Canadian Archae

12e reunion anml le

ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS

Presented at the 12th Annual Meeting

Canadian Archaeological Association

Association Canadienne D1Arch6010gie

Hotel Georgia

Vancouver, British Columbia

April 25-27, 1979

TABLE OF CONTENTS

....................... . 1 CAA Sessions: Contributed Papers 1

............ 2 . Joint CAAISAA Sess ions: Contributed Papers 4 3

............................... 3 . Late Papers ,. .......... 63

CAA Sessions:

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS

Adams, G. Parks Canada - P r a i r i e Region

Abst rac t : Fur Trade Archaeology - His tory Versus Archaeology Sess ion No. 8

Fur t r a d e s t u d i e s have always a t t r a c t e d cons iderable research a t t e n t i o n i n Western Canada, r e s u l t i n g i n very p rog res s ive s t u d i e s i n many f i e l d s . However, i n t h e ca se of archaeology, research has been s t agnan t and unproductive s i n c e t h e 1950's. This r e p o r t w i l l p resent a c r i t i c a l review of h i s t o r i c archaeology a t f u r t r a d e pos t s i n western Canada and compare r e s u l t s wi th some of t h e s t u d i e s i n such cognate f i e l d s as geography and h i s t o r y . It w i l l a l s o p re sen t some recommend- a t i o n s f o r new d i r e c t i o n s based upon a research design t h a t i s being proposed f o r York Factory.

Alexander, D. Simon F rase r Univers i ty

Abs t r ac t : Aboriginal Set t lement P a t t e r n s of t he Peace River Drainage Sess ion No. 5

This paper p re sen t s a r econs t ruc t ion of pre-contact s e t t l emen t p a t t e r n s i n t h e Peace River dra inage of nor th-eas te rn B r i t i s h Columbia and no r the rn Alber ta based upon e t h n o h i s t o r i c a l documentation, archaeo- l o g i c a l da t a , and a genera l ized hunt ing and ga ther ing model. It is demonstrated t p a t , con t r a ry t o p reva i l i ng i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s , t h e r e i s no s o l i d evidence t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e Beaver and S a r c i occupied t h e Peace River dra inage p r i o r t o t h e impact on t h e s e groups by t h e f u r t rade . A l t e r n a t i v e l y t h e Sekani can be shown t o have inhab i t ed a much l a r g e r t e r r i t o r y than gene ra l ly assumed. A case is a l s o made f o r t h e l o c a l occurence of a second, h e r e t o f o r e unrecognized, r e g i o n a l band. The disappearance, merging, and l a r g e s c a l e migra t ion and displacement of t h e s e r eg iona l bands dur ing e a r l y contac t is he ld t o demonstrate an a c c e l e r a t e d ve r s ion of processes preva len t during t h e a b o r i g i n a l period. The a rchaeo log ica l re levance of t h e s e p a t t e r n s and processes i s out l ined .

Arundale, W.H. Burke Museum - Univers i ty of Washington

Abs t rac t : Quartz, Qua r t z Everywhere and not a "Tool" i n S ight : Funct iona l and Technological Analysis of Cape Dorset Surface Co l l ec t ions .

Ses s ion No. 7

Because c l e a r l y def ined s t r u c t u r e s and faunal remains a r e o f t en lacking , a r chaeo log i s t s s tudying PreDorset and Dorset sites r e l y heavi ly on ana lyses of l i t h i c a r t i f a c t s . Although most of t h e s e analyses

concent ra ted on formed t o o l s , expedient t o o l s and deb i t age can a l s o provide va luab le information. This paper d i s cus se s t h e t echno log ica l and f u n c t i o n a l ana lyses of s u r f a c e c o l l e c t i o n s from t h r e e Cape Dorset a r e a workshop components and c o n t r a s t s them w i t h f i n d i n g s fou r o t h e r a r e a sites. The r e s u l t s have important imp l i ca t i ons f o r problems r e l a t e d t o subs i s t ence and s e t t l e m e n t p a t t e r n change and s t u d i e s us ing s u r f a c e survey methods.

Auger, R. Un ive r s i t g du QuGbec B Montreal

Abs t rac t : A Technique f o r V e r t i c a l Photography Sess ion No. 1 2

This p re sen t a t i on focuses on t h e use of a bipod instrument f o r v e r t i c a l photography of a r chaeo log ica l sites. The bipod, marketed by t h e Whi t t l esey Foundation (Wilton, Connecticut) has been used ex t ens ive ly i n t h e Old World and, more r e c e n t l y , i n North America by t h e Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n and t h e Tuvaaluk Programme.

The bipod has proven extremely u se fu l i n r e g i s t e r i n g s t r u c t u r a l d e t a i l s and p lans from mono-and s t e r eoscop ic photos. The types of cameras accomodated range from 35mm t o t h e 4 x 5. The bipod, weighing 30 l b . (box included) is comprised of two a d j u s t a b l e aluminum l e g s which permit t h r e e d i f f e r e n t he igh t s . The maximum s u r f a c e a r e a covered by a s i n g l e photo equa ls 6 x 8m.

Auger, R. Univers i tE du QuEbec 5 Montrgal

E x t r a i t : Technique de photographie v e r t i c a l e S6ance No 12

C e t t e communication p o r t e r a s u r l e maniement d 'un a p p a r e i l s e rvan t 2 l a photographie v e r t i c a l e des si tes arch6ologiques. Le bipode m i s 3 l a d i s p o s i t i o n des chercheurs p a r l a "Whittlesey Foundation (Wilton, Connect icut) f u t employ6 dans l e v ieux monde ( I t a l i e , Tunis ie ) et p l u s recemment en Amsrique du Nord p a r l ' s q u i p e du Smithsonian s u r l a c s t e du Labrador a i n s i que p a r l e Programme Tuvaaluk dans 1'Ungava.

Le bipode e s t t r S s e f f i c a c e pour l ' en reg i s t r emen t des p l ans s t r u c t u r a u x 2 p a r t i r de photographies monoscopiques e t s t6r6oscopiques dans les formats 35mm B 4 x 5. Le bipode e t s a b o i t e p s sen t 30 l i v r e s . Les deux jambes sont f a i t e s d'aluminium e t s a s t r u c t u r e modulaire com- prend 3 niveaux de montage dont l e maximum permet de c o u v r i r 6 x 8m. avec une s e u l e photographie.

Badgley, I. Universit6 du Qugbec 2 Montrgal

Extrait: DIA.4 (JfEl-4): Un site stratifig dorsgtien 2 occupation multiple dans llArctique qu6becois.

SEance No 7

Au cours de,la fouille de 1978 au site DIA.4, nous avons reconnu au moins 16 unit6s d'occupation dorsgtiennes dans un contexte strati- graphique. Elles comprennent des structures de creusement ainsi que de surface. Ces occupations ont 6tE dsfinies par des structures d'ha- bitations, des structures secondaires isolges, la stratigraphie, et la distribution spatiale des objets-t6moins. L1interpr6tation prslimi- naire de ces donnges suggsre que l'occupation du site fut relativement continue et s16talait sur plusieurs saisons. Ces r6sultats provisoires permettent, en plus, quelques hypothsses sur le mode d'implantation dorsgtien dans 1'Arctique qugbecois.

Badgley, I. Universitg du Qu6bec 2 Montrsal

Abstract: DIA.4 (JfEl-4): A Multi-Component Stratified Dorset Site in Arctic Quebec

Session No. 7

The 1978 Tuvaaluk Programme excavation at the DIA.4 site produced evidence of no less than 16 Dorset culture occupation units in stratified context. These units, comprising both semi-subterranean dwellings and tent rings, are identified on the basis of architectural remains, associated cultural features, stratigraphic discontinuities, and artifact distributions. Preliminary interpretations of these data suggest the possibility of continuous occupation of the site on a multi- seasonal basis and permit certain speculations concerning the Dorset settlement pattern in Arctic Quebec.

Ball, B.F. Simon Fraser University

Abstract: Archaeological Investigations in Northeastern British Columbia: The Northeast Coal Heritage Project.

Session No. 5

During 1976 and 1977 archaeological investigations were carried out in northeastern British Columbia as part of a preliminary environ- mental study prior to gas and coal resource development in the area. The study area is a vast portion of British Columbia's northeast, comprised of over 37,000 square kilometers. The investigations provided data for archaeological inventory, impact assessment and general cultural interpretation. This report presents a brief summary of the results of the project including survey and inventory, site excavation, cultural history with a general overview and commentary on both the study and conservation archaeology.

Banning, E.B. Pavl i sh , L.A. and White, R.A. Univers i ty of Toronto

Abstract : Is Chemical Analysis a Source of Confusion f o r t h e Archaeologis t?

Session No. 10

The use of chemical ana lyses i n a rchaeologica l s t u d i e s i s becoming more popular a s archaeometry ga ins acceptance. A t t h e same time t h e r e i s increased misuse of such ana lyses . There a r e l i m i t a t i o n s inhe ren t t o c e r t a i n kinds of chemical ana lyses of a r chaeo log ica l m a t e r i a l which a r e o f t e n overlooked by both t h e chemist and t h e a rchaeo log i s t . These l i m i t a t i o n s a r e discussed wi th r e f e rence t o s p e c i f i c examples and methods of overcoming them suggested.

Banning, E. B. Univers i ty of Toronto

Abs t rac t : Numismatic Tools i n North American H i s t o r i c a l Archaeology Session No. 10

The most obvious a p p l i c a t i o n of numismatics t o h i s t o r i c a l archaeo- logy is chronological ; co ins w i l l be among t h e most e a s i l y da t ab le a r t i f a c t s a f t e r t h e contac t per iod . Occasionally socio-economic f a c t o r s can be i n d i c a t e d by t h e f requencies of c e r t a i n co ins wh i l e s p a t i a l analyses of coin f i n d s i s u s e f u l i n s t u d i e s of t r a d e r o u t e s o r p o l i t i c a l spheres of inf luence. Some co ins , such a s t h e Hudson's Bay Co. o r North West Co. tokens, were i s sued s p e c i f i c a l l y t o f a c i l i t a t e exchange wi th t h e n a t i v e peoples of North America; o t h e r s , such as t h e Spanish e i g h t r e a l e , were s t r u c k i n o rde r t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e expor t of weal th taken from those peoples. Imported co ins w i l l range from French Scus i n Nova S c o t i a t o Chinese Chien Lung T'ung Pao i n B r i t i s h Columbia and Washington. Some of t h e ways i n which such coin f i n d s may a i d i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of assoc ia ted a rchaeologica l remains w i l l b e discussed.

Banning, E. B. Pavl i sh , L.A. and Switzer , J . C . Univers i ty of Toronto

Abstract : The F e a s i b i l i t y of Magnetic Survey: A Quest ion of Contrast . Session No. 10

Remote sens ing of a r chaeo log ica l f e a t u r e s by means of magnetic surveys has shown a good d e a l of promise on c e r t a i n kinds of s i t e s .

Methods f o r t e s t i n g t h e va lue of magnetic survey on a s i te before t h e f i e l d season begins w i l l b e discussed. It i s most important t o t e s t f o r s u f f i c i e n t c o n t r a s t between t h e magnetic p r o p e r t i e s of f e a t u r e s be ing sought and those of t h e surrounding so i l . , and t h i s has been done f o r sites i n I r an , Japan and Ontario. A t ano the r s i t e i n Egypt, tests i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e i s indeed a r e g u l a r c o n t r a s t between mud b r i c k and surrounding s o i l s composed of decomposed b r i c k mixed wi th sand. Actual magnetic survey on t h e s i te has confirmed t h e va lue of t h e method i n l o c a t i n g bur ied mud b r i c k wa l l s .

The t e s t s a r e easy provided t h a t samples of both f e a t u r e surrounding s o i l a r e a v a i l a b l e , and may prevent t h e launching of un- p r o f i t a b l e magnetometry campaigns. On t h e o t h e r hand they might en- courage t h e use of magnetometry on s i t e s where a magnetic survey has t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r improving t h e e f f i c i e n c y of subsequent excavation.

Beukens, R.P. Univers i ty of Toronto

Abs t rac t : New Developments i n Radioisotope Dating: 40,000 Years B.P. and Beyond

Sess ion No. 10

An atom counting method f o r carbon-14 d a t i n g has been undergoing development during the p a s t two years by a group a t t h e Un ive r s i t i e s of Toronto and Rochester and t h e General Ionex Corporat ion us ing an e l e c t r o s t a t i c tandem a c c e l e r a t o r . The method r e q u i r e s only smal l samples of approximately one milligramme, and i s u l t ima te ly capable of a t t a i n i n g accu rac i e s o f b e t t e r than one percent i n counting t i m e s of as l i t t l e a s s e v e r a l hours.

Op t imis t i c e s t ima te s of t h e new method's p o t e n t i a l f o r radiocarbon d a t i n g suggest t h a t i t w i l l permit da t ing t o 100,000 years B.P., and e a r l y tests obtained an apparent age of 70,000 y e a r s from a p i ece of bituminous graphi te . These e s t ima te s , while i n p r i n c i p l e c o r r e c t , must be t r e a t e d cau t ious ly u n t i l t h e problem of p o t e n t i a l sources of con- tamina t ion i n t h e sample has been proper ly addressed.

The atom counting method has a l s o been app l i ed t o chlorine-36 and beryllium-10, wi th r e s p e c t i v e h a l f - l i v e s of 310,000 and 1 .6 mi l l i on y e a r s , t hus providing, i n e f f e c t , a p o t e n t i a l chronometric continum t o s e v e r a l m i l l i o n yea r s B.P.

Bramm, R. Archaeological Survey of A lbe r t a

Abs t rac t : Va r i a t ions i n S i t e Detect ion Rates i n A lbe r t a Ses s ion No. 14

The purpose of t h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n i s t o examine p r e h i s t o r i c s i te d e t e c t i o n rates by examining t h e c o l l e c t i v e r e s u l t s of more than 100 Alber ta p i p e l i n e surveys conducted from 1976 t o 1978. Surveys were grouped f o r t h e purposes of comparison on t h e b a s i s of major vege ta t ion zone and degree of c u l t i v a t i o n . It i s bel ieved t h a t t h e methods and r e s u l t s h e r e presented w i l l b e of u se t o a r chaeo log i s t s concerned wi th t h e ques t ion of d i f f e r e n t i a l s i t e de t ec t ion r a t e s and t h e i r cause.

Brink, J. Archaeological Survey of A lbe r t a

Abstract : Prel iminary Resu l t s of Archaeological I n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t h e Grande Cache Region of t h e Alber ta Mountains.

Session No. 5

The mountains and f o o t h i l l s n o r t h of J a spe r Nat iona l Park have, i n t h e p a s t , received minimal a r chaeo log ica l a t t e n t i o n . This paper p re sen t s t he r e s u l t s of surveys on t h e Sulphur River and Grande Cache Lake, and t h e excavation of a p r e h i s t o r i c s i t e on t h e Smoky River. Data from t h e s e p r o j e c t s a r e examined, and t e n t a t i v e conclusions a r e advanced concerning r eg iona l s e t t l emen t p a t t e r n s and in t r a -a rea a c t i v i t i e s . The s i t e s and ma te r i a l s from t h e Grande Cache reg ion a r e then juxtaposed t o s e v e r a l r eg iona l hypotheses, i nc lud ing Reeves' argument f o r c u l t u r a l autonomy i n t h e Rockies; Gordon's pos tu la ted o r i g i n s of T a l t h e i l e i ; and Benedict ' s hypothesized expansion of p r e h i s t o r i c popula t ions i n t o mountainous a r e a s during t h e Al t i thermal .

Burley, D. Parks Canada - P r a i r i e Region

Abstract : Cognit ive Modelling: The Impl ica t ions f o r Gold Rush Archaeology

Session No. 8

Of l a t e , the concept of cogn i t i ve s t r u c t u r e o r world view has been recognized a s an important v a r i a b l e i n t h e understanding and explana t ion of h i s t o r i c a rchaeologica l assemblages. It is argued t h a t cogn i t i ve s t r u c t u r e permeates v i r t u a l l y every aspect of behaviora l p a t t e r n i n g from t h e cons t ruc t ion s t y l e used on a bui ld ing s i t e t o s p e c i f i c techniques f o r r e f u s e d isposa l . The formulat ion of app ropr i a t e models and t h e i r v e r i f i c a t i o n i n t h e a rchaeologica l record is not e a s i l y accomplished. The p re sen t paper reviews t h i s a n a l y t i c framework i n terms of a s p e c i f i c a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e a rchaeologica l context of t h e Klondike gold rush (1897-1899). Two contraposed p a t t e r n s a r e a s soc i a t ed w i t h t h i s event and a r e recognizable from a rchaeo log ica l remains: 1 ) A p ioneer ing o r prospec t ing world view shared by ind iv idua l s present i n t h e Klondike and immediate v i c i n i t y p r i o r t o t h e discovery of gold i n 1896, and 2) a cosmopolitan psychology, and one i l l - s u i t e d f o r an adap ta t ion t o no r the rn l i f e , i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a major i ty of t h e 1898 inrushing gold seekers .

Byrne, W. J. Archaeological Survey of A lbe r t a

Abs t rac t : H i s t o r i c a l L e g i s l a t i o n and Archaeological Performance Standards Sess ion No. 1 7

I n a t tempt ing t o adminis te r a p r o v i n c i a l a r chaeo log ica l programme w i t h c e r t a i n l e g i s l a t i v e c o n s t r a i n t s , t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s of personnel no t only supe rv i s ing but a l s o a s s i s t i n g i n t h e conduct of t h e s t u d i e s i s an i tem of major concern. S p e c i f i c i n s t ances of involvement range from recrui tment of s t a f f f o r permanent and temporary pos i t i ons , t o approval of research permi ts f o r independent p r o j e c t s . I n a l l cases , however, t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s i nc reas ing ly being placed on p r o v i n c i a l a r chaeo log ica l agencies i s such t h a t they a r e being forced t o assume a g r e a t e r r o l e wi th regard t o t h e imposi t ion of performance s tandards and t h e c e r t i f i c a t i o n of q u a l i f i c a t i o n s . These requirements have d e f i n i t e long-term impl i ca t ions f o r u n i v e r s i t y a rchaeologica l t r a i n i n g programmes.

Campling, N. R. Univers i ty of Southampton

Abst rac t : S o i l Phosphorus Analysis: Methodological Considerat ions Sess ion No. 12

Previous i n v e s t i g a t i o n s have proposed t h e hypothesis t h a t s o i l phosphorus i n t h e s o i l p r o f i l e v a r i e s d i r e c t l y w i th t h e type, i n t e n s i t y and du ra t ion of human a c t i v i t y over an area. This hypothesis has n o t been t e s t e d adequately.

One t echn ica l problem has been t h e v a r i a b l e e f f i c i e n c y of phospho- r u s e x t r a c t i o n due t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n s o i l t e x t u r e and e x t r a c t i o n technique. Human a c t i v i t i e s such a s farming, pas tu r ing of animals, r e s i d e n t i a l a c t i v i t i e s , bu tcher ing and dumping are important pedogenic processes . S tud ie s must s t a t e t h e causa l r e l a t i o n s between var ious c u l t u r a l and n a t u r a l p rocesses t h a t l ead t o p a r t i c u l a r forms o r con- c e n t r a t i o n s of phosphorus. Modelling the f a t e of s o i l phosphorus under va r ious c u l t u r a l and n a t u r a l condi t ions i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e i n t e r p r e t a - t i o n s of phosphorus da t a , and i t s u t i l i t y i n a r chaeo log ica l s t u d i e s , depends upon good comparative d a t a from known a c t i v i t y a reas .

