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Transcript of REVIEW FOR THE SPRING MIDTERM EXAM INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each question in...
REVIEW FOR THE
SPRING MIDTERM
EXAM
INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and
answer each question in the packet; the slide numbers
are listed for each question
All three empires were able to conquer neighboring people by forming strong armies
that used rifles and artillery
The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires were known as the “Gunpowder Empires”
All three empires
were Islamic and ruled by
Muslim leaders
Ottoman ruler Suleyman the Magnificent’s
greatest accomplishment was establishing a stable government for the
Ottoman Empire through the law code he created
Babur began the Mughal Empire in what is now India and Pakistan; his grandson Akbar became the
Mughals’ greatest ruler; Akbar was a Muslim ruling over an empire made up mostly of Hindus
The greatest example of the Mughal Empire’s architecture is the Taj Mahal, which was built in 1631
In 1644, northern
invaders called the Manchus
conquered China and
created the second foreign
dynasty in Chinese
history, the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty (1644 CE to 1911 CE)
The introduction of new American crops like corn and sweet
potatoes led to a dramatic increase in
the Chinese population
The sharp rise in the number of Chinese
peasants would lead to intense
competition for land and violent
rebellions when poverty grew
The second challenge to Qing China was the arrival of European missionaries and merchants in Asia who
were eager to gain access into China
Europeans arrived with superior military technology, demanded that China trade with them, and refused to
accept Chinese customs
Japanese Feudalism Farmers traded land to strong
warlords called daimyo, who
offered protection in
exchange for land Daimyo actually had
more power than the emperor and were
served by loyal warriors called samurai The emperor held the highest rank, but had
little real power
Tokugawa Ieyasu
During the time of Tokugawa’s rule, the
actual power was held by the shogun, not the
emperor
Tokugawa was the shogun who
completed the unification of Japan; he moved the capital
city to Edo and created a line of successors who would rule for another 250 years
Nagasaki Bay
Japan
Deshima
Dutch shipsJapan’s policy with foreigners was one of
isolationism: the Japanese port at Deshima in Nagasaki Bay remained open, but ONLY to
Dutch and Chinese merchants
During the Scientific Revolution, scholars applied logic and reason; this inspired the Enlightenment thinkers to also use
logic and reason as they came up with new ideas about economics and government
John Locke said that the purpose of government was to protect citizens’
natural rights
Locke believed that people are born with
natural rights: rights to life, liberty, and property
Political Ideas of the Enlightenment
Capitalism is an economic model based on private ownership of property and the
goal is to make profits
“Laissez-faire” (“hands off”) is the idea that the economy thrives
when there is minimal government
involvement in the economy and business
Adam Smith thought the best type of economy
was capitalism
The Swiss philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed in individual
freedom
Rousseau believed that people are naturally good,
but too much power corrupts them
Political Ideas of the Enlightenment
Much like Montesquieu and Locke, Rousseau was in
favor of governments with limited power
To pay off war debts, Britain created a series of new taxes (such as the Stamp Act) for the
American colonists
The colonists were upset that the Parliament in
England would pass laws and taxes without the
colonists’ approval
The American colonists’ slogan became: “No taxation without representation”, which meant that colonists believed that they should be able to
vote on taxes and laws that affected them
The unfairness of taxation without representation would be the main reason the American colonists
broke away from England in 1776
Latin Americans were inspired to
gain independence because of the success of the American and
French Revolutions
Also, the ideas of the Enlightenment inspired desire for independence in Latin American
countries
Enlightenment ideas were used in the American,
French, and Mexican
Revolutions
After each, revolution, a democratic government was started
In 1791, Haitian slaves rose in revolt against their French
rulers; Toussaint L’Ouverture became the
leader of the slave uprising and
helped free all the slaves by 1801
From 1811 to 1824, Venezuelan
creole Simon Bolivar led an
army of revolutionaries in the independence
movement against Spain
Argentinean creole San
Martín led the independence movement in
southern South America
In order rule France more effectively,
Napoleon created a comprehensive set of
laws called the Napoleonic Code
He also improved France’s tax system and
public education
After the fall of Napoleon in 1815, European leaders met at the Congress of
Vienna to restore monarchies and create a balance of power in Europe
From 1793 to 1794, any French citizens who were accused of being
disloyal to the new republic were
executed
Robespierre executed 30,000 “traitors” during an era known as
the Reign of Terror (until he, too, was
executed)
Absolute monarchs like Louis XIV of France and Peter the Great of Russia made all government
decisions without the consent of their people; they never listened to demands of their citizens
GARIBALDI: UNIFIER OF ITALY
Garibaldi, who always wore a red shirt in battle, named his
forces the “Redshirts”
Giuseppe Garibaldi wanted a unified Italy under a republic style
of government
BISMARCK: UNIFIER OF GERMANY
Otto von Bismarck was the Prime Minister of Prussia in the 1860s
Bismarck’s goal was the unification of the German
states under the leadership of Prussia
WHAT IS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?
