Review 1. What is the main difference between bioaccumulation and biomagnification?

2. Why don’t farmers use biopesticides?

3. Explain what a pesticide is.

4. Describe TWO major categories of pesticides. For example Insecticides-kills insects and other arthropods. (Do NOT use insecticides as one of your choices).

5. What are two advantages and two disadvantages to using synthetic pesticides?

6. Name a metal and a chemical the is highly persistent and biomagnifies?

7. Name a fish, mammal and a bird that may contain high levels of POPS? Where do you find them in the food chain?

Bioaccumulation is within an organism and biomagnification is within a food chain

Slow and less effective

Synthetic chemical created to kill one or more targeted pests

Fungicides and herbicides

Saves lives (Malaria/Typhus/West Nile Virus)/Increase crop yields (support larger population)Environmental pollution (Water, air soil)/Promotes genetic resistance in target species (more or new pesticides needed for same job)

Mercury or lead/DDT

Salmon/swordfish-Dolphin-Osprey

8. Explain how bacteria could develop resistance to a bactericide.

9. Give two examples of how bacterial resistance can economically impact orchard owners.

10. Describe an example of how the development of bacterial resistance can affect human health.

1. When a bactericide is applied, most of the targeted bacteria die, but some may survive.2. The bacteria that survive have some genetic variation that gives them a natural resistance and pass that resistance (gene) to their offspring.3. After several generations only a population of resistant bacteria remain.

1. Unable to kill the bacteria some trees may die reducing orchard profits from fruit.2. Dead trees must be replaced at a cost to the farmer.3. Use of new or more bactericides will cost the farmer more reducing profits.

1. The use of antibiotics by humans can cause our pathogens to become resistant to current medications making disease organisms stronger and harder or impossible to kill with current medications. This may cause diseases to last longer or kill humans that in the past were easily treated. (make sure to finish all medications no matter how much better you feel)

Review 1. An experiment is performed to test the toxicity of copper sulfate (CuSO4) using brine shrimp

as a test organism. Six different concentrations CuSO4 of solution are prepared in separate Petri dishes, and 100 brine shrimp are places in each dish. After 48 hours, the number of brine shrimp that have died is counted and recorded. The results of this experiment are shown in the table below.

Plot these data on the blank semi-log graph provided below. Draw a smooth curve through the data points to illustrate the overall trend of the data. Label the Y axis with number of dead brine shrimp and the X axis with concentration

CuSO4 Concentrations (%) Number of Dead Brine Shrimp

<0.0001 10

0.001 10

0.01 20

0.1 55

1 90

10 100

0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10

2. Explain the meaning of LD50 (ED50). What is the LD50 concentration of CuSO4 for brine shrimp?

3. Explain the meaning of the term “threshold level of toxicity”. What is the threshold level of toxicity of CuSO4 for brine shrimp? Label this point on the graph.

4. Provide one argument for extending these toxicity results to humans and one argument against doing so.

LD50 is the amount or dose of a chemical or toxic substance that kills half of the test population. 0.07 – 0.09 %

The dose below which no toxic or lethal effects are observed and/ or above which the toxic or lethal effects are apparent.

Since the copper sulfate was toxic to the brine shrimp it is reasonable to assume that it might be toxic to humans

LD50

Threshold level of Toxicity

5. Name and describe ONE U.S. federal law OR ONE international treaty that focuses on the use of pesticides.

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA): States what must be on a pesticide label & requires registration of all pesticides.Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA): The safety standards for new pesticides used on foods (especially kids)Endangered Species Act (ESA): Requires the EPA to assess the risk of pesticides to threatened or endangered species and their habitats. PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPSTREATY): International treaty to phase out 12 organic persistent pollutants known as the “dirty dozen” such as DDT and PCBs

Review 1. Discuss TWO alternatives to the use of pesticides

2. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are toxic chemicals that can cause health issues in humans and wildlife. What makes POPs so dangerous when released into the environment?