Cassidy, S. B.C. Her i tage Conservation Branch

Abst rac t : The Archaeological Resource and Te r ra in System Mapping: A P r a c t i c a l Example from t h e Gulf I s l a n d s

Sess ion No. 14

This paper d i scusses advantages and disadvantages of t e r r a i n system mapping a s an a i d i n t h e management of t h e a r chaeo log ica l resource. It uses as a s p e c i f i c example t h e p r a c t i c a l experience de r ived from p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n an i n t e g r a t e d resource management s tudy of a number of t h e Gulf I s l ands .

I d e a l l y , t e r r a i n system mapping w i l l d i r e c t l y a i d i n t h e planning and management of t h e a r chaeo log ica l resource. In t eg ra t ed resource management impl ies t h a t we w i l l p rovide t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and inform- a t i o n inpu t t o a s tudy, dec id ing wi th o the r concerned agencies on common concerns and toge the r a r r i v i n g a t opt imal u se recommendations.

Choquette, W. Univers i ty of Idaho

Abstract : Some Resul t s of t h e Excavation of a La te Per iod Hunting Camp i n Northwestern Montana

Session No. 5

Salvage excavations a t 24LN1036 on t h e Kootenai River uncovered a sequence of c y c l i c occupat ions spanning t h e last 1500 years . Changes i n s i te func t ion and i n t e r n a l s e t t l emen t p a t t e r n a r e c o r r e l a t e d wi th evolu t ion of t h e landform as it changed from a sand b a r t o an a l l u v i a l t e r r ace . The culmination of t h e s e changes i s represented by t h e depos i t s of communal hunters who w e r e exp lo i t i ng a f o r e s t f i r e succession ungulate populat ion boom c i r c a 500 years ago.

Cinq-Mars, J. and I rv ing , W.N. Univers i ty of Toronto

Abstract : Considerat ion of Eskimo and Eskimoid Archaeological Remains i n t h e Old Crow Basin, Yukon Te r r i t o ry .

Session No. 4

Recent a rchaeologica l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c a r r i e d out mostly between 1970 and 1978 i n t h e Old Crow F l a t s a r ea , and intermontane bas in segment of t h e Porcupine River hydro logica l system, have revea led a s e r i e s of f a i n t c u l t u r a l man i f e s t a t ions which can be a t t r i b u t e d t o a number of Eskimo and Eskimoid complexes spanning both p r e h i s t o r i c and e a r l y h i s t o r i c t imes.

This communication, based on archaeologica l , e thnographica l and e thno-h i s to r i ca l d a t a r ep re sen t s a prel iminary at tempt t o desc r ibe , pe r iod ize , and cha rac t e r i ze some of t h i s ma te r i a l wi th s p e c i a l re ference t o i ts p r e s e n t l y known d i s t r i b u t i o n t o t h e south of t h e Yukon coas ta l - i n t e r i o r d iv ide .

Clermont, N. e t Chapdelaine, C. UniversitG de Montrgal

E x t r a i t : La s g d e n t a r i s a t i o n prgczde-t-el le l ' a g r i c u l t u r e dans l a P l a i n e de MontrGal?

Sgance NO 6

La s g d e n t a r i s a t i o n dans l a P l a i n e de MontrBal semble prBci5der l ' a r r i v g e des c u l t i g s n e s dans c e t t e rBgion e t se d6veloppe dans un con- t e x t e d16conomie p r 6 d a t r i c e mixte oil l a pZche i n t e n s i v e e s t t r S s impor- t an t e . Le s i t e du Sy lv i co le Moyen de l a s t a t i o n 4 de Pointe-du-Buisson i l l u s t r e c e t t e pgr iode e t correspond 5 l'emplacement d'un p e t i t v i l l a g e occupant un t e r r i t o i r e de p lus d'un ac re e t q u i a livrB 2 l a f o i s des r e s t e s d ' h a b i t a t i o n s , des i n d i c e s de s p B c i a l i s a t i o n de l ' e space commu- n a u t a i r e e t de trZs nombreux a r t e f a c t s e t Gcofacts c a r a c t g r i s t i q u e s .

Conaty, G.T. Simon F rase r Univers i ty and

S l a t e r , D. S., Univers i ty of Calgary

Abs t rac t : F o s s i l F ros t Fea tures i n S o i l a s Palaeoenvironmental I n d i c a t o r s f o r t h e Archaeologis t

Sess ion No. 9

F o s s i l f r o s t f e a t u r e s i n s o i l a r e common throughout nor thern North America and a r e o f t e n found i n a s s o c i a t i o n wi th a rchaeologica l m a t e r i a l s . A s a r e s u l t , t h e i r importance t o t h e a r chaeo log i s t a s environmental i n d i c a t o r s cannot b e ignored. The formation of f r o s t - r e l a t e d f e a t u r e s i n t h e s o i l , such a s f r o s t wedges, is commonly a t t r i b u t e d t o s p e c i f i c environmental cond i t i ons inc luding an i n c r e a s i n g l y r igorous c l ima te and a genera l pauc i ty of vege ta t ion cover. I n t h e p a s t , a r chaeo log i s t s have i n t e r p r e t e d t h e i r occurrence a s i n d i c a t i v e of co ld s teppe o r steppe- tundra l i k e environments. Evidence is presented i n support of t h e view t h a t , whi le r eg iona l c l i m a t i c f a c t o r s may be involved i n inducing t h e pedogenic processes r e spons ib l e f o r t h e formation of f r o s t f e a t u r e s i n s o i l , t h e s e processes a r e dependent l a r g e l y on micro-environmental condi t ions . Thei r occurrence cannot be assumed t o r ep re sen t macro- environmental condi t ions .

Conway, T. Ontar io Minis t ry of C u l t u r e and Recreat ion

Abs t rac t : Ojibway P reh i s to ry i n Northeastern Ontar io Session No. 1 2

This paper p re sen t s an overview of r ecen t a r chaeo log ica l discover- i e s i n no r theas t e rn Ontario, wi th an emphasis on i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of t rends and p a t t e r n s . Evidence i s presented f o r r eg iona l c u l t u r a l d i s t i n c t i o n s by Late Archaic times i n t h e Canadian Shie ld between Lake Supe r io r and t h e Ontar io - Quebec border. Previous ly unreported t o o l k i t s and ceramic sequences w i l l b e d iscussed w i t h re ference t o a sample of over 1200 ceramic v e s s e l s excavated from a s t r a t i f i e d s i t e a t S a u l t S t e . Marie. A r t i f a c t r a t i o s a r e considered as a method of d i s t i n g u i s h i n g seasonal s i t e s from t h e complicated Ojibway se t t lement p a t t e r n .

Conway, T. and Conway, J. Ontario Minis t ry of Recreat ion and Conservation

Abstract : Rock A r t I n t e r p r e t a t i o n Session No. 12

Recently research a t rock a r t s i t e s i n nor thern Ontar io has reached a s y n t h e t i c l e v e l where i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s poss ib le . A number of p ic to- graph panels a r e i d e n t i f i e d a s s t a r c h a r t s based upon repea ted associa- t i o n of c e r t a i n motifs, Algonkian f o l k l o r e and ethnographic observat ions. This i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s reviewed wi th r e f e rence t o su rv iv ing n a t i v e North American astronomy and recent developments i n t h e f i e l d of archaeo- astronomy.

Cormie, A. Simon F rase r Univers i ty

Abstract : Bayesian S t a t i s t i c s : An A l t e r n a t i v e Approach t o Data I n t e r - p r e t a t i o n i n Archaeology

Session No. 14

C l a s s i c a l s t a t i s t i c a l techniques have dominated t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of Archaeological da ta . However, d i s c i p l i n e s such a s Economics have consul ted a d d i t i o n a l schools of s t a t i s t i c a l thought and many have adopted Bayesian approaches t o s t a t i s t i c a l in ference . I n t h i s present- a t i on , shortcomings of c l a s s i c a l s t a t i s t i c a l techniques a s app l i ed t o Archaeological da t a a r e emphasized and Bayesian methods are proposed a s a l t e r n a t i v e s . By synthes iz ing a l l r e l evan t information towards t h e support of a number of hypotheses many of which can be considered simultaneously, Bayesians can e f f e c t i v e l y analyze unique o r h i s t o r i c a l events. C l a s s i c a l s t a t i s t i c i a n s , on t h e o the r hand, must r e s t r i c t t h e i r i n fe rence making t o s i t u a t i o n s where massive amounts of sample da t a a r e a v a i l a b l e o r where r e p l i c a t e experimentation is a f e a s i b i l i t y .

Cressey, P. J. Alexandr ia Archaeology Research Cente r

Abs t rac t : Studying t h e American Ci ty : The Alexandr ia Urban Archaeology P r o j e c t .

S e s s i o n No. 8

The urban s i t e i s one a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s e t t l e m e n t t y p e w i t h i n complex s o c i e t y . Yet, i n North American a rchaeo logy t h e r e have been few a t t e m p t s t o s t u d y t h e c i t y a s p a r t of a l a r g e r s o c i e t y n o r a s a h i g h l y complex, s o c i a l l y s t r a t i f i e d , and f u n c t i o n a l l y d i f f e r e n t i a t e d s i t e i n i t s e l f . With t h e u s e of t h e o r e t i c a l c o n s t r u c t s from p o l i t i c a l s c i e n c e , geography, h i s t o r y , and an th ropo logy t h e Alexandr ia Urban Archaeology P r o j e c t h a s sought e x p l a n a t i o n s of u rban e v o l u t i o n and b e h a v i o r w i t h c r o s s - c u l t u r a l a p p l i c a b i l i t y . The f i r s t phase h a s been t h e f o r m u l a t i o n of hypotheses which have been t e s t e d a g a i n s t a r c h a e o l o g i c a l , e t h n o h i s t o r i c a l , and a r c h i t e c t u r a l su rvey d a t a a s w e l l a s a g a i n s t excava ted m a t e r i a l s f rom t h e C i t y ' s ' t e s t s q u a r e ' . Research q u e s t i o n s , sampling des ign , and h y p o t h e s i s t e s t i n g a r e d i s c u s s e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e primary s t u d y v a r i a b l e s - l and use ; and t h e e t h n i c a f f i l i a t i o n and socio-economic s t a t u s of t h e occupant .

Cybulski , J . S . N a t i o n a l Museum of Man

A b s t r a c t : Conven t iona l and Unconventional B u r i a l P o s i t i o n s a t P r i n c e Rupert Harbour , B r i t i s h Columbia

S e s s i o n No. 3

S i x y e a r s ago i t was no ted t h a t a r c h a e o l o g i s t s were g e t t i n g a poor i n t e r p r e t i v e r e t u r n on t h e i r investment i n b u r i a l excava t ion because of outmoded f i e l d c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s (Melbye 1973) . The p r e s e n t paper re- i t e r a t e s t h e inadequacy of t r a d i t i o n a l r e c o r d i n g methods by f o c u s s i n g on shell-midden b u r i a l s excavated by t h e N a t i o n a l Museum of Man between 1966 and 1973. Study o f t h e photographs r e v e a l e d d i s t i n c t i v e a n a t o m i c a l p o s i t i o n s which would n o t have been recognized from t h e w r i t t e n d e s c r i p - t i o n s . "Conventional" b u r i a l s i n c l u d e a v a r i e t y of p repared b u r i a l p o s i t i o n s , w h i l e t h e t e rm "unconventional" r e f l e c t s r a t h e r unceremonious d i s p o s i t i o n s . The l a t t e r may por tend v i c t i m s o f v i o l e n c e a s s u g g e s t e d by t h e i r own n a t u r e s and by o s t e o l o g i c a l f i n d i n g s i n some c a s e s . The r e v e l a t i o n s of t h e a n a l y s i s a r e cons idered w i t h i n a g e n e r a l i n t e r p r e t i v e c o n t e x t of human remains found i n Northwest Coast shell-middens.

D e l l e r , B. W i l f r i d L a u r i e r U n i v e r s i t y

A b s t r a c t : A Pa leo- Ind ian S i t e Survey i n Southwest Onta r io S e s s i o n No. 1 5

I n the mid 1960's a number of Hi-Lo po in t s i t e s were found on o ld beach r idges i n Caradoc Township. S t a r t i n g from t h i s beginning and encouraged by D r . Wm. Roosa of t h e Univers i ty of Waterloo, a system f o r l o c a t i n g Paleo-Indian s i t e s was developed. Over 100 Paleo-Indian s i t e s and l o c a l i t i e s have been d iscovered i n t h e p a s t 10 years . Diagnost ic Paleo-Indian a r t i f a c t s found inc lude En te r l i ne , Barnes, and Holcombe f l u t e d poin ts ; Agate Basin and Cody Complex poin ts : and Hi-Lo poin ts .

Dewhirst, J. Parks Canada

Abstract : A Model of Fauna Resource U t i l i z a t i o n a t Yuquot, a Nootkan Vi l lage : 1000 B.C. - A.D. 1966.

Session No. 5

This paper p re sen t s a pre l iminary syn thes i s of Yuquot f a u n a l analyses of mollusc, barnacle , f i s h , mammal and b i r d elements from a raw sample of more than 200,000 remains. A model of f auna l resource u t i l i z a t i o n , showing eco log ica l con tex t s and r e l a t i v e d i e t a r y s i g n i f i - cance of spec i e s , is constructed f o r t h r e e a rchaeologica l pe r iods spanning 1000 B.C. - X.D. 1966.

Dods, R.R. Univers i ty of Toronto

Abstract : All-ottment of P ro t e in by S ta tus : Some African I n s i g h t s . Session No. 12

1978 work i n t he T u l i Block of e a s t e r n Botswana wi th t h e Trent Univers i ty Botswana Archaeological P r o j e c t afforded t h e oppor tuni ty t o c o l l e c t e thnographic d a t a on t h e a l lo tmen t of meat p r o t e i n w i t h i n t h e l o c a l community. This d a t a was acqui red during t h e per iod when t h i s researcher w a s engaged i n t h e c o l l e c t i o n , butchering, and process ing of specimens f o r t h e comparative f auna l c o l l e c t i o n of t h e Nat iona l Museum of Botswana. Ques t ion ing of l o c a l people showed t h a t meat is a l l o t e d pr imar i ly by s t a t u s and a l s o by s e x and age ( a l s o a func t ion of s t a t u s ) wi th in t h e community. Such examples suggest a l t e r n a t i v e pe r spec t ives and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n s of faunal remains w i t h i n archaeo- l o g i c a l provinces.

Donahue, P.F. Parks Canada, H i s t o r i c S i t e s , P r a i r i e Region

Abstract : Archaeology, His tory , and Computers: A P lo t t o Get a t A c t i v i t y Areas.

Session No. 1 4

Batoche Na t iona l H i s t o r i c S i t e , Saskatchewan, was t h e locus of a m6tis v i l l a g e and community from ca. 1872 t o 1915. A s p a r t of t h e Parks Canada system i t has seen t h r e e y e a r s of a rchaeologica l and h i s t o r i c a l research. One of t h e problems examined was t h e d e l i n e a t i o n and eva lua t ion of a c t i v i t y a r eas using a rchaeo log ica l da ta . SYMAP, a computer mapping programme, was used t o manipulate and p l o t t h e da ta . The research i s presented and assessed i n t h i s paper.

Duke, P.G. Univers i ty of Calgary

Abstract : E x p l o i t a t i o n Networks i n P r e h i s t o r i c Southern Alber ta : The H i s t o r i c and Ethnographic Evidence

Session No. 9

This paper examines t h e t h e o r e t i c a l and methodological problems involved i n us ing h i s t o r i c a l evidence from ethnographies and exp lo ra t ion accounts t o a s s i s t i n t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of p r e h i s t o r i c s e t t l emen t p a t t e r n s . Major focus is placed on t h e s i t u a t i o n i n Southern Albe r t a and t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s of analysing c u l t u r a l r e l a t i o n s between t h e moun- t a i n s and p l a i n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n r e l a t i o n t o man's e x p l o i t a t i o n of h i s n a t u r a l environment.

Dyck, I . G . Saskatchewan Museum of Natural His tory

Abstract : Construct ion S t r a t egy a t Fo r t Car l ton , 1810-1855 Session No. 11

Most f u r t r a d e p o s t s had a s h o r t l i f e span, bu t Fort Car l ton on t h e North Saskatchewan River was kept open f o r 75 years before suc- cumbing t o flames and abandonment during t h e Rebel l ion of 1885. The f o r t s t a r t e d a s a s t r a t e g i c t r ad ing c e n t e r and provis ions pos t , then survived because of i ts va lue as a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n l i n k and d i s t r i b u t i o n cen t r e , and f i n a l l y , near t h e end, became a r eg iona l headquarters . Archaeological and h i s t o r i c a l d a t a a r e combined i n t o a r econs t ruc t ion of phases, techniques and bu i ld ing r a t i o n a l e f o r For t Car l ton dur ing t h e f i r s t 45 yea r s .

E l l i s , C. Simon F rase r Un ive r s i t y

Abs t rac t : L i t h i c Debitage from Fluted Poin t S i t e s i n Ontario. Session No. 15

This paper i s concerned wi th t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of l i t h i c deb i t age from two f l u t e d p o i n t s i t e s i n Ontar ia , t h e P a r k h i l l and the McLeod s i t e s . Given t h e extremely homogenous n a t u r e of t h e debi tage c o l l e c t i o n s ,

a typo log ica l a n a l y s i s w a s undertaken. I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e v a r i a b i l i t y between debi tage a t t r i b u t e c l u s t e r s ( i . e . debi tage types) i s based on two f a c t o r s : t h e "types" of t o o l s be ing a l t e r e d ; and t h e s t a g e s and s t e p s i n t h e manufacture of l i t h i c t o o l s from which t h e deb i t age was derived. Conclusions a r e presented wi th r e f e rence t o t h e sequence of manufacture, t h e reduct ion sequence, and t h e r e l a t i v e length of occupa- t i o n , temporal order ing and a s s o c i a t i o n of d i s c r e t e l o c i of l i t h i c a c t i v i t i e s . F i n a l l y , hypotheses about t h e na tu re of s i t e a c t i v i t i e s a r e t e s t e d w i t h information on t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s der ived from a n examina- t i o n of t he deb i t age co l l ec t ions .

Farquhar, R.M. and Badone, E. Universi ty of Toronto

Abstract : Neutron Act iva t ion Analysis of F o s s i l Bone from t h e Old Crow F l a t s , Northern Yukon

Session No. 10

160 samples from f o s s i l b i son , ho r se and mammoth bones have been analysed by neut ron a c t i v a t i o n at t h e Univers i ty of Toronto Slowpoke Reactor f a c i l i t y . Elements analysed inc lude V , Dy, Sm, Eu, Ba, S r , Mg, N a , U, A l , Mn, C 1 , C a , F, Sc, Fe, Co, and Zn.

