ECCE), pp.

1484–1491, 2011.

[35] E. Tironi, M. Corti and G. Ubezio, “Zonal electrical

distribution systems in large ships: Topology and

control,” Proceeding of International Annual

Conference (AEIT), Naples, Italy, 2015.

[36] J. C. Ciezki and R. W. Ashton, “Selection and

stability issues associated with a navy shipboard

and DC zonal electric distribution,” IEEE

Transaction on Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp.

665–669, Apr. 2000.

[37] P. Cairoli and R. Dougal, “New Horizons in DC

Shipboard Power Systems: New Fault Protection

Strategies are Essential to the Adoption of DC

Power Systems,” IEEE Electrification Magazine,

Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 38–45, Dec. 2013.

[38] Jagadeeswaran S., Prajof P., Kotayil S.K., “A grid

interfacing scheme for renewable energy sources” Power and Energy Systems Conference: Towards

Sustainable energy, PESTSE 2014,6805326.

[39] G. Gohil, R. Maheshwari, L. Bede, T. Kerekes, R.

Teodorescu, M. Liserre, and F. Blaabjerg, “Modified

discontinuous PWM for size reduction of the

circulating current filter in parallel interleaved

converters,” IEEE Transaction on Power

Electronics, Vol. 30, No. 7, pp. 3457–3470, July

2015.

[40] P. Davari, F. Zare, and F. Blaabjerg, “Pulse pattern

modulated strategy for harmonic current

components reduction in three-phase ac-dc

converters,” IEEE Transaction Industrial

Application, Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 3182–3192,

Jul./Aug. 2016.

[41] Z. Ye, “Modeling and control of parallel three-

phase PWM converters” Ph.D. dissertation, Electr.

Comput. Eng. Dept., Virginia Polytechnic Institute,

Blacksburg, VA, USA, 2000.

[42] Zhang, R.; Lee, F.C.; Boroyevich, D.; Liu, C.; Chen,

L. “AC load conditioner and DC bus conditioner

for a DC distribution power system”. In 2000 IEEE

31st Annual Power Electronics Specialists

Conference. Conference Proceedings (Cat.

No.00CH37018); IEEE: Piscataway, NJ,USA, 2000;

Vol. 1, pp. 107–112.

[43] Graham, A.D., “The importance of a DC side

harmonic study for a DC distribution system”, Proceedings of the 6th IET International Conference

on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD

2012), Bristol, UK, 27–29 March 2012; pp. 1–5.

[44] Global Power,

http://www.gptechgroup.com/index.php/en/ news/

214-sic-based-power-electronics-reduces-the-size-

andswitch-losses-in-power-systems-by-50.

[45] Asakimori, K., Murai, K., Tanaka, T. and Babasaki,

T., “Effect of inrush current flowing into EMI

filter on the operation of ICT equipment in HVDC

system,” Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 36th

International Telecommunications Energy

Conference (INTELEC), Vancouver, BC, Canada, 28

September–2 October 2014; pp. 1–5, 2014.

[46] Iino, T.; Hirose, K.; Noritake, M.; Nakamura, A.;

Kiryu, K.; Sekikawa, J., “Characteristics of 400

Vdc plug and socket-outlet for DC distribution

systems” In Proceedings of the 2012 International

Conference on Renewable Energy Research and

Applications (ICRERA), Nagasaki, Japan,11–14

November 2012; pp. 1–6, 2012.

[47] Aoki, T.; Yamasaki, M.; Takeda, T.; Tanaka, T.;

Harada, H.; Nakamura, K., “Guidelines for power-

supply systems for datacom equipment in NTT”. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual International

Telecommunications Energy Conference, Montréal,

QC, Canada, 29 September–3October 2002; pp.

134–139, 2002.

[48] P. Prabhakaran, V. Agarwal, “Mitigation of voltage

unbalance in a low voltage bipolar DC microgrid

using a boost-SEPIC type interleaved dc- dc

compensator,” Proceeding of IEEE 2nd Annual

Southern Power Electronics (SPEC) conference,

2016.

[49] S. Augustine, M. K. Mishra, and N.

Lakshminarasamma, “Circulating current

minimization and current sharing control of

parallel boost converters based on droop index,” in Proc. IEEE SDEMPED Conf., pp. 454–460, 2013.

[50] D. Paul, “DC traction power system grounding,”

IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol.

38, No. 3, pp. 818–824, May 2002.

[51] M. Noritake, T. Lino, A. Fukui, K. Hirose, and M.

Yamasaki, “A study of the safety of the dc 400v

distribution system,” Proceeding of IEEE 31st

International Telecommunications Energy

Conference (INTELEC), pp. 1–8, 2009.

[52] K. Hirose, T. Tanaka, T. Babasaki, S. Person, O.

Foucault, B. J. Sonnerber, and M. Szpek,


44

“Grounding concept considerations and

recommendations for 400vdc distribution

system,” Proceeding of IEEE 33rd International

Telecommunications Energy Conference

(INTELEC), pp. 1–8, 2011.

[53] European Commission, Low Voltage Directive, LVD

2006/95/EC. European Union Directive, Brussels

2006.

[54] K. Xing, F. C. Lee, J. S. Lai, T. Gurjit, and D.

Borojevic, “Adjustable speed drive neutral voltage

shift and grounding issues in a DC distributed

system,” Proceeding of IEEE-IAS Annual Meeting,

pp. 517–524, 1997.

[55] European Telecommunications Standards Institute

(ETSI). ETSI EN 301 605—Environmental

Engineering (EE); Earthing and Bonding of 400

VDC Data and Telecom (ICT) Equipment; ETSI:

Nice, France, 2011; Vol. 1, pp. 1–85.

[56] Engelen, K.; Shun, E.L.; Vermeyen, P.; Pardon, I.;

D’hulst, R.; Driesen, J.; Belmans, R., “The

feasibility of small-scale residential DC

distribution systems”. In Proceedings of the IECON

2006—32nd Annual Conference on IEEE Industrial

Electronics, Paris, France, pp. 2618–2623, 2006.

[57] IEC 60479-1: “Effects of current on human beings

and livestock”, International Electrotechnical

Commission, 2005.

[58] E. Taylor, M. Korytowski and G. Reed, “Voltage

transient Propagation in AC and DC Datacentre

Distribution Architectures,” Proceeding of IEEE-

ECCE’12, pp. 1998-2004, 2012.

Review of DC Microgrid System with Various Power Quality ...

Documents

Transcript of Review of DC Microgrid System with Various Power Quality ...