REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 8 TEST
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Transcript of REVIEW FOR THE UNIT 8 TEST
REVIEW FOR THE
UNIT 8 TESTGunpowder Empires
Qing ChinaFeudal Japan
INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each
question in the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question
REVIEW FOR THE
UNIT 8 TEST
From 1300 to 1700, three “Gunpowder Empires” dominated parts of Europe, Africa, and Asia
The Ottoman Empire (today:
Turkey)
The Safavid Empire (today: Iran)
The Mughal Empire (today: India)
All three empires were able to conquer neighboring people by forming strong armies
that used rifles and artillery; this gave them the nickname “Gunpowder Empires”
All three empires
were Islamic and ruled by
Muslim leaders
By the late 1500s, the Ottomans expanded a great deal, controlling much of Arabia and the Middle East, some of Northern Africa, and a large part of Eastern Europe
The heart of the Safavid Empire was the country Persia; today, Persia is known as the country Iran
The Safavid Empire
Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent’s
greatest accomplishment was establishing a stable government for the
Ottoman Empire through the law code he created
Suleyman’s law code was just as
influential as the law code of the
Byzantine Empire
The Ottoman army included 30,000 elite soldiers called janissaries; these fierce soldier-slaves were trained to be completely loyal to their Ottoman Turk rulers and
helped the Ottomans create a large empire
Suleyman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire, Shah Abbas of the Safavid Empire, and Emperor Akbar of the Mughal Empire were the greatest rulers of their
respective empires; all three were tolerant of the people they ruled, which helped their empires
SULEYMAN ABBAS AKBAR
Art and architecture
flourished in the Safavid Empire,
especially carpets that blended Persian and European
designs; these became luxury
items highly desired by Europeans
The greatest Ottoman sultan was Suleyman
the Magnificent, who came to
power in 1520 By the mid-1500s, Suleyman was the
most powerful king in the world;
similar to kings such as Louis XIV,
he ruled with absolute power
The greatest example of the Mughal Empire’s architecture is the Taj Mahal, which was built in 1631
Babur began the Mughal Empire in what is now India and Pakistan; his grandson Akbar became the
Mughals’ greatest ruler; Akbar was a Muslim ruling over an empire made up mostly of Hindus
The best example of Akbar’s
tolerance was his creation of a new religion called the
Divine FaithThe Divine Faith was an example
of syncretism because it
blended ideas from Islam, Hinduism,
Christianity, and Zoroastrianism
Art, literature, and architecture flourished under Suleyman as the Ottomans experienced a cultural “golden age”, just as the
Mughal Empire experienced a “golden age” under Akbar
Mosque of Suleyman by architect, Sinan Ottoman miniature painting
In China, ruling dynasties could be justifiably overthrown if it was decided that they had grown
weak and lost the Mandate of Heaven
The religion of Buddhism was introduced and spread from India to China during the Han Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty (1271 CE to 1368 CE)
The Mongols invaded China in and took it over; the Mongols created their own ruling
dynasty in China called the Yuan Dynasty
In 1644, northern
invaders called the Manchus
conquered China and
created the second foreign
dynasty in Chinese
history, the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty (1644 CE to 1911 CE)
The Manchurian emperor of China,
Kangxi, also earned Chinese respect by keeping Confucian beliefs, lowering
taxes, and restoring peace and prosperity
to China
Kangxi earned respect of the Chinese people he ruled over by being the first emperor to tour China and personally visit peasant villages
The introduction of new American crops like corn and sweet
potatoes led to a dramatic increase in
the Chinese population
The sharp rise in the number of Chinese
peasants would lead to intense
competition for land and violent
rebellions when poverty grew
The second challenge to Qing China was the arrival of European missionaries and merchants in Asia who
were eager to gain access into China
Europeans arrived with superior military technology, demanded that China trade with them, and refused to
accept Chinese customs
Similar to Greece, Japan was divided by
mountains, which made it
difficult to unify their people
Geography of Japan
Japan’s island location provided protection from potential
Chinese and Mongol invasions…
…but Japan was close enough to borrow cultural
ideas from China
Much like African animism, Shinto focuses on the worship of spirits in nature Shinto worshippers
believe in divine spirits called kami that live in nature; they build shrines devoted to nature called “torii”
Japanese emperors often did not have
ultimate power over the various clan
leaders; Japan often had an emperor
figurehead who served as a symbol of power and clan rulers with
true power
Japan adopted Confucianism and blended Chinese styles of writing, architecture, and art
Chinese architecture
Japanese architecture
Which is Chinese and which is Japanese?