There i s a two-fold o r i e n t a t i o n t o t h i s programme of research . F i r s t , i n an e f f o r t t o gain understanding of t h e process of mineral iza- t i o n , samples from each bone were obta ined a t s e v e r a l depths w i t h i n the cortex. P a t t e r n s of d i s t r i b u t i o n by depth f o r vanadium, manganese, aluminum and f l u o r i n e suggest d i g e n e t i c depos i t ion of d i s so lved ions of t hese elements by groundwater p e n e t r a t i o n from both t h e s u r f a c e and marrow cav i ty of t h e bone. In a d d i t i o n , we a r e t e s t i n g t h e hypothesis t h a t t h e elemental c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of i nd iv idua l specimens can be co r r e l a t ed wi th 14c age and/or degree of su r f ace s t a in ing .

Finlayson, W.D. Univers i ty of Toronto

Abstract : P a t t e r n s i n t h e Development of Ontar io Iroquoian Se t t lements Session No. 18

During t h e p a s t few years , a cons iderable number of I roquoian v i l l a g e s have been sub jec t t o major o r t o t a l excavation. A s a r e s u l t , t he re has been a tremendous inc rease i n t h e da t a a v a i l a b l e on Iroquoian se t t lement p a t t e r n s . This paper w i l l review t h e c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e da t a and w i l l explore c e r t a i n t r ends i n t h e development of I roquoian v i l l a g e s . This w i l l inc lude observa t ions on v i l l a g e s i z e , house s i z e , house o r i e n t a t i o n and v i l l a g e layout .

Forbis , R.G. and Wilson, M. Univers i ty of Calgary and

S t a l k e r , A.MacS. Geological Survey of Canada

Abstract : Excavations a t t h e Taber Hominid S i t e , Alber ta Session No. 9

The bones of an i n f a n t human were c o l l e c t e d i n 1961 from orange sands beneath g l a c i a l t i l l a t Woodpecker I s l a n d Bluff nor th of Taber, Alberta . Recently, t h e l o c a l i t y was sub jec t ed t o la rge-sca le s t r i p p i n g i n o rde r t o expose t h e orange sand u n i t f o r c a r e f u l excavat ion i n 1979. These excavat ions have exposed a v e r t i c a l s e c t i o n t h a t shows t h r e e d i s t i n c t t i l l s over t he orange sands. The lower two t i l l s are separa ted by a t h i n outwash u n i t ; poss ib ly they a r e segments of a s i n g l e advance wi th re juvenat ion a f t e r a minor r e t r e a t . The t h i r d t i l l i s sepa ra t ed from t h e o t h e r two by sands and g rave l s t h a t show none of t h e same degree of orange ox ida t ion a s t h e Hominid-bearing u n i t down sec t ion . I n add i t i on , drag-l ine excavat ions show t h a t beds extend h o r i z o n t a l l y and conformably b lack i n t o t h e b l u f f ; t h e r e f o r e t h e r e has not been r o t a t i o n a l slumping of any consequence and t h e geo log ica l provenience of t h e Taber Hominid i s c l e a r l y i n t h e orange sand. While t h e age of t h e t i l l s remains uncer ta in , t h e orange Hominid-bearing sands could be somewhere i n t h e Wisconsinan o r even Sangamonian i n age, c e r t a i n l y no younger than mid-Wisconsinan.

Forsman, M.R.A. Archaeological Survey of Alber ta and

Gallo, J . Finance and Adminis t ra t ion Divis ion, A lbe r t a Cul ture

Abstract : Fur Trade Archaeology i n Western Canada Sess ion No. 14

Archaeological i n v e s t i g a t i o n of h i s t o r i c per iod sites i n t h e Canadian west has focused on f u r t r a d e establ ishments . Most of t h e p r o j e c t s reviewed had s i t e - s p e c i f i c ob jec t ives . Some comparisons had been undertaken but no a t tempts had been made a t synthes iz ing d a t a from a number of s i t e s i n order t o provide a b a s i s f o r making broader s ta tements on t h i s important h i s t o r i c a l e r a . This s t e p has now been undertaken. The techniques used, and t h e information and i n t e r p r e t i v e s ta tements generated can a l s o be use fu l f o r s t imu la t ing new d i r e c t i o n s i n t h e a r e a of thematic research.

Friesenger , M. Boundary Archaeological Survey

Abstract : The Salvage Recovery of a Wooden Dugout Canoe. Session No. 5

Archaeological inventory survey a long t h e K e t t l e River i n south- c e n t r a l B r i t i s h Columbia revealed a unique type of a r chaeo log ica l s i t e , a wooden dugout canoe submerged i n t h e River. Located j u s t above Cascade Canyon t h e dugout was imbedded i n r i v e r i n e depos i t s on a prepared platform o r s k i d beneath t h e present l e v e l of t h e r i v e r .

The dugout i s 6.5 meters i n l eng th , .57 meters i n width and i s manufactured from a s i n g l e ponderosa p i n e log. The th ickness of t h e s i d e s v a r i e s from 2-3 cent imeters . Ove ra l l t h e craf tsmanship and cons t ruc t ion were of except iona l q u a l i t y .

Due t o t h e endangered na tu re of t h e s i t e t h e canoe was recovered and i s p r e s e n t l y undergoing p re se rva t ion i n a l a r g e holding tank.

Gangloff, P. and Savoie, L. Universi t6 de Montrgal

Abstract : La te G l a c i a l and Holocene Paleogeography of t h e Nunaingok - Por t Burwell Region

Session No. 7

Three types of g l a c i a l r e l i e f (i.e. c i rques , t e rmina l moraines, and l o c a l moraines) o u t l i n e a r e l a t i v e chronology f o r t h e end of t h e Foxe g l a c i a t i o n i n t h e northernmost Labrador-Ungava peninsula . A border moraine f lanking t h e A t l a n t i c f r o n t seems t o have been formed by i c e of con t inen ta l s h e l f provenience. The t y p e of rock weathering, d i f f e r e n t f r o s t forms and 6 radiocarbon-dated p o l l e n diagrams r e t r i e v e d from pea t loca ted between 22 and 175 foot e l e v a t i o n s permit e l u c i d a t i o n of t h e Holocene evolu t ion of t h e phys ica l environment. This environment has d i r e c t l y inf luenced human occupation i n t h e area.

Ganglof f , P. et Savoie, L. Univers i t6 de MontrGal

E x t r a i t : PaleogGographie t a r d i g l a c i a i r e et holocene de l a r6gion de Nunaingok - Por t Burwell

Sgance No 7

Tro is g6nGrations de r e l i e f s g l a c i a i r e s ( l e s c i rques , les moraines terminales , l e s moraines l oca l e s ) e squ i s sen t une chronologie r e l a t i v e de l a f i n de l a g l a c i a t i o n de Foxe dans l a p o i n t e nord d e l a pGninsule Ungava-Labrador. Une moraine bo rd iz re f lanquant l a fasade a t l a n t i q u e semble avo i r 6 t 6 mise en p l ace par des g l aces en provenance d e l a p l a t e - forme cont inenta le . Le type de mgt6orisat ion de l a roche, l e s diffi3ren- t e s gel i formes e t s i x diagrammes polyniques da t6s pa r l e radiocarbone

e t G tab l i s dans des tourbes e n t r e 22 p i . e t 175 p i . d ' a l t i t u d e permettent de s u i v r e 1 'Gvolut ion holocsne du mi l i eu physique q u i a pu s e r v i r de cadre 5 l ' occupa t ion humaine.

Hanks, C .C . Univers i ty of Winnipeg

Abst rac t : Ethnographic Informants and Seasonal i ty of H i s t o r i c Cree S i t e s

Sess ion No. 12

Archaeological survey work i n t h e Caniapicau Reservoir of Northern Quebec has provided some i n t e r e s t i n g c o r r e l a t i o n s between h i s t o r i c Cree sites and t h e i r s easona l i t y . By us ing Cree informants from t h e Mis t a s s in i , i t has been p o s s i b l e t o t i e s i t e f e a t u r e s , p r e v a i l i n g exposure, resource placement, and s i t e l oca t ion t o s easona l i t y . I f t h i s summer's observa t ions a r e s u b s t a n t i a t e d by f u r t h e r work i n t h e a r ea , i t may be p o s s i b l e t o begin t o make more s p e c i f i c p r e d i c t i o n s about s i t e l o c a t i o n f o r much of t h e Sub-arct ic .

Hanna, M. Univers i ty of Calgary

Abs t rac t : Analysis of Fish Sca les from Aschkibokahn, Manitoba. Session No. 12

A s e r i e s of 250 s c a l e s from a Late Woodland s i t e i n wes t -cent ra l Manitoba were i d e n t i f i e d t o spec ies and aged (when poss ib l e ) . These d a t a were compared wi th modern age-weight d a t a t o ob ta in an estimate of t h e amount of f i s h processed a t t h e s i t e . Various problems i n spe- c i a t i n g , ageing, and i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e r e s u l t s a r e discussed.

Heitzmann, R. J. Edmon t on

Abst rac t : What is Cowboy Cul ture? o r Determining Cu l tu ra l P a t t e r n s a t Cochrane Ranch H i s t o r i c S i t e , A lbe r t a

Sess ion No. 11

Cochrane Ranch, l oca t ed approximately 20 mi les w e s t of Calgary, w a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1881 with a l e a s e of 100,000 ac re s and an investment of $500,000.

Examination of h i s t o r i c records a v a i l a b l e suggested t h e presence of two s o c i a l c l a s s e s a t t h e s i t e : managers and ranch hands. Excavations concentrated on recovery of d a t a from t h e manager's res idence and t h e bunkhouse, which were taken a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e two groups.

Through a n a l y s i s u s ing s tandard s t a t i s t i c a l tests, a number of c a t e g o r i e s of a r t i fac ts - -ceramics , b o t t l e s and arms--were found t o be s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t between these two s o c i a l groups.

The r e s u l t s of t h e p r o j e c t a r e a c l e a r e r d e f i n i t i o n and under- s tanding of l i f e i n t h e b i g ranch per iod of t h e Canadian West.

H i l l , M. Universi ty of Waterloo

Abstract : Options and Imperat ives i n Archaeological F i e ld Schools Session No. 17

D i s t i l l e d from t h e au tho r ' s e a s i l y p a r a l l e l e d experiences i n l ea rn ing and teaching archaeologica l f i e l d methods, t h i s paper add res ses t he ques t ions "What a r e f i e l d schools for?" and "What e l s e can you e f f i c i e n t l y do wi th them?" t o a r r i v e a t t h e answers " t r a i n i n g would-be archaeologis ts" and "not much". The p o s i t i o n t h a t t r a i n i n g should precede research both l o g i c a l l y and programatical ly is defended, ,leading t o i n t ense ly nega t ive conclusions about bo th t h e t r a i n i n g and t h e research c a r r i e d out by almost everybody but t h e author .

Hobbins, J .F. Univers i ty of Toronto

Abstract : X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of H e l l e n i s t i c Po t t e ry from Egypt and Pa le s t i n e

Session No. 10

The physiochemical composition of anc i en t ceramics can a i d i n t h e determinat ion of manufacturing cen t r e s and changes i n product ion l o c i through time and space. Clues t o t he n a t u r e of t r a d e p a t t e r n s may a l s o be discovered.

The usefu lness of X-ray Fluorescence a s a means t o i n v e s t i g a t e the elemental composition of ceramic m a t e r i a l s i s discussed. P a r t i c u l a r re ference is made t o an X-ray Fluorescence p r o j e c t involving a ceramic corpus from Egypt and P a l e s t i n e of t h e H e l l e n i s t i c per iod. Various p r a c t i c a l a spec t s , such as techniques of sample prepara t ion , are discussed. Ten ta t ive conclusions, concerning t h e provenance of t h e po t t e ry , a r e p u t forward, a s we l l a s imp l i ca t ions f o r t r a d e i n t h e He l l en i s t i c Near Eas t .

Hunter, J . R .

Abstract : Seventeenth Century Trade Goods from Northeastern North America: A Brief Overview.

Session No. 11

A d e s c r i p t i v e overview of European t r a d e goods from excavat ions of Seventeenth Century s i t e s i n t h e n o r t h e a s t i s presented. The present- a t i o n involves t h e examination of p l aces of o r i g i n , p r i c e s , and ranges of d i s t r i b u t i o n of c e r t a i n t r a d e i tems.

Johnson, D. Univers i ty of Toronto

Abs t rac t : The McKenzie o r Woodbridge S i t e and I ts Place i n t h e Late Ontar io Tradi t ion .

Session No. 18

The McKenzie s i t e , a l a r g e La te Ontar io I roquois v i l l a g e , i s loca t ed on t h e Humber River northwest of Toronto a t Woodbridge. This v i l l a g e occupied c i r c a A.D. 1520, and one of s e v e r a l i n t he a r e a , has long been considered c e n t r a l t o models f o r Huron developments s i n c e its i n i t i a l excavat ion by J. Norman Emerson i n 1947 and 1949. An alarm, sounded by l o c a l amateurs, t h a t t h e remainder of t h e s i t e was t o be destroyed by a housing development, l e d t h e Univers i ty of Toronto t o r e t u r n t o t h e s i t e i n 1974, 1975 and 1977. This paper w i l l p r e sen t a pre l iminary summary of t h e excavat ions a t McKenzie and i n d i c a t e t h e d i r e c t i o n of c u r r e n t development as seen from t h e Humber Drainage.

J u l i e n , M. Univers i t6 du Qu6bec 2 Montr6al

E x t r a i t : Analyse faunique du s i te d o r s 6 t i e n DIA.4 SEance No 7

C e t t e communication p o r t e s u r l ' a n a l y s e faunique du s i t e DIA.4, s i t u 6 s u r l ' f l e du Diana, dans l a b a i e du m&me nom. Une Etude prgl imi- n a i r e de l a d i s t r i b u t i o n s t r a t i g r a p h i q u e du matErie1 osseux suggsre que l e s i t e f u t occup6 5 p lus i eu r s r e p r i s e s . La r 6 p a r t i t i o n s p a t i a l e des d i f f g r e n t e s espsces animales indique une succession d 'occupat ions correspondant Zi p l u s i e u r s s a i sons et ind iquant un cycle d ' e x p l o i t a t i o n annuel des ressources fauniques du mi l ieu . D'autre p a r t , une premiBre i d e n t i f i c a t i o n permet d 'observer une lEgSre modif icat ion de l a faune de l a r6gion depuis l a ps r iode d 'occupat ion jusqu 'z nos jours .

J u l i e n , M. Univers i t6 du Qugbec 2 Montr6al

Abs t rac t : Faunal Analysis of t h e DIA.4 Dorset S i t e Sess ion No. 7

This paper p re sen t s t h e pre l iminary faunal ana lys i s of t h e DIA.4 s i t e , l oca t ed on Diana I s l and , Diana Bay, i n A r c t i c Quebec. Study of t h e s t r a t i g r a p h i c d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e bone ma te r i a l sugges ts mu l t ip l e occupat ion of t h e s i t e . S p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s of t h e var ious animal s p e c i e s p r e s e n t demonstrate a success ion of seasonal occupat ions and i n d i c a t e an annual cyc l e of resource e x p l o i t a t i o n i n t he region. This

prel iminary a n a l y s i s r e v e a l s a s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e composition of t h e faunal assemblages pe r t a in ing t o t he Dorset per iod and t h e p r e s e n t day.

Kapches, M. Universi ty of Toronto

Abstract : The Three M ' s : Markham Middleport Mani fes ta t ions . Session No. 18

There a r e a s e r i e s of s i t e s i n t h e Markham a rea , e a s t of t h e c i t y of Toronto, which a r e a f f i l i a t e d wi th t h e Middleport Stage a s de f ined by Wright (1966). The s i t e s a r e s i t u a t e d on t h e Rouge, and Highland Creek drainage systems. A r eg iona l chronology f o r t h e s i t e s has been e s t ab l i shed and w i l l form the b a s i s f o r t h e d iscuss ion of t h e n a t u r e of Middleport i n t h i s a rea .

Kel ley, J. H. Universi ty of Calgary

Abstract : To What Tune do We Dance? Session No. 1 7

Archaeology i s f ac ing changing growth r a t e s and a changing organi- z a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e . The r o l e of graduate programs is a of some p ro fe s s iona l concern. It is argued t h a t whi le graduate programs can incorpora te some a s p e c t s of t r a i n i n g of concern t o what t h e o rgan ize r of t h i s symposium has c a l l e d "bureaucra t ic a rchaeologis t s" , t h e r e a r e c o n s t r a i n t s a s t o how l a r g e a p a r t of graduate programs can be devoted s p e c i f i c a l l y t o C u l t u r a l Resource Management. Ph.D. t r a i n i n g s u r e l y c a r r i e d t h e connotat ion of providing t h e i n d i v i d u a l with a background and t h e t o o l s t o i d e n t i f y and so lve problems. I f t h e r e a r e proven needs f o r i nd iv idua l s i n governmental and c o n t r a c t i n g agencies t h a t a r e n o t being served by p re sen t t r a i n i n g p r a c t i c e s , t h e s e a r e b e s t addressed a t t h e M.A. l eve l . A more d e f i n i t i v e d ia logue between academic i n s t i t u t i o n s and t h e h i r i n g agencies is necessary t o i d e n t i f y such needs.

Kense, F .J . Univers i ty of Calgary

Abstract : Post-Pleis tocene Adaptations and A g r i c u l t u r a l P o t e n t i a l : A n Example from t h e Congo Basin.

Session No. 9

Arid dese r t reg ions and dense t r o p i c a l f o r e s t s have long been con- s ide red b a r r i e r s t o human movements as w e l l as r e s t r i c t i v e t o develop- ments toward complexity i n t h e technologica l , p o l i t i c a l and socio- economic spheres. Inves t iga t ions of recent yea r s , however, have repea t - ed ly demonstrated t h a t so-called "deser t" reg ions , i n f a c t , have o f t e n evolved complex and d e l i c a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between man, h i s c u l t u r e and t h e environment.

I n t h i s paper , one such reg ion w i l l be examined i n some d e t a i l . The Congo Basin encompasses a number of micro-environments, some of which have important impl ica t ions f o r human se t t lement and subs is tence . A c r i t i c a l a r e a of t he Basin i s t h e t r a n s i t i o n zone between t h e dense r a i n f o r e s t and a woodland-savanna a r e a t o t h e south. Both t h e n a t u r e and development of t h i s zone w i l l be explored. The a n t i q u i t y of occupation of t h i s a r e a w i l l be proposed i n terms of an e a r l i e r adap ta t ion t o c u l t i - v a t i o n / a g r i c u l t u r a l p a t t e r n s than has h i t h e r t o been en te r t a ined . Impli- c a t i o n s of t h i s w i l l be explored i n t h e l i g h t of cu r r en t models concern- i n g t h e peopl ing of Southern A f r i c a i n t h e p a s t f i v e thousand years .

Knight, D. Wi l f r id Laur i e r Univers i ty

Abs t rac t : The B a l l S i t e : A Study i n La te P r o t o h i s t o r i c Huron Socia l Rela t ions .

Session No. 18

Data from t h e B a l l S i t e , a p r o t o h i s t o r i c Huron v i l l a g e nea r Or i l l i a , Ontar io, i s used t o t e s t some hypotheses concerning Huron se t t l emen t , k insh ip and residence. It i s suggested t h a t while corpora te groups obviously d id e x i s t on Huron s i t e s , t h e i r exact na tu re and make-up cannot be f u l l y understood and expla ined u n t i l t h e e n t i r e s i t e i s excavated.

