Review Article Searching for the Origin through Central...
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www.mjms.usm.my © Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 For permission, please email:[email protected] Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serves buoyancy. The buoyancy thought to play crucial role in many aspects of the central nervous system (CNS). Weightlessness is produced mainly by the CSF. This manuscript is purposely made to discuss its significance which thought contributing towards an ideal environment for the CNS to develop and function normally. The idea of microgravity environment for the CNS is supported not only by the weightlessness concept of the brain, but also the noted anatomical position of the CNS. The CNS is positioned in bowing position (at main cephalic flexure) which is nearly similar to an astronaut in a microgravity chamber, fetus in the amniotic fluid at early gestation, and animals and plants in the ocean or on the land. Therefore, this microgravity position can bring us closer to the concept of origin. The hypothesis on ‘the origin’ based on the microgravity were explored and their similarities were identified including the brainwaves and soul. Subsequently a review on soul was made. Interestingly, an idea from Leonardo da Vinci seems in agreement with the notion of seat of the soul at the greater limbic system which has a distinctive feature of “from God back to God”. Keywords: microgravity, limbic system, soul, brainwaves, evolution Introduction Weightlessness of the brain is produced by the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and anchoring effects of the nerve roots, denticulate ligaments, and filum (1,2). Immersion of the central nervous system (CNS) in the CSF is analogous to the animals live in the ocean (water). The microgravity environment produced by the ocean and CSF is crucial for both animals and CNS, and interestingly it seems to cause microgravity (bowing/flexure/”T”/horizontal/prostration or sujood) position for them. Such position is also manifested by the developing embryo at early gestation during the CNS development. The striking phenomenon of microgravity inside the CNS, ocean, uterus in pregnancy, interstellar and interplanetarium spaces tells more “about our origin” on this third planet. We present here a review including an author’s thought on many aspects regarding the origin of living being in this planet. In the current review we will discuss “about our origin” in connection to microgravity environment, CNS closed relationship with the heart, connections between the brainwaves, oscillations (waves) and our soul (our origin) and the possible site for the seat of our soul inside the brain - the greater limbic system. This review is an attempt to discuss some salient points related to our origin, which have not been scientifically highlighted or emphasised before. However, further work is needed in this connection to prove or disapprove scientifically those many aspects discussed in this rather short review. Living Creatures, their Origin and Central Nervous System Microgravity and the central nervous system CNS is regarded by many as the most important system or organ in our body. It is an organ enclosed by the dura, arachnoid, and pia Review Article Searching for the Origin through Central Nervous System: A Review and Thought which Related to Microgravity, Evolution, Big Bang Theory and Universes, Soul and Brainwaves, Greater Limbic System and Seat of the Soul Zamzuri IdrIs 1,2 1 Center for Neuroscience Services and Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia 2 Department of Neurosciences School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia Submitted: 27 Jan 2014 Accepted: 13 Apr 2014 4 Malays J Med Sci. Jul-Aug 2014; 21(4): 4-11
Transcript of Review Article Searching for the Origin through Central...
www.mjms.usm.my © Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 2014 For permission, please email:[email protected]
Abstract Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serves buoyancy. The buoyancy thought to play crucial role inmanyaspectsofthecentralnervoussystem(CNS).WeightlessnessisproducedmainlybytheCSF.Thismanuscriptispurposelymadetodiscussitssignificancewhichthoughtcontributingtowardsan ideal environment for the CNS to develop and function normally. The idea of microgravityenvironmentfortheCNSissupportednotonlybytheweightlessnessconceptofthebrain,butalsothenotedanatomicalpositionoftheCNS.TheCNSispositionedinbowingposition(atmaincephalicflexure)whichisnearlysimilartoanastronautinamicrogravitychamber,fetusintheamnioticfluidatearlygestation,andanimalsandplantsintheoceanorontheland.Therefore,thismicrogravitypositioncanbringuscloser to theconceptoforigin.Thehypothesison ‘theorigin’basedon themicrogravitywereexploredandtheirsimilaritieswereidentifiedincludingthebrainwavesandsoul.Subsequentlyareviewonsoulwasmade.Interestingly,anideafromLeonardodaVinciseemsinagreementwiththenotionofseatofthesoulatthegreaterlimbicsystemwhichhasadistinctivefeatureof“fromGodbacktoGod”.