3. Explain two ways in which POPs are harmful to humans and wildlife.

6. Explain the purpose of DDT and issues with its use.

Developing GMF (GMO) modified to be pest resistantUtilize crop rotation to keep pests in one areaUse biological controls to kill or parasitize the pestsUse of pheromones to attract and trap pest of disrupt their reproductive cycle

POPs are persistent and stay in the environment a long time, The bioaccumulate and biomagnify, and the travel long distances by air and water

They are endocrine disruptors that can feminize or masculine humans, cause reproductive abnormalities, they can cause cancer, and they can cause nervous system disorders.

DDT was used mainly as a pesticide to kill mosquitoes. The issues with its use include bioaccumulation, biomagnification, egg shell thinning in many predatory birds.

7. One strategy for dealing with agricultural pests is integrated pest management (IPM)Describe IPM. As part of your description, include TWO specific pest-control approaches that are part of IPM.

8. Identify one environmental benefit to IPM.

9. Describe TWO agricultural practices, other than those involving pest control, that increase crop yields.

IPM uses a combination of biological, chemical, and physical means to control pests.Introduce predators to the pests/Rotate crops/Vacuum pests/Use narrow-spectrum or less persistent pesticides

Reduction of pesticides into areas other than farmlands/Reduction of death of non-target organisms/reduces bio (A and M) of pesticides

Irrigation/Fertilizers/GMO

Review 1. In 1840, the life span of the average American was just 37 years. Today, it is approximately 77 years, with much of the increase in average life span occurring in the last 50 years. List TWO events that have occurred within the last 100 years that could account for the increase in human life span.

Diseases on the Rise!Despite the fact that many old diseases have been effectively controlled by the use of antibiotic and vaccines, it appears that the world is becoming more vulnerable to the outbreak of relatively new diseases (SARS) and West Nile Fever, and the reemergence and spread of old diseases such as malaria, cholera and tuberculosis. According to epidemiologist Dr. Amodie, “it is not possible to protect the health of Americans without addressing the problems of infectious diseases on a global scale.” The threat of the emergence and spread of newly arising infectious diseases has become a dangerous reality. These new diseases could become the endemic diseases of tomorrow. 2. For one new disease and one old disease named in the article above, explain how the disease is transmitted through the human population and describe an effective method for controlling the spread of the disease.

Industrialization, Modern medicine, Modern agriculture, Sanitation, and clean water supplies

SARS/directly from animals to humans or humans to humans by respiratory droplets/Not have animals close to humans-destroy infected animals or wear facial masks and wash hand frequently

3. For one of the two diseases you chose in part (A), identify one environmental factor that contributed to the emergence or reemergence of the disease and explain how that factor influenced incidence of the disease.

Cholera/Ingestion of contaminated water or food with cholera bacteria from human fecal matter or directly from your contaminated hands/Boil water to kill pathogen-provided pathogen free water supply-provide sanitary collection and treatment of sewage-wash hands

TB/Spread by respiratory droplets/Immunization-Quarantine-Treatment with antibiotics

SARS/TB-High population density of humans gives increased likelihood of transmissionCholera-lack of sanitation or pathogen free water increases transmission of pathogen

Review1. Currently, about 3.3 billion people-half of the world’s population are at risk of malaria. Every year, this leads to about 250 million malaria cases and nearly 1 million deaths, with people living in the poorest countries being the most vulnerable. Malaria is especially serious in Africa, where 20% of childhood deaths are caused by the disease (i.e., every 30 seconds a child dies from the disease).A. Explain how malaria is transmitted through the human population.

B. Identify TWO environmental factors that contribute to the emergence of malaria and explain how those factors influence the increase in the incidence of the disease.

C. Traditionally, the spread of malaria was controlled by the use of pesticides such as DDT. However, DDT and other pesticides often have negative environmental impacts. A promising alternative to the use of pesticide is biological control. Describe biological control and provide ONE biological control method for controlling the spread of the disease.

Malaria is naturally transmitted through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito. When the mosquito bites an infected individual some of the malaria parasites are taken with the blood meal. These parasites reproduce and make their way into the mosquito’s saliva that is injected into the next person.

A decrease in the population of mosquito predators which correlates to increased mosquito population/AN in crease in the human population density allowing more opportunities for transmission/Changes in global temperature allow new habitat for mosquitoes and transmission

Using natural enemies against them like mosquito fish, dragonflies, or microbial pathogens.

The above is true for West Nile Virus also transmitted by various mosquito species