La t t a , M.A. Univers i ty of Toronto

Abs t rac t : Con t ro l l i ng t h e Heights: The Moraine Occupations of South- Cen t r a l Ontario.

Session No. 18

The Oak-Ridges I n t e r l o b a t e Moraine forms t h e g r e a t he igh t of land which s e p a r a t e s t h e drainage bas ins of Georgian Bay from t h o s e of Lake Ontar io t o t h e south. Ris ing t o a mean he igh t of 1,000 f e e t above s e a l e v e l , and running nea r ly 100 k i lome te r s from i ts e a s t e r n edge near Rice Lake t o i t s western c o l l i s i o n wi th t h e Niagara Escarpment, t h i s moraine forms a chain of high, rugged, sandlgrave l h i l l s i n t e r spe r sed wi th poorly d ra ined , marshy va l l eys . The region was a focus f o r human h a b i t a t i o n from e a r l i e s t t imes, i n p a r t due t o i t s eco log ica l v a r i e t y , bu t i n Late Woodland times i t a l s o achieved an importance a s t h e border between two of t h e most t h i ck ly inhab i t ed regions of Ontar io Iroquois . Evidence from s i t e s i n t he moraine sugges t t h a t they were pos i t i oned f o r purposes of c o n t r o l l i n g access t o t h e headwaters of t h e major r i v e r systems d r a i n i n g t h e neighboring reg ions ; i t i s argued t h a t t h i s con t ro l was d e s i r e d over movements of popula t ions and goods between Huronia and t h e Lake Ontar io I roquois .

McCartney, A. P. Arkansas

Abstract : Thule P r e h i s t o r y a t Southern Somerset Is land: A C u l t u r a l Summary from t h e Cent ra l Canadian Archipelago.

Session No. 7

Archaeological survey, excavations., and whale bone s t u d i e s between 1975 and 1978 a r e reviewed. Southern Somerset I s l a n d i s an a r e a of h igh marine p roduc t iv i ty and t h e p r e h i s t o r i c bowhead whale f i s h i n g i s one of t h e r i c h e s t known f o r t h e c e n t r a l Arc t ic . Early Thule whale h u n t e r s l i v i n g here had i n d i r e c t t r a d e t i e s with bo th t h e e a s t e r n and western Arc t i c a s we l l a s l o c a l technologica l adap ta t ions . Eight w in te r house s i t e s provide comparative evidence f o r s e t t l emen t p a t t e r n s , house cons t ruc t ion , and whale exp lo i t a t i on ; two of t h e s i t e s have been recent - l y excavated f o r a r t i f a c t and r e fuse samples.

Maxwell, M.S. Michigan S t a t e Univers i ty

Abstract : S i t e Var i a t ion on Southeastern Baf f in I s land . Session No. 7

Many Dorset sites on t h e south coas t of Ba f f in I s l and , a l though obviously occupied over long periods of t ime, have produced few i n d i - ca t ions of res idence s t r u c t u r e s . The paper w i l l d i scuss t h e evidence t h a t does e x i s t i n i t s geographic and e c o l o g i c a l s e t t i n g , c o r r e l a t e i t with faunal and a r t i f a c t u a l remains, and compare i t with Dorset inform- a t i o n from o t h e r l oca l e s . I n t h i s contex t , changes i n s e t t l emen t systems, i n s i te u t i l i z a t i o n , i n hunting p r a c t i c e s , and i n populat ion concentra- t i o n s through time w i l l be i n t e r p r e t e d and discussed.

Melbye, F.J. Univers i ty of Toronto

Abstract : A His tory of t h e Contr ibut ions of Phys ica l Anthropology t o Archaeology i n Canada.

Session No. 3

Early phys i ca l anthropology concentrated heavi ly on human s k e l e t a l biology. Since t h e s e d a t a u l t ima te ly der ived from a rchaeo log i s t s , a symbiotic r e l a t i o n s h i p developed. It is n o t un l ike ly t h a t phys i ca l an thropologis t s may have been t h e f i r s t s p e c i a l i s t s t h a t a r chaed log i s t s consulted. The f i r s t p re s iden t of our f i r s t u n i v e r s i t y was a p h y s i c a l an thropologis t who began publ i sh ing on c r a n i a from Canada i n 1856 and continued t o do s o f o r over 20 years . There i s a corresponding f lorescence i n archaeology. An o u t l i n e of changes i n t h e t h e o r e t i c a l background, aims, and accomplishments i s presented. A s a h i s t o r y of

people, p l aces , and accomplishments., t h i s paper i s incomplete. There a r e many names which myster iously appear i n secondary sources and j u s t a s myster iously disappear . But one t h i n g i s immediately apparent ; i t i s a r i c h h i s t o r y with many o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r f u r t h e r excavat ions.

Merbs, C.F. Arizona S t a t e Univers i ty

Abstract : The Caribou Eskimo Skeleton Sess ion No. 3

Although obviously Eskimoid i n terms of language, c u l t u r e and gene ra l p h y s i c a l f e a t u r e s , t h e Caribou Eskimos of t h e Barren Grounds west of Hudson Bay shared an ex tens ive border wi th Athapaskan-speaking Ind ians t o t h e west and south t h a t provided a p o t e n t i a l f o r gene flow. This s tudy examines t h e ske l e ton of t h e Caribou Eskimo r e l a t i v e t o t h a t of t h e Northern Indian and t h e Thule c u l t u r e Eskimo. Although some i n t e r - e s t i n g v a r i a t i o n s a r e noted, t h e Caribou Eskimo ske le ton is found t o be b a s i c a l l y t h a t of an Eskimoid people.

Molto, J . E . Lakehead Univers i ty

Abs t rac t : Genes i n Prehis tory Sess ion No. 3

Of t h e many con t r ibu t ions t h a t s k e l e t a l biology can o f f e r archaeo- logy, none is more i n t e r e s t i n g y e t c o n t r o v e r s i a l than t h a t of i n f e r r i n g gene t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s among e x t i n c t peoples v i a morphological data . These d a t a have been used t o address many problems i n p r e h i s t o r y ranging from in fe rences p e r t a i n i n g t o r e s idence p r a c t i c e s and f a m i l i a l r e l a t i on - s h i p s , t o address ing hypotheses of migra t ion versus i n s i t u o r ig ins . Y e t , p r e h i s t o r i a n s o f t e n a r e unce r t a in of t h e t h e o r e t i c a l and p r a c t i c a l l i m i t a t i o n s , a s we l l a s p o t e n t i a l , of t h e morpho-genetic approach. The manner i n which a rchaeo log i s t s should view t h i s approach i n terms of t h e i r d a t a i s the focus of t h i s paper. S p e c i f i c examples a r e used w i t h i n t h e framework of gene t i c and s t a t i s t i c a l theory t o h e l p c l a r i f y t h i s purpose.

Montgomery, P. Simon F r a s e r Univers i ty

Abs t rac t : The Punchaw Lake S i t e : 1200 Years of Athapaskan Occupation i n Cen t r a l B. C.

Sess ion No. 5

Based on excavat ion of 2 "house platforms1' at t h e Punchaw Lake S i t e , i t i s proposed t h a t t h e s i t e r ep re sen t s a s e r i e s of seasonal occupations by Athapaskans spanning 1200 y e a r s , from about A.D. 440 t o A.D. 1710. The r e s u l t s of d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s of s tone a r t i f a c t s a r e b r i e f l y summarized, i nc lud ing desc r ip t ions of a r t i f a c t raw material, technology, form, and func t ion , i n d i c a t i n g s t r o n g c u l t u r a l c o n t i n u i t y through the l a t e p r e h i s t o r i c per iod.

Morgan, W. G. Universi ty of Regina

Abstract : Bison Movement P a t t e r n s on t h e Northern P l a i n s Session No. 9

This s tudy focuses on bison popula t ions a s soc i a t ed with t h e G a r r a t t S i t e (EcNj-7), a Late Middle and Late P r e h i s t o r i c campsite l oca t ed i n south-cent ra l Saskatchewan. A c e n t r a l ques t ion cen te r s on whether b i son movements were seasonal and s u f f i c i e n t l y r e g u l a r t o be considered migra- to ry . The a v a i l a b i l i t y of supe r io r forage appears t o be t h e primary s t imulus of major b isons movement pa t t e rns . It i s concluded t h a t t h e movements of t he herds w i th in t h e framework of a two-field r o t a t i o n system was the most s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r opt imizing t h e s u r v i v a l of t h e b ison populat ion and t h i s f u l f i l l s t h e f u n c t i o n a l requirements of migration. The geographic pos i t i on ing of t h e vege ta t ive communities shows loca t ion of t h e summer range with t h e w i n t e r range gene ra l ly loca ted along i t s o u t e r per iphery. This r e s u l t s i n geographic conver- gence of t h e bison onto the summer range and a corresponding geographic divergence onto t h e w i n t e r range. However, t h e r eve r se occurs i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n and o rgan iza t iona l p a t t e r n of t h e b ison herds.

Nance, J . D . Simon Fraser Univers i ty

Abs t rac t : Desc r ip t ive Mathematical Models f o r Some Types of S p a t i a l D i s t r i bu t ions .

Session No. 14

S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s of w i th in - s i t e a r t i f a c t d i s t r i b u t i o n s is reviewed. Several s t a t i s t i c a l models f o r desc r ib ing s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s not f requent ly used i n archaeology a r e presented. Considerat ion of p o s s i b l e kinds of depa r tu re s from model p r e d i c t i o n s a r e considered and processes poss ib ly r e spons ib l e f o r d i f f e r e n t k inds of depar tures are discussed. Simple, bu t u s e f u l d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t i s t i c s a r i s i n g from t h e models a r e def ined and t h e i r use i s demonstrated on da t a from t h e Arc t i c , Middle East and Southeastern North America.

Nowak, M. Colorado College

Abstract : Ocher and Ocean Bay. Session No. 4

Excavations a t KOD 224, a s t r a t i f i e d s i te on Uganik I s l a n d ( p a r t of Kodiak Nat iona l Wi ld l i f e Refuge) turned up evidence t h a t sugges ts t h a t t h e red-stained depos i t s o f t e n a s soc i a t ed with Ocean Bay I i s due t o d e l i b e r a t e c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y r a t h e r than t h e n a t u r a l weathering of hemati te . Recovery of a concave g r ind ing s l a b f i l l e d wi th ocher and four g r ind ing s tones on a heavi ly ocher-s tained f l o o r provide t h i s in ference . The s i t e s i ts a t t h e conjunct ion of an open bay and a lagoon system, providing access t o both l i t t o r a l and deep s e a resources.

Pavl ish, L. A. Sheppard, P. J. and Switzer , J . C . Univers i ty of Toronto

Abs t rac t : The Use of Thermoluminescence (TL) a s a Method of Heat- Treatment Determination of Palaeo-Indian Cherts .

Session No. 10

A t t h e P a r k h i l l (Ontario) Palaeo-Indian s i t e h e a t t rea tment was pos tu l a t ed on t h e b a s i s of a p ink c o l o r a t i o n i n some of t h e debi tage ma te r i a l . Subsequent work, however, has shown the same colour v a r i a t i o n s i n t h e raw ma te r i a l s . This sugges t s t h a t colour v a r i a t i o n a lone is not a d e f i n i t i v e i n d i c a t i o n of hea t t rea tment .

TL provides a unique and r e l a t i v e l y simple method of examining both geo log ica l and archaeologica l m a t e r i a l s and of determining whether o r no t they were heated i n an a rchaeo log ica l context . This paper d i scusses problems assoc ia ted wi th sample prepara t ion and r e l a t e d experimentat ion, a s we l l a s p r a c t i c a l app l i ca t ions t o deb i t age which i s p o s t u l a t e d t o have been hea t t r e a t e d .

Pearce, R. J. Univers i ty of Western Ontar io

Abs t rac t : The 1978 Excavations a t t h e Lawson S i t e . Session No. 18

During t h e summer of 1978 t h e Museum of Indian Archaeology a t t h e Un ive r s i t y of Western Ontar io undertook excavat ions a t t h e Lawson P r e h i s t o r i c Neu t r a l Vi l lage S i t e i n t h e Ci ty of London, Ontario. This was t h e f i r s t year of a planned multi-year p r o j e c t aimed towards t h e excavat ion and r econs t ruc t ion of t h e s i t e a s an open-air museum f a c i l i t y .

The paper w i l l d i s cuss previous work a t t h e s i t e by W . J . Wintemberg i n 1921-1923, t h e 1978 excavat ions and pub l i c i n t e r p r e t a t i v e programme, and p lans f o r t h e con t inua t ion of t h e p r o j e c t over t h e next few years .

Pelshea, V. Per th , Ontar io

Abstract : Rock A r t Recording i n t he West P a t r i c i a Land Use Plan Session No. 12

This paper b r i e f l y o u t l i n e s t h e 1978 rock a r t inventory s e c t i o n of t h e West P a t r i c i a Land Use Plan i n Northwestern Ontario. The 1978 season was t h e f i r s t of a t h r e e year rock a r t record ing and research s tudy conducted under t h e auspices of t h e Ontar io Government (Ministry of Natural Resources and t h e Minis t ry of Cul ture and Recreat ion) .

The r e s u l t s of t h e 1978 season a s w e l l as t h e impl ica t ions and f u t u r e prospect of t h i s inventory and study a r e discussed.

Pickard, R. J . Univers i ty of Calgary

Abstract : Impl ica t ions of F i r e U t i l i z a t i o n i n Southwestern Albe r t a Session No. 9

F i r e u t i l i z a t i o n dur ing t h e p r e h i s t o r i c , h i s t o r i c and contempor- a r y per iods i n southwestern Alber ta has imp l i ca t ions f o r c u l t u r a l and environmental i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . Using range assessment s t u d i e s , t h e pa lynologica l record, and h i s t o r i c a l documentation i t is suggested t h a t f i r e was used by Ind ian inhab i t an t s a s an environmental management t oo l . Implicat ion of t h i s p r a c t i c e was maintenance of t h e fescue grass - land, reduct ion i n f o r b invas ion , and c o n t r o l of a rbo rea l expansion.

With t h e es tab l i shment of t h e ranching i n d u s t r y i n southwestern Alber ta a po l icy of f i r e suppression has been implemented. The abrupt change of a f i r e adapted ecosystem toanecosys t em t h a t nea r ly l acks f i r e has corresponded t o a reduct ion i n t h e q u a l i t y and quan t i t y of t h e fescue grass lands and expansion of a r b o r e a l spec i e s .

P i h l , R.H. Univers i ty of Toronto

Abs t rac t : The Ault Park S i t e and t h e Point Peninsula Occupation of Southeastern Ontar io and ad jacent New York.

Session No. 6

P r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s of t h e a n a l y s i s of m a t e r i a l s f rom t h e Aul t Park s i t e (BgFr-1) , Sheeks I s l a n d . , Cornwall, O n t a r i o , a r e b r i e f l y d e s c r i b e d . The s i t e was r e p e a t e d l y occupied d u r i n g t h e Middle and L a t e Woodland p e r i o d s . The s i t e was invo lved i n t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n of t h e h i s t o r i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t f i s h i n g r e s o u r c e s of t h e Long-Sault r a p i d s A d d i t i o n a l l y d u r i n g t h e Middle Woodland p e r i o d i t s e r v e d as a mortuary p r e c i n c t f o r P o i n t P e n i n s u l a p e o p l e s .

Ceramic s t y l e changes s u g g e s t i n t e r n a l p e r i o d i z a t i o n of t h e Middle Woodland occupa t ion a s y e t u n s u b s t a n t i a t e d by chronomet r ic t e c h n i q u e s . Th is scheme i s d i s c u s s e d i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e o v e r a l l P o i n t P e n i n s u l a chronology.

Data d e r i v e d from t h e Middle Woodland occupa t ion a t Aul t Park a r e f u r t h e r used t o e v a l u a t e t h e c u r r e n t l y accep ted P o i n t P e n i n s u l a c u l t u r a l model f o r s o u t h e a s t e r n O n t a r i o and New York and s e v e r a l m o d i f i c a t i o n s a r e suggested.

P i h l , R.H. , and F i n l a y s o n , W. U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto

A b s t r a c t : The Middle Woodland P e r i o d i n Southern O n t a r i o : A Re- e v a l u a t i o n .

S e s s i o n No. 6

I n l i g h t o f new 14c d a t e s , su rvey i n f o r m a t i o n , s i t e e x c a v a t i o n a n d / o r a n a l y s i s d a t a , and t h e o r e t i c a l models, t h e c u r r e n t l y - a c c e p t e d Middle Woodland schemes f o r s o u t h e r n O n t a r i o need t o b e re-evaluated. A s p a t i a l and t empora l framework i s t h u s proposed.

U t i l i z i n g parameters g e n e r a l i z e d from e t h n o g r a p h i c s t u d i e s of f o r a g i n g g roups , a s e r i e s of models w i l l be proposed d e p i c t i n g t h e range of s e t t l e m e n t / s u b s i s t e n c e and s o c i a l / i d e o l o g i c a l p a t t e r n s ev idence i n t h e Middle Woodland a r c h a e o l o g i c a l r e c o r d f o r s o u t h e r n Onta r io .

P i l o n , J. -L. Univers i tG du Qusbec 2 Montrsa l

A b s t r a c t : A Mixed Dorset-Thule S i t e i n I n t e r i o r Ungava, A r c t i c Quebec S e s s i o n No. 7

The ROB.l s i t e (JcEo-1) i s s i t u a t e d on t h e s o u t h s h o r e o f R o b e r t ' s Lake, approx imate ly 40 km. n o r t h o f B e l l i n and 35 km. west of Ungava Bay. Th is s i t e c o n s i s t s of 8 Thule and 4 presumably Dorse t semi-subterranean d w e l l i n g s , numerous t e n t r i n g s , and s e v e r a l secondary s t r u c t u r e s ( i . e . caches , f o x - t r a p s ) . During 1978, one of t h e supposed D o r s e t houses was excava ted . T h i s excava t ion and a d d i t i o n a l t e s t i n g of t h e s i t e have produced d a t a concerning t h e i n l a n d a d a p t a t i o n of p r e h i s t o r i c groups i n Ungava.

Pi lon , J.-L. Univers i tg du Qugbec B Montrgal

Ex t r a i t : Un s i t e mixte dorsgt ien-thulgen 2 11 in t i5 r i eu r de llUngava, a r c t i q u e qugbecois.

Ssance NO 7

L e s i t e R O B . l (JcEo-1) s e t rouve s u r l e c8 t6 sud du l a c Robert 5 une quaranta ine de k i lomz t re s au nord de B e l l i n e t environ 35 km. B l ' o u e s t de l a b a i e dlUngava. I1 c o n s i s t e en 12 maisons (8 thulsennes e t 4 prGsumGes do r sz t i ennes ) , p l u s i e u r s emplacements de t e n t e s , e t d e nombreuses s t r u c t u r e s secondai res ( i . e , caches, p i sges 5 renard., e t c . ) . Pendant l ' g t 6 1978, une des s t r u c t u r e s de creusement a S t6 fouill i5e. La f o u i l l e e t l e s sondages on t fou rn i des donnges s u r l e mode d'adapta- t i o n des groupes p r6h i s to r iques aux ressources de l ' i n t g r i e u r .