Keywords: microgravity, limbic system, soul, brainwaves, evolution
Introduction
Weightlessness of the brain is produced bythe cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and anchoringeffectsof thenerve roots,denticulate ligaments,and filum (1,2). Immersion of the centralnervous system (CNS) in the CSF is analogousto the animals live in the ocean (water). Themicrogravityenvironmentproducedbytheoceanand CSF is crucial for both animals and CNS,and interestingly it seems to causemicrogravity(bowing/flexure/”T”/horizontal/prostration orsujood) position for them. Such position is alsomanifested by the developing embryo at earlygestation during the CNS development. Thestriking phenomenon ofmicrogravity inside theCNS, ocean, uterus in pregnancy, interstellarand interplanetarium spaces tells more “aboutourorigin”onthisthirdplanet.Wepresentherea review includinganauthor’s thoughtonmanyaspects regarding the origin of living being in
thisplanet.Inthecurrentreviewwewilldiscuss“aboutourorigin” inconnectiontomicrogravityenvironment, CNS closed relationship with theheart, connections between the brainwaves,oscillations(waves)andoursoul(ourorigin)andthepossiblesitefortheseatofoursoulinsidethebrain - thegreater limbic system.This review isanattempttodiscusssomesalientpointsrelatedto our origin,which have not been scientificallyhighlighted or emphasised before. However,furtherworkisneededinthisconnectiontoproveor disapprove scientifically those many aspectsdiscussedinthisrathershortreview.
Living Creatures, their Origin and Central Nervous System
Microgravity and the central nervous system CNS is regarded by many as the mostimportant systemor organ in ourbody. It is anorgan enclosed by the dura, arachnoid, and pia
Review Article Searching for the Origin through Central Nervous System: A Review and Thought which Related to Microgravity, Evolution, Big Bang Theory and Universes, Soul and Brainwaves, Greater Limbic System and Seat of the Soul
Zamzuri IdrIs1,2
1 Center for Neuroscience Services and Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia
2 Department of Neurosciences School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kelantan, Malaysia
Submitted:27Jan2014Accepted:13Apr2014
4Malays J Med Sci. Jul-Aug 2014; 21(4): 4-11
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matter. The subarachnoid spaces are filled withCSF. CSF creates buoyancy or floating effect onthe CNS. The weight of the brain varies whenthe cranium is filledwith CSF (50g) or without(1400g)(1,2).Thismicrogravityorweightlessnessof the brain inside CSF is maintained by theCSFpulsations createdby theWindkessel effect (macro-circulatory pulsations) (3,4). Hence, itseemsthatthebrainhasacloserrelationshipwiththeheartwhichnotonlyguaranteesenoughbloodflow to the brain, but also ensures maintainingthemicrogravityenvironmentofthebrain.Unlikethe microgravity environment in the ocean orriver, provided by a very large amount of fluid,theamountoffluid insidetheCNSisminiscule,yet adequate for weightlessness environment.This ispossiblebecauseof theanchoringeffectsof the nerve roots, dentate ligament and filumterminaleforthespinalcord;andcranialnervesforthebrain.Archimedes’principleofbuoyancydiscovered in212BC isuseful inunderstandingthe CNS. Archimedes’ principle states that anobjectimmersedinafluidisbuoyedupbyaforcewhichisequaltotheweightoftheliquiddisplacedby the object. The object therefore becomesweightlessinthenewenvironment(Figure1).
Other human organ with microgravity environment: uterus in pregnancy BesidesCNS,anotherhumanorganthatmayshowmicrogravityorweightlessnessphenomenonis the uterus in pregnancy. During pregnancy,the amniotic fluid inside uterusmakes the fetalweight lowered. The microgravity environmentinsideuterusgraduallydiminishesoncethefetuscompletesdevelopingthebonesandmuscles,andstartskickingmovementsfeltbythemother.Theuterusisthusseenasamicrogravityenvironmentatearlyhalfofthegestationalageanditcreatestheactual gravity environment (same weight insideandoutsideof theamnioticfluid)at laterstagesof pregnancy when bones andmuscles are welldeveloped.Toensuresurvival in thesubsequentgravityenvironment(earthorthethirdplanet),thedevelopmentofbonesandmuscles is importantfor the fetus. Therefore, this concept highlightsthefactthatthenormaldevelopmentoftheCNSprobably requires a ‘microgravity environment’(5).