“The Industrial Revolution” refers to the time period when there was a huge increase of machine-made
goods, which replaced work done by hand
The Industrial Revolution led to (1) lower costs of producing goods, (2) mass production of goods,
increased profits, (3) movement of people to cities, and (4) more people working low-skilled factory jobs
Like socialists, communists want equality in society,
but want to get it in a different way: Marx which predicted a war between the
“haves” and “have nots”, where the
workers would rise up and overthrow the
privileged class
In 1765, James Watt invented the first steam engine
Steam engines produced more power and allowed factories to be built in cities near workers
Henry Bessemer invented a cheap
process for making steel
(which is stronger than iron)
STEEL-MAKING PROCESS
IMPERIALISM is the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country. The stronger country dominates weaker countries politically, economically, and socially. The reason: the stronger country gains power with the money it makes from using the weaker country.
MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM
ECONOMIC
Economic motives included (1) the desire to make money, (2) to expand and control foreign trade, (3) to create new markets for products, and (4) to acquire raw materials and cheap labor (this was the main reason for European imperialism in Africa)
In 1884, 14 European nations met at the
Congress of Berlin to “set the rules” for colonizing in Africa
The main agreement: any nation could claim land in
Africa by notifying the other nations and showing
it could control the areaNo African nations were invited to attend
Among all of Britain’s colonies, the most valuable was India (which they called “The Jewel in the
Crown of the British Empire”)
India had this nickname because it produced so many
profitable cash-crops (such as tea, cotton, coffee, and opium)
The Sepoy MutinyIn 1857, Sepoys refused to use new
ammunition cartridges greased with pork/beef fat
The tops of the new type of cartridges needed to be bitten off before they could be loaded into
the new guns The sepoys were either Muslim or
Hindu; the cow is sacred to Hindus and pork is forbidden to Muslims
The anger over their religions being offended led to the Sepoys
and then all of India rebelling against the British
In 1900, frustrated Chinese led the Boxer Rebellion to expel foreigners from China; it was defeated
The growth of foreign influence, poverty among peasants, and Christianity upset many Chinese
The British refused to end the opium trade and China declared war on Britain
Britain used its modern navy to easily win the Opium Wars, which resulted in even more
Western trade and influence in Asia
AMERICAN SHIPS vs. JAPANESE BOATS
“Hey, Japan. Trade with us… or else!”
Japanese officials realized they were
overmatched by U.S. naval ships, so their
immediate action was to open up ports to trade with the U.S.