Plumet, P. Universi tg du Qui5bec B Montrgal

E x t r a i t : Analyse archgologique du s i t e do r sg t i en U N G . l l S6ance No 7

Le s i t e U N G . l l , Q i l a luga r s iuv ik , s e t rouve au nord-ouest de l a b a i e dlUngava, dans l l A r c t i q u e quEb6cois. I1 comprend deux maisons longues e t deux a u t r e s s t r u c t u r e s c i r c u l a i r e s d e creusement a i n s i que d ' a u t r e s s t r u c t u r e s de sur face . La f o u i l l e , en 1970 e t 1977 de l a p l u s grande p a r t i e de l a maison longue B y d'une p a r t i e de D e t d'une s t r u c t u r e c i r c u l a i r e permet de comprendre comment s e s i t u e l e mode de cons t ruc t ion de ces h a b i t a t i o n s dans l e systsme technique do r sg t i en e t de proposer des hypothsses s u r l e mode d ' o rgan i sa t ion s p a t i a l e de l a maison longue a i n s i que l ' o r g a n i s a t i o n s o c i a l e q u i l u i correspond.

Plumet, P. Un ive r s i t s du Qu6bec B Montrgal

Abs t rac t : Archaeological Analysis of t h e U N G . l l Dorset S i t e Session No. 7

The U N G . l l s i te, s i t u a t e d a t Q i l a l u g a r s u i v i k on t h e northwest coas t of Ungava Bay, A r c t i c Quebec, i s comprised of two longhouses, two c i r c u l a r house depress ions and a number of t e n t r ings . During 1970'and 1977, t he g r e a t e r p a r t of both longhouses (S t ruc tu re s B and D) and one of t h e house depress ions were excavated. These excavat ions have r e s u l t e d not only i n a b e t t e r understanding of Dorset cons t ruc t ion techniques but a l s o al low hypotheses concerning bo th t h e s p a t i a l and s o c i a l o rganiza t ion involved i n longhouse occupancy.

Pyszczyk, H.M.

A b s t r a c t : C u l t u r a l and Systemic P r o c e s s e s i n H i s t o r i c S u b s i s t e n c e P a t t e r n s of Western Canada

S e s s i o n No. 8

Fauna l a n a l y s e s of w e s t e r n Canadian f u r t r a d e and p r o v i s i o n i n g p o s t s l o c a t e d a long t h e n o r t h Saskatchewan River have y i e l d e d d a t a on European s u b s i s t e n c e p a t t e r n s o v e r roughly a 100 y e a r p e r i o d . R e s u l t s from t h i s r e s e a r c h have c o n t r i b u t e d t o o u r knowledge o f s u b s i s t e n c e change throughout t h e f u r t r a d e era, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e c r i t i c a l p e r i o d ( l a t e 1 8 7 0 ' s - e a r l y 1880 ' s ) when t h e p l a i n s b i s o n d i s a p p e a r e d and was r e p l a c e d by domest ic s t o c k and a g r i c u l t u r a l goods.

Through t h i s r e s e a r c h g r e a t e r i n s i g h t h a s been ga ined i n t o c u l t u r a l and s y s t e m i c p r o c e s s e s t h a t a f f e c t t h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l sample. The s t u d y shows how b o t h t h e N a t i v e and European p o p u l a t i o n a t t empted t o r e s t o r e t h e s u b s i s t e n c e e q u i l i b r i u m when t h e p l a i n s b i s o n disappeared. Secondly, t h e r e c o r d s shed l i g h t on t h e e a r l y European f a u n a l assemblages. These r e s u l t s a i d i n d e f i n i n g c u l t u r a l p r o c e s s e s and t h e a g e n c i e s which produce p r e h i s t o r i c f a u n a l assemblages .

Pyszczyk, H.W. and Kowal, W.

A b s t r a c t : Mud Chinking A n a l y s i s of a n E a r l y North West Company Fur Trade P o s t

S e s s i o n No. 11

Recovery and a n a l y s i s of w e l l p r e s e r v e d mud c h i n k i n g and f i r e d w a l l p l a s t e r from F o r t George (1792-1800), l o c a t e d on t h e n o r t h bank of t h e Nor th Saskatchewan R i v e r , proved v a l u a b l e i n r e c o n s t r u c t i n g b u i l d i n g s u p e r s t r u c t u r e and w a l l mudding t echn iques . Recording ch ink ing p r o v e n i e n c e i n t h e f i e l d e s t a b l i s h e d t h e degree t o which i n n e r and /or o u t e r b u i l d i n g w a l l s were mudded. Impress ions l e f t on f i r e d mud showed t y p e s of l a t h i n g t e c h n i q u e s used and whether w a l l members were squared o r l e f t u n a l t e r e d . The a n a l y s i s a l s o shows t h a t mudding t echn iques d i f f e r e d between s t r u c t u r e s ; a n i n d i c a t i o n t h a t l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s amongst t h e f o r t p e r s o n n e l may have v a r i e d .

Ramsden, P. McMaster U n i v e r s i t y

A b s t r a c t : Rich Man, Poor Man, Dead Man, Thief S e s s i o n No. 1 8

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Archaeological and e t h n o h i s t o r i c evidence i s used t o support t h e suggest ion t h a t s eve ra l ' appa ren t ly un re l a t ed f e a t u r e s of h i s t o r i c Huron s o c i e t y served a common economic funct ion, namely, t h e r e d i s t r i b u t i o n ox e l imina t ion of c e r t a i n forms of wealth.

Rathje , W.L. Univers i ty of Arizona

Abs t rac t : Applied Archaeology: Ant ic ipa t ing t h e Behavioral Consequences of New Technologies

Session No. 8

Technology was developed t o cope with ou r environment. Ul t imate ly , i t has replaced our n a t u r a l surroundings a s t h e source of our chal lenge. A s m a t e r i a l c u l t u r e has increased i n quan t i t y , so have i t s unplanned s ide -e f f ec t s , transforming human s o c i e t i e s i n unan t i c ipa t ed ways. I n o rde r t o achieve more c o n t r o l over our technology and t h e form of our s o c i e t y , t h e government has developed " technologica l assessment," t h e a n a l y s i s of t h e t o t a l s o c i a l impact of a new technology (new product o r cons t ruc t ion p r o j e c t o r technologica l ly a s s i s t e d s o c i a l program). The a b i l i t y t o a n t i c i p a t e f u t u r e behavior-mater ial consequences i n i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t i e s must be based on knowledge of t h e pas t . The h i s t o r i c s i t e s archaeology of i n d u s t r i a l s o c i e t i e s can develop both (1) da t a on t h e unique c u l t u r e h i s t o r y r e l evan t t o coping wi th p a r t i c u l a r behavior-mater ial problems, and (2) a set of empi r i ca l ly t e s t e d genera l behavior-mater ial p r i n c i p l e s needed t o p r o j e c t f u t u r e developments from d a t a on p a s t and present condi t ions . Using i t s d a t a base on behavior-material a c t i o n s , h i s t o r i c sites archaeology can develop a theory of t h e r e l a t i o n between people and th ings t h a t can be appl ied t o l ea rn ing about t h e p a s t , understanding t h e p re sen t and a n t i c i p a t i n g t h e fu tu re .

Reeves, B. Univers i ty of Calgary

Abstract : Jack and t h e Shakwak: H i s t o r i c T r a i l P re se rva t ion and Highway Planning

Sess ion No. 11

The Shakwak Highway P r o j e c t , f o r r econs t ruc t ion of t h e Haines Road and Alaska Highway from P leasan t Camp (B. C. /Alaska border) t o Beaver Creek, Y . T . , i n p a r t fol lows t h e Dalton T r a i l i n t h e Haines Road segment. This t ra i l , constructed by Jack Dalton i n 1898 between Haines, Alaska and Ft . Se lk i rk , was one of t h r e e major gold rush t r a i l s and an important rou te f o r moving l i v e s t o c k t o t h e Klondike Gold F ie lds .

The Shakwak P ro jec t i nc ludes a comprehensive mul t i s t age p l an f o r t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and management,of h i s t o r i c p r o p e r t i e s a long t h e route . H i s t o r i c , p r e h i s t o r i c and contemporary Native and whi te sites a r e included i n t h e program. I n 1978, t h e p r i n c i p a l focus w a s on t h e Dalton T r a i l j u s t n o r t h of P leasant Camp. The s tudy involved use of. a r c h i v a l docu- ments, Nat ive and white informants , and f o o t t r a v e r s e s t o r e l o c a t e t h e t r a i l . A p re se rva t ion p l a n t o maximize i n s i t u p re se rva t ion , conserv- a t i o n and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n w a s t h e r e s u l t .

Reid, C.S. and Rajnovich, M. G.M.

Abst rac t : Laurel Archi tec ture : Four Case S tudies Sess ion No. 6

Excavations a t four s i t e s on Lake of t h e Woods i n northwestern Ontar io have uncovered f o u r l a r g e f e a t u r e s , one a t each s i t e i n t h e Laure l strata. It is hypothesized t h a t t h e s e f e a t u r e s a r e Laure l dwell ing s t r u c t u r e s . Thei r s p a t i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , i n t e r i o r fea tures , , a r t i f a c t a s soc i a t ions , and 1 4 ~ d a t e s a r e presented and discussed.

Rick, J.H. Parks Canada

Abs t rac t : The Training of Archaeologis ts Sess ion No. 17

By and l a r g e Canadian u n i v e r s i t i e s have not r eac t ed t o t h e in- c r eas ing i n t e r e s t i n h i s t o r i c a l archaeology. Despi te a demand f o r h i s t o r i c a l a r chaeo log i s t s which has been growing s i n c e t h e e a r l y 19609, t h e r e a r e s t i l l very few courses being of fered , l e t a lone in t eg ra t ed t r a i n i n g programs. Students are not always taught t h e excavat ion and r eco rd ing techniques bes t s u i t e d t o complex, s t r a t i f i e d s i t e s wi th s u b s t a n t i a l a r c h i t e c t u r a l remains. The s tuden t s ' approach t o t h e use of documentary sources i s f r equen t ly naive. Knowledge of h i s t o r i c pe r iod m a t e r i a l c u l t u r e and a r c h i t e c t u r e i s minimal.

Roberts, A. York Univers i ty

Abs t rac t : Paleo-Indian Along t h e North Shore of Lake Ontar io Sess ion No. 15

Resul t s from surveys show f l u t e d po in t and Late Paleo Indian adap ta t ions towards Lake Ontar io. I n r e l a t i o n t o Archaic s i t e s , Paleo Indian s i t e s a r e very sca rce ; t h i s is p a r t i a l l y due t o chaaging w a t e r l e v e l s i n t he Ontario bas in and r eg iona l environmental c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . No major f l u t e d poin t occupat ion s i t e s have been l o c a t e d but information concerning an unusual f l u t e d p o i n t f i n d and o t h e r f l u t e d p o i n t s is presented. Other Paleo Indian ma te r i a l d i scussed inc ludes Hi-Lo and p a r a l l e l f laked l anceo la t e p r o j e c t i l e po in ts .

Roosa, W.B. Univers i ty of Waterloo

Abs t rac t : The P a r k h i l l S i t e , Ontar io Fluted Po in t S i t e Sess ion No. 15

Scrapers a r e considered a s f l akes a s an a i d i n r econs t ruc t ing t h e e a r l y s t a g e s of f l a k e manufacture. Three subtypes of f l u t e d a r t i f a c t s ( p o i n t s and knives) a r e def ined , based on techniques of manufacture. Severa l scenar ios f o r u se and reuse of t hese t h r e e subtypes, and o the r c l a s s e s of f l u t e d a r t i f a c t s , inc luding whole p o i n t s , bases and f l u t e d p o i n t b lades , a r e examined. Var i a t ions i n b a s a l dimensions and shape a r e considered i n terms of p o s s i b l e func t iona l d i f f e r e n c e s and ind iv idua l s t y l i s t i c d i f f ercnces.

Roy, D. Univers i t6 de Mont r g a l

E x t r a i t : Rgtrospect ive s u r l ' 6 t u d e de l ' a r t do r sg t i en S6ance No 7

I1 f u t maintes f o i s rgpGt6 que l ' a r t do r sg t i en ne s e t r o u v a i t que rarement dans les s i t e s de c e t t e cu l tu re ; nganmoins, c e r t a i n s archgo- logues et h i s t o r i e n s de l ' a r t s e sont penchgs s u r l ' i n t g r e s s a n t problz- me que p o s a i t 1 1 i n t e r p r 6 t a t i o n de ce ph6nomZne. Aujourd'hui, aprZs p l u s de cinquante ans depuis l a reconnaissance de l ' e x i s t e n c e de ce f a i t c u l t u r e l , il devient n6cessa i r e de f a i r e l e po in t s u r ce s u j e t . En e f f e t , on n 'gvalue maintenant 2 plus de s i x c e n t s l e nombre d l o b j e t s considGr6s comme 6 t a n t de l ' a r t dorsg t ien . Les i n t e r p r g t a t i o n s s e sont Egalement accumul6es au cours de c e t t e mgme pgriode, m a i s c e r t a i n e s r6- ponses r e s t e n t 5 t rouver . D e nouvel les observa t ions , p o r t a n t p lus sp6- cifiquement su r l e s s ignes e t symboles pr6sents s u r l e s o b j e t s d l a r t do r sg t i en , permettent maintenant d ' g l abo re r c e r t a i n e s hypothPses pou- van t expl iquer ce phgnomsne p a r t i c u l i e r .

Sabo, G. Michigan S t a t e Univers i ty , and

Jacobs, J . D . Univers i ty of Windsor

Abs t rac t : Thule Cul ture Adaptations i n Southern Baf f in I s l and . Session No. 7

Archaeological and environmental data from Thule culture sites located along the south coast of Baffin Island, N.W.T., are analyzed to clarify ecological relationships underlying Neoeskimo adaptations from ca. A.D. 1100 to the beginning of the present century. Long-term stability and continuity in the organization of subsistence technology, settlement patterns, and resource procurement are noted. Adaptation to broad-scale regional environmental characteristics, based upon flexibility in exploitative orientation, group structure and demographic arrangements permit strategic responses to short-term environmental fluctuations without major structural changes in subsistence organization.

Sheppard, P. J. University of Toronto

Abstract: Summary of Research Related to the Parkhill Site Palaeo-Indian Complex

Session No. 15

The peoples of the Parkhill Palaeo-Indian complex appear to have practised a rather specialized subsistence strategy. This strategy will be examined in terms of site location, site activities, chert sources and aspects of lithic technology. The latter will include a discussion of the use of thermoluminescence to determine prehistoric heat treating of cherts.

Simonsen, B. B.C. Heritage Conservation Branch

Abstract: A Measure of Significance for Archaeological Resources; A Modest Proposal.

Session No. 12

The basis for a scheme to provide the means of evaluating the significance of archaeological resources at the site survey stage is proposed. The scheme was developed for application to coastal archaeo- logical resources in the Maritime Provinces but has the potential for a much broader application. The proposed scheme outlined a number of criteria which should form a part of any evaluation system, with an emphasis on site typology and environmental considerations.

Slater, D.S. University of Calgary

Abstract: Palynology and Palaeoenvironmental History of the Fish Lake Region, N.W.T.

Session No. 9

I n conjunct ion wi th t h e Esker Bay S i t e a r chaeo log ica l excavat ion c a r r i e d out during t h e summer of 1977 on t h e shore of F i s h Lake, N.W.T., a small lake , loca ted a t 63 08.6 N, 122 46.5 W i n t h e no r the rn b o r e a l f o r e s t , was cored t o a depth of 268 cm f o r po l l en a n a l y s i s . The po l l en s t r a t i g r a p h y derived from t h i s s tudy has revea led a v e g e t a t i o n a l sequence extending back over 10,000 yea r s and perhaps a s much a s 30,000 years B.P. The sequence begins i n a tundra- l ike assemblage dominated by Artemisia and Gramineae. This was succeeded by a shrub-tundra assemblage dominated by Betulta, S a l i x , A r t e m i s i a and Gramineae, followed by a Betula - Populus dominated forest- tundra. A P i cea - Betula - Alnus dominated f o r e s t assemblage became e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e a r e a by approximately 7500 B.P. and has p e r s i s t e d s i n c e then wi th l i t t l e change.

Smith, D. McGill Univers i ty

Abstract : The Development of B u r i a l R i t u a l a s a S o c i e t a l I n t e g r a t i v e Mechanism

Sess ion No. 6

The paper proposes t o examine b u r i a l r i t u a l i n t h e context of t h e i n d i v i d u a l community from Late Archa i .~ through t o Late Woodland times.

The a n a l y s i s w i l l begin w i t h a review of t h e h i s t o r i c ossuary as an i n t e g r a t i v e mechanism of La te Woodland soc i e ty and i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o l e s s complex s o c i a l o r g a n i s a t i o n w i l l be examined.

Snow, E. Parks Canada

Abs t rac t : The Co l l ec t ive Bel ie f System i n Archaeology Session No. 8

Underlying our a c t i v i t i e s as a rchaeo log i s t s i s a system of c o l l e c t - i v e b e l i e f s which a f f e c t n o t only what we do a s a r chaeo log i s t s bu t a l s o how w e perce ive what we do. U n c r i t i c a l acceptance of t h e s e b e l i e f s can cause problems f o r a l l a r chaeo log i s t s ; i n h i s t o r i c a l archaeology t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r recognizing t h e i r pervas ive in f luence i s p a r t i c u l a r l y acu te because, i n Canada a t l e a s t , h i s t o r i c a l archaeology is s t i l l s t r u g g l i n g f o r recogni t ion a s a d i s c i p l i n e . The . c o l l e c t i v e b e l i e f s t o be discussed inc lude those pe r t a in ing t o t h e reasons why research i s undertaken, what c o n s t i t u t e s a l e g i t i m a t e approach, how o t h e r research i s evaluated, and t h e r o l e of t h e a rchaeologis t i n soc i e ty .

Spence, M.W. Univers i ty of Western Ontar io

Abs t rac t : The Bruce Boyd S i t e and Early Woodland S o c i e t i e s i n Ontar io Sess ion No. 6

Excavations a t t h e Bruce Boyd s i t e , on t h e n o r t h shore of Lake E r i e , uncovered a small p a r t of an ex tens ive Early Woodland b u r i a l a rea . Twenty-eight i nd iv idua l s were recovered from 1 8 f e a t u r e s . The age, sex, o s t e o l o g i c a l t r a i t s and grave goods of t he b u r i a l s w i l l be discussed, and some suggest ions w i l l be made about t h e s o c i a l o rgan iza t ion of t h e Ear ly Woodland occupants of southern Ontario.

Spence, M.W. Un ive r s i t y of Western On ta r io

Abs t rac t : The Value of Os teo log ica l Analysis i n Archaeology Sess ion No. 3

A f u l l and c a r e f u l s tudy of human s k e l e t a l m a t e r i a l is an e s s e n t i a l p a r t of a rchaeologica l s i t e a n a l y s i s . This paper reviews some of t he con- t r i b u t i o n s t h a t osteology can make t o archaeology and ethnology. The imp l i ca t ions f o r t h e cu r r en t d i scuss ions among I n d i a n s , I n u i t and a r c h a e o l o g i s t s about b u r i a l excavat ions a r e noted.