Microgravity in the ocean and in the sky With the concept of microgravityenvironment inside human CNS and uterusduringpregnancy (CNSduring itsdevelopment)described above, it is now probably easy tounderstandtheevolutionoflivingcreatures.Prior
tofurtherdiscussiononevolution,itisimportantto discuss briefly the position of the CNS andthe fetus at early gestation. The fetus shows a‘curving’ position at early gestation similar tohuman CNS; the main cephalic flexure makesthepositionofhumanCNSin‘flexureorcurvingposition’.Apositionsimilartoanastronautwhoisinthemicrogravitychamberorwheneverfloatsinside the microgravity space. This curving orflexure position is known as ‘microgravity’ or‘sujood’positionwhichisdifferentfrom‘gravity’or vertical position. The microgravity positionis commonly labelled as “T” while the gravitypositionas“I”.ThehumanCNSisalwaysin“T”(microgravity)positionfromthebeginning(earlyfetal gestation) to the end (adulthood) (Figure2).Onthecontrary,thehumanbodyshiftsfrommicrogravity (T) position (fetus) to gravity (I)position(lategestationtilladult)andattheend,backtotheantigravityposition(elderly:curving/bowing– ready to goback to theorigin).Thesefeatures may suggest that human is originally
Figure1.TheArchimedesprinciple.Thesinkedobject will not move if the F1 forceequalstheF2force.
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comingfromamicrogravityenvironment(residualmicrogravityenvironmentinsideourbody,i.etheCNS - initial microgravity environment for thehumanfetusandbowingpositionfortheelderly). Regarding animals (invertebrates andvertebrates), their origin is also likely from amicrogravity space (6). The ocean (and river)providesenoughfluidforbuoyancytoexistintheocean (and the river). In reality, planet earth istwo-thirdcoveredbywater(majorityfromocean),hence, the microgravity environment exists inoceanisthelargestmicrogravityspaceonearth.The animals (invertebrates/vertebrates) insideocean (microgravity environment) manifest amicrogravity position (T position or horizontalposition). In contrast, land is under gravityenvironment (noweightlessness, insteadpullingforcebytheearthgravity),therefore,theanimalsshould be in the “I” position or gravity positionsimilar to human, but interestingly it does notappeartobeso.Themicrogravity“T”positionorhorizontalpositionisstillmaintainedbyanimals.This residualmicrogravity effect showed by theanimals on land suggests that they might haveevolvedfromonesingleparentororigindeepinocean. To summarise this section, animals areprobably originated from ocean (the biggestmicrogravity space on earth). Although humansare also thought originated from microgravityspace,butunlikely fromtheocean.Humansareprobably originated from another microgravityspace - the largest microgravity space inthis meta-universe is either interstellar andinterplanetariumspace(heaven)ormicrogravityspace/dimensionunknowntous(firstheaven)asdescribedinreligiousbooks–BibleorAl-Quran.Followingareargumentsinsupportofthefactthathumansdonotoriginatefromtheocean:a)oncethebrainisfullymatured,humanstakeupthe“I”or verticalposition,while animals stillmaintainthe “T” position across their ages/maturity; b)morphology and fundamental genes of humansare always the same. Humans have the samenose, ears, two eyes at the front and above thenose(fundamentalgenesforeyesetc)butdifferinheight,eyecolourorbonyweightbecauseofthechanges inthe livingenvironmentorchanges innon-fundamentalgenes.
Origin for the Universes
Einstein’s formula and the Big Bang theory – physics and metaphysics Thecontentdiscussedhere ismainlybasedon Einstein’s theory of general relativity and
Einstein’s famous formula of E =mc2, where Estands for energy; m for mass and c for speed(of light)].EquationE=mc2tellsustwothings:a)mass isanother formofenergy;andb)space(dimension),time,matterandenergyarelockedtogether in the most intimate embrace. WhilstEinstein theory of general relativity is a theoryofgravitationthatrelatesthecurvatureofspace-timewithmotionofmatter.Basically,itdescribes‘matter and energy’ actually ‘mould the shapeofspaceandtheflowoftime’.Theoryofgeneralrelativity correctly predicted that the universeis expanding and the outer edges are movingaway from us. This indirectly applies that theuniverseswereoriginated fromasinglepointorsingularity, where all of the matter and energywasconcentrated inasinglepoint.AccordingtoBigBangtheory,theuniversecameintoexistencefromalargeexplosion.Currently,BigBangtheoryisseenasthemostplausibletheoryinexplainingtheexistenceofourphysicaluniverses(7). Atafirstglance,theformulaE=mc2maynotbecorrectatall tobeapplicable in this context.Thepurposeofusingthisformulaistohelppeopleinunderstanding‘theconceptofwhatmighthavehappenedatthebeginningoftheuniverses’.AstheBigBangtellsthattheuniverseswereoriginatedfromasingularity,therefore,thisnonetocreationsmightexplaintheexistenceofacreatororaGod.Einsteinwell-knownformulaofE=mc2,perhaps
Figure 2: The microgravity or “T” or flexureposition of the central nervoussystem made possible by the maincephalicflexureduringmicrogravityenvironmentoftheuterus.