In an effort to end spheres of influence in China, USA proposed an Open Door Policy in China, so merchants from all nations could trade freely in all Chinese ports
End of the feudal system
LandRedistribution
Human Rights & ReligiousFreedom
Build aModern Navy
(Britain)
Public schools(Germany, USA,
& France)
Modernize the Army
(Germany)
EmperorWorship
Intensified
WrittenConstitution(Germany)
Modernbanking system Meiji
Reforms
The United States was also a major imperial power in the world; the U.S. was the “police power” in the
Western Hemisphere and controlled the Panama Canal
The U.S. also had a lot of influence in Asia and the Pacific: controlling the Philippines, overthrowing Queen Liliuokalani
and annexing Hawaii, and taking over many other islands
This cartoon shows how the complicated system of alliances between the competing nations in Europe
created tensions that led to World War I
The spark that ignited World War I was the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a
Serbian nationalist
named Gavrilo Princip
Nations committed to TOTAL WAR to win World War I(1) Factories were converted to make
war equipment (2) Resources were rationed (limited) in order to prioritize
military needs(3) Propaganda was created to generate support for the war(4) People were drafted into military service
When War Breaks Out, Names and Alliances ChangeWhen War Breaks Out, Names and Alliances Change
ALLIED POWERS (formerly the Triple Entente)ALLIED POWERS (formerly the Triple Entente)
CENTRAL POWERS (formerly the Triple Alliance)CENTRAL POWERS (formerly the Triple Alliance)
BRITAIN
FRANCE
RUSSIA
GERMANY
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
ITALY
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
“What a bloodbath. Hell cannot be this dreadful.”-a French soldier at the Battle of Verdun, 1916
Germany planned to “bleed France to death” by attacking Verdun. When the battle was over, a million soldiers were dead with no clear winner
Here is a French fort before the attack… and after.
German submarine attacks on passenger ships played a role in bringing the United
States into World War I
CAUSES OF THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: By early 1917, citizens were rioting across Russia, blaming the
Romanov czar for Russia’s terrible losses in World War I and for food and fuel shortages
Vladimir Lenin’s message of
“peace, land, and bread” helped him gain popularity among the
Russian people
Inspired by the ideas of Karl Marx and his
“Communist Manifesto”, Vladimir Lenin led the
Bolsheviks in the Russian Revolution of
1917
WILSON’S 14 POINTS
Woodrow Wilson’s outline for world peace were the “14 Points”: the most important Point was the creation of a
League of Nations to promote peace
The Bolsheviks were victorious in the Russian Revolution and the Russian Civil War
Lenin and the Bolsheviks transformed Russia into a Communist nation called the Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin used a secret police and the Great Purge to eliminate political opponents
Stalin’s Five Year Plans and collective farms improved the Soviet Union’s industrial and
agricultural output, but at great cost in Russian lives
This chart shows the effect of Stalin’s “Five Year Plans”: production in key industries increased
Spain
Russia
France
Italy
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Great Britain
Turkey/Ottoman Empire
SerbiaBulgaria
Greece
Sicily
Denmark
Belgium
Netherlands
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
ATLANTIC OCEAN
NORTH SEA
BLACK SEARomania
Portugal
Switzerland
Norway
Sweden
Albania
Montenegro
IrelandBALTIC SEA
Luxembourg
Spain
France
U.S.S.R.
Italy
Finland
Germany
Greece
Great Britain
Yugoslavia
Estonia
Poland
Turkey
Sicily
Switz. Austria
Czechoslovakia
Bulgaria
Latvia
RomaniaHungary
Norway
Portugal
Ireland
North Ireland
LithuaniaDenmark
Sweden
Netherlands
LuxBelgium
Danzig
East Prussia
Albania
NORTH SEA
BALTIC SEA
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
BLACK SEA
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Most of the changes in the map were caused by land taken from defeated empires being formed
into new countries
On June 28, 1919, Germany and the major Allied Powers signed the Treaty of Versailles, ending World War I: Germany was forced to accept blame
for the war and pay reparations
YOU WILL NOT PASS THE MIDTERM EXAM WITH LACK OF WORK AND LAZINESS, BUT
THROUGH
BLOOD AND IRON!
AND ALSO BY ANSWERING ALL OF
THE QUESTIONS IN THIS REVIEW, OF COURSE.