Spur l ing , B . E. Simon F rase r Universi ty

Abs t rac t : The P reh i s to ry of t h e Upper Peace River i n Prel iminary Perspec t ive

Sess ion No. 5

An approximate 150 squa re k i lometer a r e a of t h e remaining upper Peace River Valley of B r i t i s h Columbia has rece ived progress ive ly i n t e n s i v e a rchaeologica l inventory and assessment s i n c e 1974. Despi te t h e f a c t t h a t t h e bulk of i n v e s t i g a t i o n s have been d i r e c t e d towards h e r i t a g e conservat ion goa ls a soft-edged c u l t u r e h i s t o r i c a l , paleo- environmental, and human e c o l o g i c a l p r o f i l e of t h e area has been developed a s a by-product. This paper w i l l q u a l i t a t i v e l y present t he r e s u l t s of t h i s 5 year program and at tempt t o a r t i c u l a t e t h e p reh i s to ry of t h e Peace River with those of ad.jacent regions.

Stevenson, M. Simon F rase r Univers i ty

Abs t r ac t : Understanding Abandonment Behavior i n t h e Alsek Gold F ie lds . Ses s ion No. 8

P resen t ly , our understanding of s i te abandonment behavior and a s s o c i a t e d p a t t e r n s of r e f u s e d i sposa l i s unclear . Although some ethno- a r chaeo log ica l research programs a r e making progress toward t h i s end, a f u l l explana t ion of such phenomena is f a r from complete. Current knowledge of t hese processes tends t o be grounded on weak, i n e x p l i c i t assumptions. A number of h i s t o r i c a l l y documented gold mining s i t e s i n Kluane Nat iona l Park, southwest Yukon, provide an e x c e l l e n t d a t a base f o r t h e formulat ion and t e s t i n g of hypotheses r e l e v a n t t o an understand- i n g of abandonment phenomena. Abandonment processes f o r t hese sites

a r e reviewed and t h e imp l i ca t ions they may have f o r t h e g r e a t e r f i e l d of anthropological-archaeology a r e discussed.

Stewart , H. Univers i t6 du QuGbec 5 Montr6al

Abs t rac t : Nunaingok, a Polynia S i t e i n Northeast Quebec Session No. 7

The Nunaingok S i t e i s s i t u a t e d i n an a r e a of r i c h marine resources on t h e south shore of McLelan S t r a i t , a c ros s from K i l l i n e k Is. Prel iminary excavat ions have y ie lded a r t i f a c t s from e a r l i e s t Dorset ( i . e . Grosswater) through t h e Labrador Eskimo c u l t u r a l period.

Tes t excavat ions, which revea led no micros t ra t igraphy wi th in the Paleo-Eskimo component, produced a f u l l range of l i t h i c a r t i f a c t s span- ning t h e Dorset period. These d a t a suggest an i n t e n s i v e , continuous occupat ion on a seasonal , i f no t year-round bas i s . This information a l s o al lows t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of change i n t h e m a t e r i a l c u l t u r e of t h e same popula t ion over a span of many generat ions.

Stordeur-Yedid, D. Centre Nat iona l de Recherche S c i e n t i f i q u e - France

Abs t rac t : Technological, Morphological, and Typological Analysis of Paleoeskimo Harpoon Heads from t h e I g l o o l i k Region

Session No. 7

The opportuni ty t o conduct t h i s a n a l y s i s , c a r r i e d out a t t h e Nat iona l Museum of Man (Ottawa), w a s r e a l i z e d through t h e France-Canada Research Exchange Agreement.

Analysis of func t iona l ly s i g n i f i c a n t a t t r i b u t e s has allowed a t ypo log ica l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of I g l o o l i k harpoon heads. Th i r t een types, corresponding t o t h i r t e e n p o s s i b l e combinations of the p r i n c i p a l a t t r i b u t e s , and a fou r t een th type , der ived from morphometric da ta , have been defined. In terms of d i s t a l p repara t ion , two groups a r e ev ident , which, on t h e b a s i s of t ypo log ica l r e l a t i o n s h i p s , form f o u r "Families." These four teen types a r e chronologica l ly r e l a t i v e and c l e a r l y i l l u s t r a t e t h r e e sepa ra t e phases. These phases occur between l e v e l s 22 and 1 3 i n t h e beach r idge s e r i e s e s t a b l i s h e d by Meldgaard.

Stordeur-Yedid, D. Centre Nat iona l de Recherche S c i e n t i f i q u e - France

E x t r a i t : Analyse technologique, morphologique e t typologique des t g t e s de harpons paleo-eskimaudes de l a rggion d ' I g l o u l i k .

SEance No 7

C e t t e ana lyse a Et6 e f f e c t u d e au MusEe de 1'Homme (Ottawa) B l ' o c c a s i o n d'une mission d16tude r6a l i sEe dans l e cadre des accords France-Canada s u r 116change des chercheurs.

L 'analyse pa r a t t r i b u t s i g n i f i c a t i f s u r l e p l a n fonc t ionnel a per- m i s une c l a s s i f i c a t i o n typologique. T re i ze types morphologiques ont 6 t 6 dggagEs, correspondant 2 t r e i z e combinaisons p o s s i b l e s e n t r e a t t r i b u t s pr incipaux. Un quatorziZrne type a Et6 a jou t6 pour des r a i sons morpho- mgtriques. Ces types f o m e n t deux groupes dont l a s e u l e d i f fd rence est l ' o p t i o n d i s t a l e . Enfin l a parent6 typologique permet de regrouper l 'ensemble en qua t r e grandes f ami l l e s . Ces qua torze types s 'ordonnent dans l e temps, mettant en dvidence t r o i s phases nettement dissociEes. Les niveaux q u i les s6parent sont l e niveau 22 e t l e niveau 1 3 de l a s 6 r i e de p lages 6 t a b l i e p a r Meldgaard.

Tamplin, M. Trent Univers i ty

Abs t rac t : Cul ture - Environment I n t e r a c t i o n s i n Southern Afr ica : Pas t and Present S t r a t e g i e s .

Sess ion No. 9

Archaeologis ts ' changing percept ions of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between environment and c u l t u r e are reviewed wi th in t h e framework of Southern Afr ican pre-h is tory . Recent i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of both Stone Age and I r o n Age Systems must be seen i n t h e context of r a p i d l y and r a d i c a l l y a l t e r i n g paradigms. Some p o s s i b l e a p p l i c a t i o n s of t h e s e new viewpoints a r e d iscussed i n t h e context of an on-going research programme i n ea s t e rn Botswana.

Tamplin, M. Trent Univers i ty

Abs t rac t : The Graduate Programme a t Trent Un ive r s i t y Ses s ion No. 17

Trent Univers i ty f i r s t o f f e r e d an anthropology M.A. i n 1974, concent- r a t i n g i n t h e a r t and archaeology of t h e Americas. The program was i n i t i a l l y conceived as a s p e c i a l i z e d degree i n New World a reas which r e f l e c t e d t h e research i n t e r e s t of t he f a c u l t y , but i t has expanded cons iderably i n t h e o r e t i c a l and a r e a l scope s i n c e then. The M.A. degree is both a va luab le p r o f e s s i o n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n i n i t s e l f and a s tepping s t o n e f o r h igher pos tgraduate work. Of t h e f i v e s t u d e n t s who have completed t h e i r degree one i s a doc to ra l candida te , another has app l i ed f o r admission and t h r e e a r e employed by va r ious a rchaeologica l r e sea rch p r o j e c t s .

Tripp, G.A. Univers i ty of Western Ontar io

Abs t rac t : La te Iroquoian Development on t h e Rouge and Duff in Creeks Session No. 1 8

The drainage bas ins of t h e Rouge and Duffins Creeks, l oca t ed 50 k i lomet res no r theas t of Toronto, Ontar io, have been t h e s i t e of continuous Iroquoian occupation s i n c e 700 A.D. A survey of t h e no r the rn p a r t s of t hese systems has been conducted s i n c e 1976 r e s u l t i n g i n t h e discovery of 125 previous ly unknown s i t e s . Of t hese s i t e s seven a r e p r e h i s t o r i c Huron s i t e s and w i l l be employed i n t h i s study i n a d d i t i o n t o t he information from the previous ly excavated s i t e s of Draper and White. The ceramics from these s i t e s w i l l be examined and a r e g i o n a l chronology developed f o r one of t h e major c e n t r e s of Huron development i n southern Ontario.

Warrick, G. Simon F rase r Univers i ty

Abs t rac t : The Fonger S i t e : A Look a t P r o t o h i s t o r i c N e u t r a l i a Session No. 18

The Fonger s i t e (AhHb-a), a p r o t o h i s t o r i c Neut ra l v i l l a g e s i t e s i t u a t e d i n Brant County, Ontar io, was p a r t i a l l y excavated i n t h e summer of 1978 under an Ontar io Her i t age Foundation Grant. No previous archaeo- l o g i c a l research has been c a r r i e d out a t t h e site, al though i ts l o c a t i o n has been known by c o l l e c t o r s and pothunters s i n c e t h e 1890's .

This paper concent ra tes on a prel iminary a n a l y s i s of d i agnos t i c a r t i f a c t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y European t r a d e i tems, and macro and micro-scale se t t lement p a t t e r n s of t he v i l l a g e s i t e . Upon comparison wi th t h e h i s t o r i c Neut ra l towns of t h e Walker and Hamilton s i t e s , southern Ontar io, c e r t a i n d i f f e r ences between t h e h i s t o r i c towns and t h e Fonger v i l l a g e a r e revealed. It i s argued t h a t t hese d i f f e r e n c e s r e f l e c t t h e inc reas ing in f luence of t r a d e on Neut ra l s o c i e t y from e a r l y proto- h i s t o r i c t o l a t e h i s t o r i c t ime per iods (ca 1540 - 1651 A.D.).

Watson, G. Ontar io Archaeological Society.

Abs t rac t : A Woodland Occupation on the Lower Rideau Lake, Ontario. Session No. 6

Excavations during 1978 a t t h e Wyght s i te (BfGa-1.1) revealed a Middle Woodland campsite w i th ceramics, l i t h i c s , f a u n a l remains, a s tone-l ined p i t and hear th f e a t u r e s . Pending radiocarbon da t ing , t h e e a r l y examination of ceramics sugges ts a d a t e of about A.D. 500. The paper examines loca t ion , campsite p lan and ceramic and l i t h i c a r t i f a c t s . The ceramics a r e coded by t h e Finlayson code and a p r e l i - minary r epor t of t h e computer a n a l y s i s i s presented.

Whelan, J.P. Univers i ty of Alber ta

Abstract : The Search f o r P a t t e r n and Meaning i n Rock Pa in t ing S tud ie s Sess ion No. 14

A sys temat ics f o r Canadian Shie ld rock p a i n t i n g s has been under- going development f o r t h e p a s t 9 years . A major t e s t i n g of t h e design i s envisaged i n t he near f u t u r e . This w i l l i nvo lve t h e cataloguing and c l a s s i f y i n g of most o r a l l known pa in t ings of t h e Canadian Shield. A f t e r t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n has been completed two problems r e l a t i n g t o d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n s and one problem r e l a t i n g t o meaning w i l l be researched. The problems, poss ib l e r e s u l t s , and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s a r e discussed.

Williamson, R. McGill Univers i ty

Abs t rac t : The Liahn I1 S i t e and Ear ly Woodland Mortuary Ceremonialism Sess ion No. 6

Recent excavat ions a t t h e Liahn I1 s i t e (AcHo-2), l oca t ed nea r Mi t che l l Bay, Lake S t . C l a i r has revealed a probable Early Woodland b u r i a l a r e a a s i nd ica t ed by t h e recovery of twelve b u r i a l s and an a s s o r t - ment of mortuary i t e m s i nc lud ing l i t h i c and copper ma te r i a l s .

The r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e Liahn populat ion t o s i m i l a r Early Woodland s o c i e t i e s i n t h e Great Lakes Region i s discussed. An attempt is made t o a s s e s s t h e symbolic s i g n i f i c a n c e of red ochre as a p a r t of mortuary ceremonialism.

Williamson, R. McGill Univers i ty , and

Spence, M. W. Univers i ty of Western Ontar io

Abs t rac t : The " ~ a r l y woodland" Period i n Ontar io Sess ion No. 6

The concept "Early woodland" and i t s use fu lnes s i n Ontar io pre- h i s t o r y remains undefined. An attempt w i l l be made t o summarize r e l evan t a v a i l a b l e d a t a and a t l e a s t address t h i s important quest ion.

The a n a l y s i s w i l l i nc lude d iscuss ions of temporal and s p a t i a l a f f i l i a t i o n i n terms of r e l a t i o n s h i p s with "Middle Woodland" s o c i e t i e s i n Ontar io and with o t h e r c u l t u r a l in f luences from t h e Northeast.

Having examined them, what i s known about "Early Woodland" i n Ontar io? Direc t ion and s t r a t e g i e s f o r f u r t h e r r e sea rch w i l l be discussed.

Wilson, M. Univers i ty of Calgary

Abstract : Holocene Geology and Archaeology of t h e Bow River Valley a t Calgary.

Session No. 9

Holocene geologic events fol lowing t h e dra inage of g l a c i a l Lake Calgary i n l a t e P le i s tocene t i m e s a r e explored. These i n v e s t i g a t i o n s inc lude d a t i n g of t h e time of t h e l a k e ' s drainage and a cons idera t ion of t h e post- lake fauna, environment, and depos i t i ona l h i s t o r y . The r e l a t i o n s h i p of some of t h e r e s u l t a n t land forms and even t s t o e a r l y a r chaeo log ica l sites i s then explored.

White, J . M . Simon F rase r Universi ty

Abstract : A Paleoecological Research Program i n t h e Peace River D i s t r i c t .

Session No. 5

A program of pa lynologica l r e sea rch had been i n i t i a t e d i n t h e Peace River a r e a of B r i t i s h Columbia and Alber ta j u s t east of t h e Rocky Mountains i n conjunction with t h e Peace River Archaeological P ro j ec t . Two l ake sediment cores have been obtained which cha l lenge t h e geologica l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of t h e Late Wisconsinan and e a r l y Holocene h i s t o r y of t h e area. A core from a high l a k e n e a r Grande P r a i r i e w i th a s e r i e s of da t e s from 30,500 B.P. r equ i r e s t h e r e v i s i o n of t h e geologically-based concept of ex t ens ive ice-cover during t h e l a s t major g l a c i a l per iod . Another core from a much lower l e v e l wi th a b a s a l d a t e of 7,500 B.P. sugges ts an unexpectedly recent da t e f o r t h e f i n a l withdrawal of ponded g l a c i a l meltwater from the l o c a l A lbe r t a P l a t eau surface. The p o s s i b l e sign- i f i c a n c e f o r t he I c e Free Corr idor and e a r l y p r e h i s t o r y i n t h e a r e a w i l l b e discussed.

White, R. Univers i ty of Toronto

Abstract : Magdalenian Set t lement S t r a t e g i e s i n Southwestern France Session No. 12

Recent s i t e l o c a t i o n r e sea rch i n t h e Perigord r eg ion of south- western France br ings t o l i g h t new d a t a pe r t a in ing t o t h e s i z e and loca t ion of l a t e P a l e o l i t h i c s i t e s . A t l e a s t two s i z e c a t e g o r i e s a r e d i s t i ngu i shab le , each with t h e i r own l o c a t i o n a l c o r r e l a t e s . Ethno- graphic evidence i s c a l l e d i n t o p lay t o suggest t h a t t h i s abnormal d i s t r i b u t i o n is t h e r e s u l t of t h e aggrega t ion/d ispers ion c y c l e char- a c t e r i s t i c of most hunter-gatherer s o c i e t i e s of t h e ethnographic present . This i n t e r p r e t a t i o n is re inforced by pa l eon to log ica l , topo- graphic, and a r t i f a c t u a l evidence suggest ing t h a t Magdalenian aggreg- a t i o n s occurred a t "passages obl igks" i n order t o more e f f e c t i v e l y exp lo i t t h e seasonal migrat ion of l a r g e herds of r e indee r . I n c o n t r a s t , smal le r s i t e s a r e seemingly loca t ed t o f a c i l i t a t e a much more general- i zed e x p l o i t a t i o n s t r a t egy .

Wright, J. V. Nat iona l Museum of Man

Abst rac t : The Georgian Bay Archaeological P r o j e c t Sess ion No. 6

The 1976 and 1978 f i e l d seasons on Georgian Bay, Ontar io completed t h e examination of t h e i s l a n d s between t h e Bruce Peninsula and Manitoul in I s land . S i t e s gene ra l ly occur below t h e Algoma Lake l e v e l wi th occupa- t i o n s ranging from 1000 B.C. t o t h e e a r l y h i s t o r i c period. S u f f i c i e n t d a t a was recovered t o apply t h e d i r e c t h i s t o r i c a l approach t o t h e Cheveux Relevss; an Algonkian-speaking group encountered by Samuel de Champlain i n t h e e a r l y 17 th century.

Faunal remains c o n s i s t mainly of f i s h and migratory waterfowl and p re sen t evidence sugges t s t h a t t h e i s l a n d s w e r e occupied i n t h e f a l l i n o r d e r t o e x p l o i t t h e concent ra t ions of spawning l a k e t r o u t and poss ib ly wh i t e f i sh . I n o rde r t o reach a number of t h e i s l a n d s , p r e h i s t o r i c peoples navigated open water up t o 8 k i lomet res i n ex ten t .

Joint CAA/SAA Sess ions :

CONTRIBUTED PAPERS

Ackerman, R.E. Washington S t a t e Un ive r s i t y

Hamilton, T.D. U.S. Geological Survey, and

Stuckenrath, R. Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n

J o i n t CAA/SAA Sess ion

Abs t rac t : Early C u l t u r a l Complexes on t h e Northern Northwest Coast CAA Session No. 1

The occupat ion of t h e nor thern s e c t o r of t h e Northwest Coast dur ing t h e Early Per iod ( c i r c a 10,000 - 5,000 B.P.) is represented by a s c a t t e r i n g of s i t e s on t h e mainland and t h e o f f shore i s l a n d s of t h e Alexander Archipelago. D e f i n i t i o n of t h e c u l t u r a l phase(s) i s thus f a r l i m i t e d t o l i t h i c i nven to r i e s . Information, thus f a r a v a i l a b l e , i n d i c a t e s a cons iderable amount of contac t among groups on t h e coas t and cont inuing r e l a t i o n s wi th i n t e r i o r groups on t h e mainland. Character- i z a t i o n of t h e c o a s t a l adapta t ions during t h i s time period w i l l be based mainly on da t a from archaeologica l and geo log ica l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , and from radiocarbon d a t i n g of s i t e s i n t h e I cy Strait-Lynn Canal region.

Adovasio, J . M . e t sl. Univers i ty of P i t t s b u r g h

J o i n t SAA/CAA Sess ion

Abs t rac t : Meadowcroft Rockshelter: Retrospect 1978. (Apr i l 25 a.m.)

Meadowcroft Rockshel ter is a deeply s t r a t i f i e d multicomponent s i t e i n Washington County, southwestern Pennsylvania. The eleven w e l l def ined s t r a t i g r a p h i c u n i t s i d e n t i f i e d a t t h e s i t e spans a t l e a s t 16,000 and perhaps 19,000 yea r s of i n t e r m i t t e n t occupat ion by groups r ep re sen t ing a l l of t h e major c u l t u r a l s t ages lpe r iods now recognized i n no r theas t e rn North America. Throughout t h e ex t an t sequence, t h e s i t e served a s a locus f o r hunt ing, c o l l e c t i n g and food p roces s ing a c t i v i t i e s which involved t h e seasona l e x p l o i t a t i o n of t h e immediately ad jacent Cross Creek v a l l e y and contiguous uplands. P r e s e n t l y , Meadowcroft Rockshel ter r ep re sen t s one of t h e e a r l i e s t w e l l dated evidences of man i n t h e New World as w e l l a s t h e longes t occupat iona l sequence i n t he Western Hemisphere.