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hasthecapabilitytoexplainmore-theBigBangtheoryandbeyond.ThecalculationswhichbasedontheE=mc2arepresentedandtheyaremadebytheauthor(author’sthought).Attimezeroorsimplywhenthereisnotime,the‘c’has‘infinity’value (infinity refers to something without anylimit). This is because ‘c’ equals to distance ordimension divided by the time. At time zero,themassor ‘m’doesnotexistsimplybecause ‘c’is infinityorbecause ‘time’ iszero.At infinity ‘c’andnotime,thereisnomassbeingcreatedyet;therefore, the energy or first ‘E’ equals to zero(E=mc2;‘E’=0xinfinity;sofirst‘E’=0). However,whentimeisnon-zero,the‘c’isnotinfinityanymore.Theshiftfromazero(0)valueoftimetothesmallestpositivenumber(e.g.whent=0.0000000001ms);the‘c’valuechangestothe largestnumberthatcanberecorded.This issimplybecause‘c’equalstodistanceordimensiondivided by the smallest number (i.e time startsto exist). Therefore, from infinity value for ‘c’nowchangestothehighestnumberfor‘c’.Since,thereisachangefrominfinityvaluetoverylargenumberfor‘c’,the‘m’ormassisnowstartingtoappear (firstmass) and the value for ‘E’ at thispointisnotzeroanymore.AccordingtoE=mc2,theEisnowhavingaverylargevalue[E=mc2:E = m (exist) x c (massive number)2; so E =massivevalue].Thechangein‘E’valuefromzerotomassivevalueindicatesa“BigBang”or“massiveexplosion”. From this initial bang, oscillationsexist andmoremasseswere created. Therefore,the Einstein’s E = mc2 formula really seemscapable in explaining the Big Bang phenomena(author’sphysicsperspective). Now let us look at the metaphysics perspective of ‘E’ofEinstein’s formula(author’smetaphysics perspective). The initial ‘E’according to physics at time zero, carries novalue (zero energy or E = 0); but when viewedin the perspective ofmetaphysics (neithermassnor time does exist), the initial ‘E’ (or ‘hiddenE’ because it ismetaphysics) is in fact ‘infinity’.WhenusingthesameEinstein’sE=mc2formulaformetaphysics perspective, the ‘c’ value is stillregarded as infinity because time is zero (timedoesnotexistinmetaphysics);andthe‘m’valueshouldbezero too(becausemassdoesnotexistinmetaphysics). Nonetheless, the ‘m’ here doesnotrefertothemassanymore,the‘m’accordingtometaphysicsisinsteadbeingreferredtoas“theexistence”whichisnotinthemassform,passingthetime,themostpowerful(“theexistence”heredenotesthecreator:simplybecausewhenviewedaccordingtophysicsperspective,thecreatorhasalreadyexistedbeforethebigbang)andcannot
be imagined (God’s appearance is unthinkable/unimaginable – whatever brain thought/imagination on God’s appearance, it is still notGod. Basically, it is metaphysics). In short, atpointwhentimedoesnotexist,nomasscreatedandnophysicslawgoverningtheuniverses,thereis only “one” in existence, that is the God. TheGodismostlyviewedbyhumansasmetaphysics.Hence,E=mc2formulaaccordingtometaphysicswouldbe:E=1(oneonlyexistsinmetaphysics)x infinity(metaphysics: there isnomassandnotime)willproduce infinityvalue forE (i.eE= 1x infinity;E=infinity; ‘MAHA’conceptinIslam- ‘MAHA’ simplymeans infinity;names forGodhas infinity or MAHA concept). In conclusion,theE=mc2 tells two things:when initial ‘E’ isviewedaccording tophysics, Big Bang is noted, whilewhen initial ‘E’ (or can label it as ‘hiddenE’) is viewed according tometaphysics; there isnoBigBangbut instead tellingofoneexistence- ‘a hidden one’ who has ‘infinity energy/powerforever’i.eaGod.