The feudal system in Japan and the feudal system in Europe were very similar, both
of them powerful land owners who exchanged land for military service
Japanese Feudalism Farmers traded land to strong
warlords called daimyo, who
offered protection in
exchange for land Daimyo were
served by loyal warriors
called samurai
The emperor held the highest rank, but had
little real power
Samurai warriors served their
daimyos; the most powerful daimyo in Japan held the title of “shogun”, who
controlled the Japanese military
Samurai were highly skilled swordsmen,
but also used horses and guns (after the arrival of Europeans
in Japan)
Japanese Feudalism
Tokugawa enjoyed trade with Europeans and was fascinated to learn about their military, new
technologies, and ideas
Tokugawa Shogunate
European firearms would help powerful shoguns unify Japan
From 1560 to 1600, three powerful shogun, known as the “Three Unifiers”, began to restore order and unify Japan
Oda Nobunaga Toyotomi Hideyoshi Tokugawa Ieyasu
In 1568, a brutal daimyo named Oda Nobunaga conquered the Japanese capital of Kyoto and
began unifying Japan
Tokugawa Ieyasu
During the time of Tokugawa’s rule, the
actual power was held by the shogun, not the
emperor
Tokugawa was the shogun who
completed the unification of Japan; he moved the capital
city to Edo and created a line of successors who would rule for another 250 years
Between 1549 and 1600, European missionaries had converted 300,000
Japanese to Christianity This upset Tokugawa
because the missionaries ignored Japanese
traditionsIn 1612, Tokugawa
banned Christianity and began ruthlessly
persecuting Christians All Japanese were forced
to be faithful to Buddhism Execution of Christians
Tokugawa Shogunate
Nagasaki Bay
Japan
Deshima
Dutch shipsJapan’s policy with foreigners was one of
isolationism: the Japanese port at Deshima in Nagasaki Bay remained open, but ONLY
to Dutch and Chinese merchants
NEXT, REVIEW SOME MATERIAL FROM THE
PREVIOUS FOUR UNITS TO REFRESH YOUR
MEMORIES
From 1405 to 1433, Zheng He explored areas along the Indian Ocean, Arabia, and East Africa, expanded trade, made contact
with other cultures, and collected tribute from foreigners
CHINESE INNOVATIONS CHINESE INNOVATIONS
1. Mechanical clock 6. Chinese writing
2. Magnetic compass 7. Ship building
3. Gunpowder 8. Vaccinations
4. Printing press 9. Silk weaving
5. Paper money 10 Porcelain
CHINESE INNOVATIONS DURING THE TANG AND SONG DYNASTIES
The way that people got protection from outside invaders was by turning to local lords
and noblemen instead of the nation’s king
Feudalism is a system in which
land is exchanged for military service
and loyalty
This began a new political
and social system called
feudalism
How did physical geography impact the Byzantine capital of Constantinople?
• Text
Constantinople was a crossroads for trade and business between Europe, Asia, and Africa because of its location;
this trade made the Byzantine Empire very wealthy
The Sunni-Shi’a SplitBefore the Umayyads, caliphs were
elected members of Muhammad’s familyShi’a Muslims
rejected the rule of the Umayyads
The Shi’a believe that caliphs must
come directly from Muhammad’s
bloodline
Sunni Muslims accepted the rule of
the UmayyadsThe Sunni believe
that caliphs should follow Muhammad’s example, but do not have to be relatives
When ruling their empire, the Persians were tolerant of conquered people’s cultures, built an extensive road system, and used standardized coins to promote business and trade
PERSIA’S ORGANIZED EMPIRE
LASTING CONTRIBUTIONS
In Han China, the teachings of the philosopher Confucius had great influence on their society
Confucianism focused on filial piety (respect for elders)
For a bureaucrat to get a government job, he would have to pass a civil service exam based on Confucius’ teachings
China was protected and isolated from outsiders by deserts and the Himalayan Mountains
IF YOU HAVE CORRECTLY
ANSWERED ALL OF THE QUESTIONS ON
YOUR REVIEW PACKET, YOU WILL BE READY FOR THE
UNIT 8 TEST
Originally created byChristopher Jaskowiak