Albanese, J. P. Smithsonian I n s t i t u t e

J o i n t SAA/CAA Sess ion

Abs t rac t : Geologic S e t t i n g and Dutton and Selby: Pre-Clovis S i t e s i n Yuma County, Colorado.

(Apr i l 25 a.m.)

The Dutton and Selby sites l i e 27 k i lometers a p a r t and bo th occur wi th in c losed topographic depress ions occupied by playa ponds. The same sedimentary sequence e x i s t s a t both s i t e s and c o n s i s t s ( i n ascending order ) of t h e Peorian Loess, a l a c u s t r i n e s i l t , a gley s o i l and a t h i c k planosol . Both s i t e s conta in butchered bone and bone t o o l s made from l a t e P l e i s tocene animals. These a r t i f a c t s occur i n a l l u n i t s except t h e planosol . A Clovis l e v e l is p r e s e n t a t t h e base of t h e p l anoso l a t Dutton. The pre-Clovis a r t i f a c t bear ing horizons a r e es t imated t o range i n age from 12,000 t o 17,000 y e a r s B.P.

Ames, K.M. Boise S t a t e Univers i ty

J o i n t SAAICAA Session

Abstract : The Evolution of Rank S o c i e t i e s on t h e Northwest Coast (Apr i l 25 p.m.)

The smal l , ranked s o c i e t i e s on t h e Northwest Coast evolved auto- chthonously and without a g r i c u l t u r e . Ranked s o c i e t i e s are seen as r e s u l t i n g from t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of two systems c o n s t r a i n t s and two processes. The c o n s t r a i n t s were: t h e eco log ica l and economic spec i a l - i z a t i o n i n salmon f i s h i n g , and environmental c i rcumscr ip t ion . The two processes were: populat ion growth and promotion. Ranking evolves because under c e r t a i n condi t ions it provides both improved monitor ing of t h e environment, a s we l l a s improved responses t o environmental s h i f t s through information flow and r e s t r i b u t i o n .

Arnold, C.D. Univers i ty of Toronto

J o i n t CAAISAA Session

Abstract : Cu l tu ra l A f f i n i t i e s of t h e Lagoon S i t e CAA Session No. 4

Data from t h e Lagoon s i t e (OjR1-3) on Banks I s l a n d , N.W.T., s e rve t o d e f i n e a r eg iona l Paleoeskimo v a r i a n t da t ing t o z. 400 B.C. Pre- Dorset, Dorset , and Norton-like a f f i n i t i e s a r e recognized i n t h e a r t i f a c t assemblage. Since i t appears t h a t only a s i n g l e component is represented a t t h e s i t e , d i f f u s i o n r e s u l t i n g from c r o s s - c u l t u r a l i n t e r a c t i o n s i s pos tu la ted t o account f o r t h e na tu re of t h e da t a . Aspects of models devised f o r h i s t o r i c a l and an thropologica l explana- t i o n s a r e drawn upon t o develop t h i s hypothesis .

Bleed, P. Univers i ty of Nebraska, and

Yoshiyaki, M. Japan

J o i n t CAA/SAA Sess ion

Abs t rac t : The Yagi P ro j ec t : An Undertaking i n Cross-Cultural Archaeology

CAA Session No. 2

The Yagi S i t e , a l a r g e Ear ly Jomon community on t h e P a c i f i c coas t of southwestern Hokkaido, is c u r r e n t l y be ing inves t iga t ed b y ' a t e a m of North American and Japanese a rchaeologis t s . The p ro j ec t con t r ibu te s t o t h e substance of Japanese p reh i s to ry by i d e n t i f y i n g 1. t h e n a t u r e of t h e s o c i a l u n i t r e f l e c t e d by Yagi and s i m i l a r s i t e s , and 2. t h e sub- s i s t e n c e technology upon which they r e s t ed . A cooperat ive undertaking, t h e Yagi p r o j e c t a f f o r d s an oppor tuni ty t o e l u c i d a t e and assay metho- do log ica l and procedura l d i f f e r ences between Japanese and American p r e h i s t o r i c research .

Bonnichsen, R. Univers i ty of Maine

J o i n t SAA/CAA Sess ion -

Abstract : The P r e - P r o j e c t i l e Poin t t o P r o j e c t i l e Point T rans i t i on (Apr i l 25 a.m.)

An a n a l y s i s of bone a r t i f a c t s made from e x t i n c t mega-faunal remains from t h e North American s e c t o r of t h e Beringian Refugium has revea led t h a t some t echno log ica l procedures can be used t o work both bone and s t o n e ma te r i a l s . The s tudy of t r a n s f e r technology p a t t e r n s i n f e r r e d from bone remains provides i n s i g h t s i n t o pre-Clovis peoples ' l i t h i c product ion p o t e n t i a l . When t h e technologica l t r a n s f e r concept is taken i n t o account and t h e r e p e r t o i r e of technologica l concepts a v a i l a b l e f o r a r t i f a c t product ion is recons t ruc ted , g r e a t e r con t inu i ty can b e seen between p r e - p r o j e c t i l e po in t and p r o j e c t i l e p o i n t t r a d i t i o n s .

Bryan, A. Univers i ty of A lbe r t a

J o i n t SAA/CAA Sess ion

Abstract : A D i rec t ed Search f o r "Pre-Clovis" Man. (Apr i l 25 a.m.)

Rea l i za t ion t h a t s e v e r a l t echnologies i n add i t i on t o Clovis were p re sen t i n va r ious p a r t s of America by 11,000 B.P. means t h a t t h e search f o r immediate technologica l o r i g i n s f o r Paleo-Indian complexes i n t h e contemporary S ibe r i an Upper P a l e o l i t h i c may be non-productive.

Ins tead , s e v e r a l advanced "Upper Pa l eo l i t h i c - l i ke" technologies ev iden t ly developed indigenously i n var ious p a r t s of America. S u b s t i t u t i o n of a model of indigenous m u l t i l i n e a r development f o r t h e gene ra l ly accepted model of migra t ion and/or d i f f u s i o n t o exp la in t h e immediate technologica l antecedents of Paleo-Indian complexes would s t i m u l a t e es tab l i shment of a d i r ec t ed search f o r s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l l y s ecu re evidence f o r non-standard- ized t o o l forms and simple manufacturing techniques brought by t h e e a r l i e s t American c o l o n i s t s which formed t h e b a s i c t o o l k i t from which s e v e r a l more complex and s tandard ized technologies developed i n va r ious p a r t s of America.

Burley, D.V. Simon F rase r Univers i ty

J o i n t SAA/CAA Sess ion

Abstract: S p e c i a l i z a t i o n and t h e Evolut ion of Complex Soc ie ty i n t h e Gulf of Georgia

(Apr i l 25 p.m.)

The Coast S a l i s h c u l t u r a l p a t t e r n i s viewed a s a s p e c i a l i z e d hunt ing and ga ther ing adapta t ion which has evolved out of a more genera l ized format. It i s suggested t h a t t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r and incen t ives behind t h e beginnings of t h i s t r a n s i t i o n would occur f i r s t a t t h e western edge of t h e Fraser Canyon. However, it i s a l s o maintained t h a t t h e f u l l development could not t ake p l ace u n t i l pos i t ioned i n a c o a s t a l s e t t i n g . Providing an evolu t ionary model t o account f o r t h e Sa l i shan p a t t e r n , t h e i n t e r f a c e between t h e Marpole and Locarno Beach c u l t u r e types ( c i r c a 400 B.C.) i s taken t o be t h e a c t u a l p o i n t of t r a n s i t i o n . Archaeological d a t a provides p a r t i a l documentation f o r t h e proposed developments.

Carlson, C. B.C. Her i tage Conservation Branch

J o i n t CAA/SAA Session

Abstract : Ear ly Non-Shell Components from Por t Hardy, B r i t i s h Columbia CAA Session No. 1

The content and meaning of l i t h i c assemblages from two non-shel l s t r a t a underlying a c l a s s i c s h e l l midden s i t e on t h e no r the rn end of Vancouver I s l a n d (Hardy Bay) a r e descr ibed and explored. The e a r l i e s t of t h e non-shel l zones i s a s soc i a t ed wi th a r a i s e d beach d e p o s i t and cons i s t s of a prepared f l a k e indus t ry wi th leaf-shaped p o i n t s . The younger non-shel l zone unde r l i e s t h e s h e l l depos i t on t h e lower t e r r a c e of t h e s i t e and i s a s soc i a t ed wi th p re sen t day s e a l e v e l s . This zone con ta ins evidence of bo th chipped s t o n e and bone i n d u s t r i e s . Also p re sen t a r e f i s h , land mammal, s e a mammal and b i r d remains. The r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e s e components t o o t h e r s of t h e same pe r iod is explored.

Carlson, R. L. Simon F rase r Univers i ty

J o i n t cAA/SAA Sess ion

Abs t rac t : The Ear ly Period on t h e C e n t r a l Coast of B r i t i s h Columbia (CAA Sess ion No. 1 )

Unlike a l l o t h e r per iods of C e n t r a l Coast preh is tory , t h e Ea r ly Per iod i s t y p i f i e d by a high frequency of f l aked s tone too l s . These assemblages inc lude t o o l s of d ive r se types: pebble t o o l s , leaf-shaped b i f a c e s , microblades, macroblades, and prepared (Leval lo is - l ike) f l a k e s and cores. This paper explores t h e ques t ion of both t h e e x t e r n a l a f f i n i t i e s of t h e s e i n d u s t r i e s , and t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e way of l i f e during t h e per iod .

Chomko, S.A. Bureau of Land Management

J o i n t SAA/CAA Sess ion

Abs t rac t : La t e P l e i s tocene Environments and Man i n t h e Western Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming.

(Apr i l 25 a.m.)

Prospec ts S h e l t e r and Natura l Trap Cave conta in a record of f a u n a l success ions from p r i o r t o 26,000 t o 10,000 B.P. The d a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t u n t i l 13,500 B.P. a steppe-boreal f o r e s t community was present ; a t 13,500 B.P. a change t o a s teppe tundra is ind ica t ed by t h e presence of Dicrostonyx and a marked decrease i n l a r g e herbivores . Evidence f o r u t i l i z a t i o n of t h e s h e l t e r , dated a t 16,272 and 17,500 B.P. is based on a c h e r t a r t i f a c t , f l a k e s , and a p i e rced Camelaps phalanx. Add i t iona l e x t i n c t fauna a s s o c i a t e d wi th t h i s assemblage inc ludes Equus sp. and Ovis c . f . ca tc lawens is .

Cox, S.L. Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n

J o i n t sAA/CAA Sess ion

Abstract : The Large and t h e Small - A View of Dorset Economy (Apr i l 25 a.m.)

I n 1966 W. E. Taylor cha rac t e r i zed Eskimo economy i n genera l , inc luding Dorset, as being fundamentally omnivorous and f l e x i b l e . The degree of f l e x i b i l i t y of Dorset economic adapta t ions has important imp l i ca t ions i n r e l a t i o n t o cu r r en t models of Dorset popula t ion expansion and e x t i n c t i o n , a s we l l a s t o ques t ions concerning t h e replacement of Dorset by Thule i n t h e e a s t e r n Arc t ic . I n t h i s paper va r ious a s p e c t s of t h e Dorset economic system, inc luding resource u t i l i z a t i o n , s e t t l e m e n t p a t t e r n and e x t r a c t i v e technology, a r e

examined wi th p a r t i c u l a r re ference t o t h e degree of v a r i a b i l i t y and f l e x i b i l i t y p re sen t w i th in t h e system. Data from nor thern Labrador and Southampton I s l a n d c o n s t i t u t e t h e primary b a s i s of t h e a n a l y s i s , although o t h e r a r e a s w i l l a l s o be considered.

Crawford, G. W. Universi ty of North Caro l ina

J o i n t CAA/SAA Session

Abstract : The Paleoethnobotany of C o a s t a l Oshima Peninsula , Hokkaido. CAA Session No. 2

P l an t remains from four Jomon s i t e s represent ing seven archaeo- l o g i c a l components spanning 5000 y e a r s i n t h e c o a s t a l Oshima Peninsula a r e repor ted . P l an t remains recovered by f l o t a t i o n r e f l e c t human- environmental i n t e r a c t i o n s t h a t he lp exp la in t h e succes s fu l Jomon adapta t ion i n southwestern Hokkaido. Hypotheses regarding s i t e d i s - rup t ion , increased sedentism, p l a n t husbandry, and Hokkaido Jomon subs i s t ence p a t t e r n s a r e examined from a d iachronic perspec t ive . Early through Middle Jomon subs is tence eco log ie s a r e q u i t e s i m i l a r and con t r a s t wi th t h e subs i s t ence ecology of t h e I n i t i a l Jomon. Herbaceous weeds, r i v e r i n e p l a n t s , and f o r e s t edge p l a n t s were most important f o r food from about 4000 B.C. on.

Davis, A.M. Univers i ty of Toronto

J o i n t CAA/SAA Session

Abstract : Po l l en Analyses from Hokkaido Jomon S i t e s CAA Session No. 2

Po l l en from t h e Hamanasuno and Yagi s i t e s has low concent ra t ion , and smal l v a r i e t y . The l imi t ed r ecove r i e s , p a r t l y caused by h igh s o i l pH ( 6 . 5 ) , are l a r g e l y a t t r i b u t a b l e t o t h e l a c k of a pa lyno log ica l perspec t ive i n t h e s e l e c t i o n of m a t e r i a l f o r ana lys is . However, some use fu l conclusions regarding r eg iona l and l o c a l vege ta t ion can be made. A mixed conifer-hardwood reg ional v e g e t a t i o n i s suggested. Local po l l en assemblages imply open sites dominated by weeds and shrubs. No cu l t i gen po l l en was i d e n t i f i e d . This paper cons iders t h e problems of c o l l e c t i o n and processing, d i scusses t h e r e s u l t s of t h e pre l iminary analyses , and sugges ts s t r a t e g i e s f o r f u t u r e research.

Drucker, P. Baylor U n i v e r s i t y

J o i n t SAA/CAA S e s s i o n

A b s t r a c t : A Techno-Ecological Model o f Northwest Coast Resource E x p l o i t a t i o n

( A p r i l 25 p.m.)

Th is model a n a l y z e s t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of t h r e e d i s t i n c t i v e North- west Coast t e c h n o l o g i c sub-se t s : s u b s i s t a n t s , w a t e r t r a n s p o r t , and l a r g e s t r u c t u r e s , through which raw r e s o u r c e s were conver ted t o w i n t e r s t o r e s . It i s hypothes ized t h a t co-occurrence of a l l t h r e e s u b - s e t s was e s s e n t i a l t o t h e food-s torage p r o c e d u r e which made p o s s i b l e mul t i - group w i n t e r v i l l a g e s , w i n t e r ce remonia l s , e t c . , t h e d i s t i n c t i v e f e a t u r e s of " c l a s s i c " Northwest Coast c u l t u r e of e t h n o h i s t o r i c / e t h n o - g r a p h i c accounts . An e thnograph ic c a s e , a Niska account of T s l e t s l a u t salmon f i s h e r y , and two h i s t o r i c e v e n t s , impact of d e s t r u c t i o n of two ( T l i n g i t ) Kuiu and Hutsnuwu v i l l a g e s , s u p p o r t t h e hypothes i s . Archaeo- l o g i c r e l e v a n c e o f t h e model and i t s d e r i v e d h y p o t h e s i s is demonstra ted i n t h e conc lus ion .

Farquar , R.M. P a v l i s h , L., and Fawcet t , C. U n i v e r s i t y of Toronto

J o i n t cAA/SAA S e s s i o n

A b s t r a c t : The Thermoluminescence (TL) E v a l u a t i o n s of t h e Yagi and Hamanasuno S i t e s .

CAA Sess ion No. 2

Ceramic m a t e r i a l s from t h e Yagi s i t e , l o c a t e d on t h e i s l a n d of Hokkaido i n Nor thern Japan, a r e examined w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r TL c a p a b i l i t i e s . Comparisons w i t h t h e TL c a p a b i l i t y of m a t e r i a l s from Hamanasuno, a s i t e f o u r k i l o m e t e r s away, a r e made. The importance of unders tand ing t h e su r rounding g e o l o g i c a l and geomorphological environment i s s t r e s s e d a s a key t o i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e r e s u l t s ( p r e l i m i n a r y ) ob ta ined . The TL sys tem employed by t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Toronto i s o u t l i n e d . The s c i e n t i f i c p o t e n t i a l r e a l i z e d by i n f e r f a c i n g Archaeology and Phys ics i s s t r e s s e d .

F i t zhugh , W.W. Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n

J o i n t SAA/CAA S e s s i o n

A b s t r a c t : Torngat Archaeo log ica l P r o j e c t : 1978 F i e l d Report and P r e l i m i n a r y Conclusions.

( A p r i l 25 a.m.)

A comprehensive two-year survey of no r the rn Labrador between Okak and Hudson S t r a i t was completed s u c c e s s f u l l y i n 1978. This r e sea rch , bu i ld ing on work f u r t h e r south, cons iderably expands information on such ques t ions a s c u l t u r e h i s t o r y and e t h n i c i d e n t i t y , p r e h i s t o r i c populat ions, boundaries , c u l t u r a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s , and environmental cons idera t ions . High-lights from t h e 1978 f i e l d season a r e presented toge ther wi th pre l iminary conclusions from research t o date . The u s e of t hese da t a f o r approaching problems of Eas te rn A r c t i c and Sub-arc t ic archaeology i s considered and t h e r e l a t i v e m e r i t s of s c a l e i n r e s e a r c h of t h i s type.

Fladmark, K. Simon Fraser Un ive r s i t y

J o i n t SAA/CAA Sess ion

Abstract : A Pa leoecologica l Model f o r Northwest Coast P reh i s to ry Re-examined.

(Apr i l 25 p.m.)

I n 1974 I proposed a t e n t a t i v e explanatory model f o r t h e pre- h i s t o r i c development of t h e Northwest c u l t u r e p a t t e r n based upon paleo- environmental determinates . This paper re-examines t h i s model i n t h e l i g h t of new da ta . It w i l l be shown t h a t whi le t h e r e i s s t i l l temporal synchroneity between t h e at ta inment of quas i - s tab le s e a l e v e l s and t h e appearance of l a r g e s h e l l middens ca 5000 B.P. , c u l t u r a l e c o l o g i c a l mechanisms l i n k i n g t h e s e phenomena are less c l e a r than o r i g i n a l l y thought.

Gleeson, P. F le i scher , M . , and Gamble, G. Washington S t a t e Univers i ty

J o i n t SAA/CAA Session

Abstract : ~ c o n o m i c Roles of Nootkan ~ n t r a h o u s e Ranked P o s i t i o n s (Apr i l 25 p.m.)