The first light (nur) and beauty of numbers zero, one and infinity According to Islamic scholars (8,9) andauthor’s thoughtbasedonEinstein formula, thefirstcreationbytheGodis‘light’(?aspot/adotoflight)whichisalotbrighterthansunlight.Atzerotimeorwhenthetimedoesnotexist,the‘c’valueisinfinity(whenregardthedimensionordistanceasnotzero–seebelowwhendimension/distanceis regarded as zero). This infinity item couldrepresent thefirstGodcreation: ‘light’,which isbrighterthansunlightwithinfinity‘c’andcarriesno mass or better known as ‘nur Muhammad’(8,9).Interestingly,whenfurtherconsiderationismadeatzerotime(timedoesnotexist)andwhenthedistanceordimensionisalsoregardedaszero,thecvaluebecomes“everything”.Everythingheresimplymeans“everythinginsidethenewforminguniverses” [e.g.whenzero isdividedbyfive,wegetzero;whensevenisdividedbyzero,thevalueis infinity;butwhenzero isdividedbyzero, theanswer is “everything”, i.e. let us say, 0/0= y -Whatisthevalueof ‘y’?Itcanalsobeviewedasfollows:0=0xy,then‘y’valueis“everythinginuniverses”orsimplymeans1=67;house=cat;male=female;animal=humanetc.Itmeansthatwhen both time and dimension are regarded aszero,allhavebeen‘maximallysqueezedintoone’(?aspot/adotofthebrightest light).ThisnumberonecouldagainrepresentnurMuhammad–theorigin].Fromthisinfinity(whentimeiszeroanddimensionisnon-zero)oreverything(whenbothtimeanddimensionhavezerovalue)itemwhich
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couldrepresentnurMuhammad(8,9),all intheuniverseswerecreated(viaBigBang)andallareinoscillations/waves[note:the‘infinityvalue’or‘everythingvalue’for‘c’whenviewedaccordingtophysicsmaydenote ‘nurMuhammad’whilst theinfinityvalue(oreverythingvalue)forboth‘c’andfirst ‘E’ when viewed according tometaphysicsmayrepresenttheGod].Therefore,God(هللا )andMuhammad( )seemtohavecloserelationshipjustlikethe‘brain’andthe‘heart’.
Similarities pertaining to the Origin for the Living Creatures and the Universes
From the above discussion of generalrelativity,BigBangtheoryinthelightofphysicsandmetaphysics,andmicrogravityinCNS,uterusin pregnancy, ocean and the sky, wemay drawsome similarities between universes and originofthelivingcreatures.Thosesimilarfeaturesarediscussedbelow:a) Theconceptofmicro(near tozero)orno
gravityfortheorigin:-Gravitydoesnotplayanyroleintheoriginsofhumans,animalsand universes (microgravity or weightreductionforanimalsandhuman,whilenomass for the universeswhen viewedwithregard to either physics or metaphysicsperspectives). It seems that the story oftheoriginmightinvolvethreemainmajorareas – ocean for animals (plants); firstheaven (or ? interstellar/interplanetariumspaces)forhuman(asAdamandEve);andsingularity for universes [metaphysics tophysicsviaBigBangorexplosion to formplanetsetc].
b) Oncecreated,allareinoscillations(waves)orproducetwophenomena(upanddownordownandup;orrighttoleftorlefttorightmovements,likeawave).Examplesincludebrainwaves,heartrate,bloodpulsationandpressure, respiration, peristalsis for mostliving creatures and oscillations or wavesfor the whole of the universes contents(fromatomsetc).
c) The most important feature for thiscomparison is that “all in the universes”remember theGod,eithervia: i)chantingthegreatnessofGod(zikir)manifestedviaoscillations(waves)andtwophenomenaofupanddownordownandup(righttoleftorleft to right)movements (producingwordofGod:twoonly-AL…LAH;thatisALLAHbyGodto(bowing)sujoodii)or/and([ هللا]
living creatures via microgravity conceptorpositionasmanifestedbyCNS(flexureposition); or microgravity or horizontalposition and finally plants, flowers andtrees, branches (or stems) of a tree (orflower)curvingdownwardorbowing(theiroriginisalsomostlikelyfromtheocean).
Brainwaves and Waves Related to the Soul
Regarding humans, oscillations and wavelikemovements (up anddownordownandup,right to left or left to right) are thought to berelated to indirectmanifestations of the humansoul (8,9). The ‘actual human body’ is the onethat can be noted after few seconds orminutesof dying which shows no wave like movementssuchasrespiration,heartrate,vascularpulsation,peristalsis,neuralsignallingandbloodpressure.Humanbodyislikeasculpture,andsoulmanifestsitselfviaoscillations(atomsinthebodyetc)andwavelikemovements(heartrate,respirationetc).Therefore,thenoticeableindirectmanifestationsof the soul commonly includebrainwaves,heartrate and blood pressure (including Windkesseleffect or vascular pulsations), respirations,peristalsisandneuralsignalling.It is interestingto note that some definitions of body deathor brain death relate isoelectric brainwavesor electroencephalography (EEG), isoelectricelectrocardiography (ECG), and no respiratoryeffort. This signifies the soul has already comeout from the body hence, the actual body (noheart rate, no blood pressure, no brainwaves,no oscillation etc.) behaves like a sculpture. Inconclusion, studying the brainwaves is nothingbutstudyingthesoul.
Greater Limbic System as the Seat of Our Soul
It seems that the soul is related to ourbrainwaves(functionsofthebrain).StudiesinthisregardconcludedthattheEEGwavesarederivedmainly frompyramidalpost-synapticpotentials;and EEG rhythms hypothesis, the waves arethoughttobecontributedbythethalamocorticalaswellasthecortical-corticalnetworks(circuits),majorly originated from the reticular system(10,11). The hypothesis also mentioned aboutpacemaker cells in the thalamuswhich regulateinput from the reticular system, thus controlthe rhythm for the brainwaves. Extra-thalamicnetworks (basal forebrainnuclei,hypothalamus,amygdala,andhippocampus)arealsoconsidered
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tohaveimportantroleinregulatingtherhythmsfor the brainwaves. These deep cell masses(reticularsystem,hypothalamus,thalamus,basalforebrain nuclei, amygdala, hippocampus andmaybe basal ganglia) are parts of one system- the “greater limbic system”, as suggested byNieuwenhuys et al. in 1988 (12,13). The greaterlimbicsystemmaybeviewedasthecentreofallbrainnetworks–neuralsignallingfromallareasgoes to greater limbic systemand from there, itthen projects to all areas (brain, brainstem andspinal cord) [14]. The greater limbic system islikely the area/system which may responsibleformanythingsandregulatemanythings(suchas respiration, memory, sleep, hormones).Interestingly, the history on soul disclosed thatthisareaisprobablytheareaforthe“seatofoursoul”(15,16). Thehistoricalreviewonthedebatesregardinghuman soul revealed that, since the Egyptiansperiods (3000BC), the soul is considered to becomposed of five distinct parts: Ren, Ba, Ka,Sheut,andIb.TheIborheartwasregardedtobethemost important. Later, Plato (424–348 BC)labelledbrainasanimportantorganforthesoul.Aristotle(circa384-383BC)wholearntfromPlatodisagreedonPlato’sidea(namedbrainastheseatofthesoul)andhepreferredtheheartratherthanthebrainastheseatofsoul.Galen(circa200/216BC) augmented the Plato’s encephalocentrictheory (brain) of the soul. Later Herophilus ofAlexandria (an anatomist) believed that thesoulwas inside thebrainbasedonhisextensiveanatomicaldissections.Subsequently,duringtherenaissanceperiod,beganroughlyat14thcenturyin Italy, Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) hadlocatedthesoulinsidethebrain,morespecificallyinthemiddleventricle(closetoanteriorportionof the third ventricle near the hypothalamus,above the optic chiasm after drawings theintersecting lines of human cranium). The areaidentified by Leonardo da Vinci is, in fact, partofthegreater limbicsystem.Therefore, itseemsthat the greater limbic system is an attractivenotionfortheseatofhumansoul.Thisisfurthersupported by our recent data obtained from apatientwhounderwentawakebrainsurgeryandbrainmappingandwillingtoheartothecontentsof religious book (Al-Quran). The brainwavesbecameflattened(loweramplitudes)orchangedin morphology (less beta or alpha waves anddecreased spikes activity (Figure 3). From theseobservations, made the author agreed withLeonardo da Vinci’s observation and made asimilarconclusion that theseatofour soul isatthe“greaterlimbicsystem”.Thiscouldfurtherbe
supportedbythewordsandconceptof“fromGodbacktoGod”asmentionedinAl-Quran. Thewords“fromGodbacktoGod”mentionedinAl-Qurancanalsobeinterpretedas“fromonetoallandfromalltoone–centreorassemblyorsingleoriginconcept”.Thisseemsrelated to theseatofoursoulor thegreater limbicsystem:allneuralsignallingfromthebodygotothisareaandfromhereitprojectstootherareas(alltooneandone to all – centre or assembly or single originconcept too).Augustine,whowasborn inNorthAfrica in 354 BC said “to know the soul was toknowtheGod”(15).Therefore,itislikelytoexistarelationbetweenthesoulandtheGodandalsolikely to have a relation between things outsideand inside of our body - such as the conceptof “from God back to God” mentioned above.Following are the assemblies exist outside thehumanbody:a)assembletofaceGodwhendead;b) assembly during Haj in Mecca; c) assemblyduringFridayprayingandd)Al-Quranitself(fromonetoall).Ontheotherhand,insidehumanbody,it(assemblyconcept) isreflectedbythe“greaterlimbic system” which regarded by the authorand possibly by Leonardo da Vinci as “the seat
Figure3.Themorphologicalandspikechangesof brainwaves detected by electro-corticography (ECoG at 700 uV/cmforbothimages)atmotorareaduringawake surgery. (a) did not listen toAl-Quran and (b) during listening toAl-Quran.
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ofoursoul”orthecentreofoursoul,assemblingall the neural-signalling data and projecting toother areas (centre of the brain networks). It isinteresting to note that this greater limbic cellmasseslieclosetotheventricularcompartmentscontainingCSF(fourcompartments).Theshapedof thisventricularsystem isnearlysimilar toanArabic word for “ALLAH”(هللا ): alif ( ا) - spinalcentral canal till aqueduct of sylvius and coversthe4thventricle;2lam(ل )-thelateralventricles;and Ho (ہ) - the third ventricle. The anotherimportantorganforthebrain(هللا )toworkwithistheheart( );noteworthythattheheartalsohasfourchambersforthefluid-conductivity(blood),andblood/hearthasnearlythesimilarconceptasthebrain,i.e“fromGodbacktoGod”orassembly/centreconcept:thebloodflowstothesingleheartandfromthereitpumpsouttootherareas.
Conclusions
Themicrogravity orweightlessness conceptinsidetheCNStellsmanythings.Icansummarisethemasfollows:a)importanceofCSFinsidetheCNS; b) antigravity effects can be achieved viaArchimedesprinciple(floating)(note:otherwaysto go against the gravity are via acceleration,something that has no mass or time, or darkenergy); c) the closed relationship between theheartandthebrain;d)microgravityenvironmentis needed for CNS or stem cells development(embryology); e)microgravity or sujood/bowingposition of the CNS; e) evolution for the livingcreatures from themicrogravity environment; f)thelargestmicrogravityareaonearthistheoceanwhich could be the origin for the animals andplants;g)tracingtheoriginofhumanoruniversesshouldalsobe focusedon themicrogravity areaorconcept;h)knowingtheoriginfortheanimals,plants, human, and universes via microgravityconceptrevealedtheoscillations(waves)orwavelikemovements(upanddownordownanduporright to leftor left to rightmovements) formingthe fundamental item; i) the oscillations (orwaves)andthesetwomovements(up-downetc)seemtoberelatedtooursoulwhichmightreflectthe word ” هللا“ [two sounds/items: AL…LAH;alwaysremember(zikir)theGod];j)thehistoricalreviewon thesoul togetherwith theanalysisonour brainwaves data indicated the same site forthe seat of our soul (the greater limbic system);k)thelikelyseatofoursoulisthe“greaterlimbicsystem” that lies deep inside our brain andbehavesinaccordancewiththeconceptof“fromGodback toGod” or “assembly/centre” conceptor“oneorigin”concept.
Acknowledgement
None.
Conflict of Interest
None.
Funds
None.
Correspondence
AssociateProfessorDrZamzuriIdrisMBBCh(CardiffUniversity),MasterSurgery(Neurosurgery)USMCenterforNeuroscienceServicesandResearchUniversitiSainsMalaysia,KubangKerian16150KelantanMalaysiaTel:+609-7676299Fax:+609-7648613E-mail:[email protected]
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