Although t h e l i v i n g p l aces w i th in ethnographic Nootkan dwell ings a r e known t o have been ranked, l i t t l e d a t a e x i s t s on t h e dynamics among the ranked p o s i t i o n s . S p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of a rchaeologica l d a t a wi th in t h e f i r s t s t r u c t u r e excavated a t t h e Ozet te s i t e , Washington i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e f i r s t and t h e second pos i t i ons may have been t h a t of execut ive and adminis t ra tor . Development of t h e s e spec i a l i zed r o l e s w i t h i n t h e house u n i t may r e f l e c t and be use fu l i n d iscuss ing the r i s e of complex, densely populated v i l l a g e s on t h e coas t .

Gordon, B.C. Archaeological Survey of Canada

J o i n t SAAICAA Sess ion

Abstract : Funct iona l Analysis and Suggested Nomenclature of Burins and Burin-related Tools

(Apr i l 25 a.m.)

Two b a s i c d i v i s i o n s of bu r ins are proposed, r a t h e r t han t h e e l abo ra t e morphological and s t y l i s t i c types common i n o t h e r p a r t s of t h e world. Based s o l e l y on func t ion , a s seen i n a n a l y s i s of s t r i a e , t h e t e r m s "shaver burins" and " s l o t t e r burins" a r e suggested. Uni- f a c i a l l y and b i f a c i a l l y used, r e s p e c t i v e l y , they a r e d iv ided according t o b a s i c morphological a t t r i b u t e s .

Grabert , G. F. Western Washington S t a t e College

J o i n t SAAICAA Sess ion

Abstract : In l and S i t e s of t h e C e n t r a l Northwest Coast Area (Apr i l 25 p.m.)

Much a rchaeo log ica l research has been c a r r i e d ou t on c o a s t a l s i t e s of t h e Northwest. Far l e s s has been d i r e c t e d t o problems of i n t e r - ac t ion between p r e h i s t o r i c peoples of t h e coas t and those i n t h e ad jacent f o o t h i l l s regions. Inland sites a r e f r equen t ly sma l l and l a c k d i s t i n c t i v e s h e l l middens. I n t h e aggrega te , though, t h e s e sites represent p a r t s of community resource c o l l e c t i o n a r e a s and may sometimes be r e l a t e d t o h i s t o r i c t r i b a l l oca t ions . What may be i n t e r p r e t e d a s t e c h n i c a l l y impoverished s i t e s , may w e l l be res idues from a l imi ted- a c t i v i t y l o c a t i o n ; segments of an economic sub-system.

Grabert , G. F. Western Washington S t a t e College

J o i n t CAA/SAA Sess ion

Abstract : Pebble Tools and Time Fac to r ing CAA Sess ion No. 1

Pebble t o o l assemblages have f o r many yea r s been one of t h e more puzz l ing l i t h i c groups i n t h e P a c i f i c Northwest. They have been viewed a s chronologica l markers, a s i n d i c a t o r s of t a sk - spec i f i c s i t e s , and a s remains of d i s t i n c t c u l t u r a l e n t i t i e s . They sometimes seem t o be t h e only v i s i b l e p a r t o f c e r t a i n r eg iona l s i te components. A v a r i e t y of l i t h i c t o o l s o f t e n accompanies t h e pebble t o o l complex. Assemblages of both k inds have been recorded and examined by t h e w r i t e r i n both l i t t o r a l and upland s i t e s . Pebble t o o l s need not be chronologica l

markers. While c o a s t l i n e changes may have occurred i n post g l a c i a l times, s e v e r a l of t h e s e s i t e s have always been wi th in t h e few hundred meters of a coas t though t h e e l eva t ions above sea l e v e l have changed. Experiments a r e underway t o determine pebble t o o l u t i l i t y i n d i f f e r e n t tasks . Context and a s s o c i a t i o n a r e v a r i a b l e s t h a t must be c o n t r o l l e d before temporal f a c t o r s can be expressed.

Gustafson, C.E. Daugherty, R.D. , and Gilbow, D. Washington S t a t e Univers i ty

J o i n t CAA/SAA s e s s i o n

Abstract : The Manis Mastodon S i t e : Ear ly Man on t h e Olympic Peninsula CAA se s s ion No. 1

The Manis s i t e on t h e nor thern Olympic Peninsula nea r Sequim, Washington, has y i e lded evidence t h a t a mastodon was butchered t h e r e approximately 12,000 years ago. A bone "proj e c t i l e point" i.mbedded i n a mastodon r i b and o the r a r t i f a c t s made of bone and t u s k have been recovered. A s i n g l e cobble spa11 t o o l i s t h e only d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e s tone a r t i f a c t a s soc i a t ed with t h e mastodon bones. By 12,000 y e a r s ago, coniferous f o r e s t s had not y e t invaded t h e no r the rn Olumpic Peninsula , and shrub-tundra vege ta t ion cha rac t e r i zed t h e region. Evidence of l a t e r occupation a t t h e s i t e is provided by a leaf-shaped, b a s a l t "Olcot t" po in t found d i r e c t l y above a l a y e r of vo lcan ic ash derived from M t . Mazama;

Helmer, J . W . Universi ty of Calgary

J o i n t SAA/CAA Sess ion

Abstract : Ear ly Dorset i n t h e High Arc t ic : A Report from Karluk I s l a n d , N.W. T.

(Apr i l 25 a.m.)

Archaeological excavat ions c a r r i e d ou t on Karluk I s l a n d (750301N, 97O16'W) i n t h e Croz ier S t r a i t region of t h e Canadian High A r c t i c dur ing the 1977 and 1978 f i e l d seasons have y i e lded a s u b s t a n t i a l c o l l e c t i o n of a r t i f a c t s and a n c i l l a r y d a t a r e l a t i n g t o t h e e a r l i e s t phase of t h e Dorset Cul ture (G. 800 - 400 B.C. , uncorrec ted) . The s i g n i f i c a n c e of t hese f indings: l i e s i n t h e f a c t t h a t e a r l y Dorset p e r s e has h i t h e r t o been undocumented i n t h e High A r c t i c I s l ands . This paper i n t roduces the d a t a from Karluk I s l and and b r i e f l y a s s e s s e s t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n t h i s ma te r i a l o f f e r s t o High A r c t i c p r e h i s t o r y i n general .

Hickey, C. Univers i ty of A lbe r t a

J o i n t CAAISAA Sess ion

Abstract : Nineteenth Century Copper Eskimo Economics: A Progress Report CAA Session No. 4

Two f i e l d seasons have now been accomplished on Banks I s l a n d , N.W.T. The o v e r a l l goa ls of t h e p r o j e c t a r e t o d e l i n e a t e t h e subs i s t ence s t r a t e g y and economic system of t h e Copper Eskimos of t h e 19 th Century, and t h e impact on them by t h e sudden a v a i l a b i l i t y of l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of va luab le wood and metal from t h e abandoned Frankl in Search Expedition v e s s e l H.M.S. I n v e s t i g a t o r a f t e r 1853. To d a t e , 125 s i t e s belonging t o t h i s genera l t ime period have been found. This paper w i l l focus on t h e subs t an t ive r e s u l t s of f ie ldwork and l abo ra to ry ana lys i s , and advance some pre l iminary conclusions and working hypotheses.

Hurley, W.M. Univers i ty of Toronto, and

Yoshizaki, M. Hokkaido, Japan

J o i n t cAA/SAA Sess ion

Abs t rac t : Rela t ionships Between t h e Yagi and Hamanasuno S i t e . CAA Sess ion No. 2

Two E a r l y Jomon sites loca t ed on t h e Oshima Peninsula of south- western Hokkaido have been subjec ted t o long term sa lvage (Hamanasuno) and the beginning of a t h r e e year r e sea rch (Yagi) program. The s i t e s a r e 4 km. d i s t a n t from one another and a r e s i t u a t e d on s i m i l a r t e r r a c e s . Yagi is t h e e a r l i e s t da t ing from ca. 5000 t o 4000 B.C. wh i l e Hamanasuno d a t e s from 4100 t o 3100 B.C. These two l a r g e Neo l i t h i c v i l l a g e s e x h i b i t unexpected complex se t t lement p a t t e r n s , ceramic c o n t i n u i t y and similar environmental adapta t ions i n an a rea previous ly suggested a s t oo s e v e r e f o r any p a t t e r n o t h e r than simple hunting and ga ther ing communities.

Jordan, R.H. Bryn Mawr College

J o i n t SAA/CAA Sess ion

Abs t rac t : Pre l iminary Excavation Resu l t s of t h e Middle Dorset Occupation i n t h e Avayalik I s l and Region, Extreme Northern Labrador.

(Apr i l 25, a.m.)

Excavations undertaken by t h e Torngat Archaeological P r o j e c t i n 1978 on Avayalik I s l a n d and nearby reg ions , have produced s i g n i f i c a n t new d a t a on Middle Dorset occupations. One s i t e i n p a r t i c u l a r , Avayalik-1, conta ins an extremely r l c h midden depos i t with complete organic preserva t ion . Since v i r t u a l l y a l l p r e h i s t o r i c s i t e s i n Labrador conta in only l i t h i c remains, t h i s s i t e provides an e s p e c i a l l y valuable i n s i g h t i n t o Middle Dorset subs i s t ence , a r t and technology. A number of o t h e r nearby s i t e s has produced a d d i t i o n a l in format ion on resource e x p l o i t a t i o n , annual round, s easona l v a r i a t i o n s i n house form and r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s . These s i t e s thus enable a more complete r econs t ruc t ion of Middle Dorset c u l t u r a l p a t t e r n s than has been he re to fo re p o s s i b l e i n Labrador.

Kaplan, S.A. Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n

J o i n t SM/CAA Sess ion

Abstract : Neoeskimo Occupations of Northern Labrador. (Apr i l 25 a.m.)

The o r i g i n of t h e Eskimo communal house, found i n Greenland and Labrador, has been discussed by Schledermann, Pe tersen , Taylor and Jordan. Problems concerning t h e development of t h i s house form w i l l be addressed us ing e t h n o h i s t o r i c a l information and archaeologica l ma te r i a l s r ecen t ly recovered from Northern Labrador. Neoeskimo u s e of a v a r i e t y of geographic regions and economic resources i n Northern Labrador w i l l b e examined using a se t t l emen t p a t t e r n approach, as we l l a s a n a l y t i c a l pe r spec t ives o f f e red by modem eco log ica l and bio- geographical theory.

Lazenby, M.E.C. Carleton Univers i ty

J o i n t sAA/cAA Sess ion

Abstract : P r e h i s t o r i c Exchange of Chert i n Labrador: A Pre l iminary Report

(Apr i l 25 a.m.)

U t i l i z a t i o n and long-distance exchange of c h e r t s by PalaeoEskimos and Archaic Indians a long t h e e n t i r e c o a s t of Labrador has been w e l l es tab l i shed . I n o r d e r t o compile a d a t a base f o r l i t h i c source i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , geo log ica l reconnaissance and outcrop sampling were under,eaken during t h e summer of 1978.

A comprehensive range of outcrop samples has been amassed from known "quarry" s i t e s a s we l l a s from new loca t ions . This i nc ludes samples from t h e c h e r t beds of both t h e Ramah and t h e Mugford Formations i n northernmost Labrador. In e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e c h e r t sources, it is p o s s i b l e t o map t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of c h e r t a r t i f a c t s by means of physiochemical techniques. I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of neutron a c t i v a t i o n a n a l y s i s i s considered.

Lorenz, T.H. Univers i ty of Washington

J o i n t CAA/SAA Sess ion

Abstract : Turner Overlook Fauna CAA Sess ion No. 4

An a r c t i c fauna co l l ec t ed dur ing J u l y 1978 by a rchaeo log i s t s from t h e Alaskan F i s h and Wi ld l i f e Se rv i ce is cha rac t e r i zed and examined by SPSS and SYMAP techniques. This Eskimo caribou ha rves t l o c a l i t y was apparent ly occupied seasonal ly f o r a per iod during t h e middle of t h e l a s t century. Technologically, t h e fauna belays t h e impact of metal blades on animal processing, Graphic mapping of s p a t i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e fauna y i e l d a p r e d i c t i v e mode1,the appropr ia teness of which can be t e s t e d through f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n . Exce l len t bone p re se rva t ion he lps t r a c k t h e s p a t i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s l i n k i n g c u l t u r a l a r t i f a c t s and fauna .

MacDonald, G. F. , and I n g l i s , R. Archaeological Survey of Canada

J o i n t SAA/CAA Sess ion

Abstract : Change and Continui ty i n North Coast, B r i t i s h Columbia, Woodworking: A Three Thousand Year Perspect ive.

(Apr i l 2 5 p.m.)

The development of woodworking on t h e North Coast of B r i t i s h Columbia, t h e h i s t o r i c t e r r i t o r y of t h e Tsimshian and Haida people, i s s tud ied through t h e a n a l y s i s of ca rv ing t o o l s and/or wooden a r t i f a c t s from t h r e e t ime horizons: t h e p r e h i s t o r i c per iod between 3000 B.C., and 1800 A.D.; t h e contac t per iod; and t h e l a t e h i s t o r i c per iod. The imp l i ca t ions f o r t h e t ime span of t h e development of t h e Northern S t y l e , and " c r e s t a r t " i s seen t o p a r a l l e l t h e development of ranking i n nor thern Northwest Coast s o c i e t i e s . The i n f l u x of Europeans during the contac t p e r i o d i n t e n s i f i e d , but d i d no t a l t e r t h e b a s i c p a t t e r n .

McGhee, R. Archaeological Survey of Canada

J o i n t SAA/CAA Sess ion

Abs t rac t : I n d i v i d u a l V a r i a b i l i t y i n Stone Tool S t y l e s a t Por t Refuge ASTt Components

(Apr i l 25 a.m.)

Typological comparisons of s tone t o o l s has t r a d i t i o n a l l y been seen a s a means of r e l a t i n g va r ious components w i th in t h e AST t r a d i t i o n , Excavation a t Independence I and Pre-Dorset components a t Po r t Refuge, Devon I s l and , a l lows us t o examine t h i s hypothes is . These components c o n s i s t of a number of d i s c r e t e s u r f a c e f e a t u r e s , most of which may have been ind iv idua l family camps occupied only once f o r a s h o r t per iod of t i m e . It can probably be assumed t h a t t h e major i ty of a r t i f a c t s a s soc i a t ed wi th any f e a t u r e were manufactured by t h e i n d i v i - dua ls who occupied t h a t f ea tu re . Marked d i f f e r e n c e s can be seen between f e a t u r e s i n t h e p ro f i c i ency wi th which s t o n e t o o l s were made, and ind iv idua l s t y l i s t i c preferences can be p o s t u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s of i n t r a - f e a t u r e un i fo rmi t i e s . I f t h e hypothes is a s c r i b i n g a g r e a t d e a l of v a r i a b i l i t y i n s t o n e t o o l s t y l e s t o i n d i v i d u a l a b i l i t y and p r e f e r - ence is c o r r e c t , t ypo log ica l comparison of ASTt c o l l e c t i o n s may be of r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e u s e i n judging t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s between components.

Mathews, W. Universi ty of B r i t i s h Columbia

J o i n t CAA/SAA Sess ion

Abstract : G l a c i a l Conditions Limit ing Human Habi ta t ion on t h e Northwest Coast

CAA Session No. 1

During t h e per iod 29,000 t o about 21,000 B.P. on t h e B.C. c o a s t i c e tongues from t h e h ighe r mountains reached down t o s e a l e v e l (e.g. S t r a i t of Georgia). These i c e tongues and t h e a s soc i a t ed adverse c l imate con t r ibu ted t o a h o s t i l e environment f o r human migra t ion and occupation. During t h e period 21,000 - 13,000 B.P. ( apa r t from a s h o r t i n t e r l u d e about 18,000 B.P.) g l a c i e r s overwhelmed most of t he lowland a reas and occupation w a s poss ib ly precluded. From 13,000 t o 11,000 B.P. t h e c l imate was amel iora t ing and g l a c i e r s withdrawing. The two per iods of h igh r e l a t i v e sea l e v e l would have bar red human occupat ion of many of t h e lowland s i t e s . From 10,000 t o 5,500 B.P. r e l a t i v e s e a l e v e l was s'omewhat lower on the B.C. coas t than a t p re sen t , and shore- l i n e s i t e s then occupied may have been subsequent ly destroyed by t h e l a t e r r i s e of t h e sea.

Morlan, R.E. Nat ional Museum of Man

J o i n t SAA/CAA Session

Abstract : Upper P l e i s tocene Archaeology, Paleontology, and S t r a t i g r a p h y i n Northern Yukon Te r r i t o ry .

(Apr i l 25 a.m.)

The e a r l i e s t known evidence of human occupation i n e a s t e r n Ber ingia can be evaluated i n r e l a t i o n t o a s t r a t i g r a p h i c and paleoenvironmental framework spanning more than 100,000 yea r s and i n t h e l i g h t of experiment- a l r e p l i c a t i o n s of a d i s t i n c t i v e technology based i n p a r t on t h e percuss ion

f l a k i n g of bone. Radiocarbon d a t i n g suppor ts t h e hypothes is t h a t human popula t ions en tered Ber ingia be fo re 50,000 B.P., and t h i s e a r l y age impl ies t h a t f u l l y modern man may no t y e t have emerged i n western Eurasia when t h e i n i t i a l peopl ing of t h e New World took p lace . The Eas t Asian mainland appears i n c r e a s i n g l y l i k e l y as t h e area of o r i g i n f o r t h e f i r s t Beringians.

Reagan, M. , and Rowlett , R. Univers i ty of Missouri-Columbia

J o i n t SAA/CAA Sess ion

Abstract : An Ear ly Man S i t e i n Northwest Missouri (Apr i l 25 a.m.)

Two e a r l y assemblages were recovered from t h e Shr ive r S i t e , from two d i f f e r e n t l o e s s e s of t h e last g l ac i a t ion . he Paleo-Indian occupat ions a t 869W 1000 B.C. and 12,8552 1500 B.C. a r e dated by thennoluminescent ana lys is . On t h e b a s i s of geologic c o r r e l a t i o n , l i t h i c a n a l y s i s , and c u l t u r a l s t r a t i g r a p h y , an age o l d e r than 13,000 B.C. is proposed f o r t h e L i t h i c s t a g e occupation. A r t i f a c t s of t h e L i t h i c s t a g e assemblage, inc luding t o o l s s t r u c k from prepared cores , and a r t i f a c t s of t h e Paleo-Indian assemblage a r e compared t o a r t i f a c t s repor ted f o r o t h e r e a r l y s i t e s .

Schalk, R. Washington Archaeological Research Center

J o i n t SAA/CAA Session

Abstract : Va r i a t ion i n Home Range S i z e i n Aboriginal Northwest Coast S o c i e t i e s .

(Apr i l 25 p.m.)

A model of home range s i z e among hunter-gatherers is formulated. It is hypothesized t h a t home range s i z e v a r i e s p o s i t i v e l y w i t h resource clumping and inve r se ly wi th r e sou rce densi ty . A sample of abo r ig ina l groups a long an environmental g r a d i e n t of t h e Northwest coas t of North America i s employed t o t e s t t h i s proposed r e l a t i o n s h i p . Ind ices of r e sou rce d i s t r i b u t i o n are developed wi th c l i m a t i c d a t a and used t o p r e d i c t v a r i a t i o n i n t h e dependent v a r i a b l e (home range s i e e ) . The hypothes is i s given s t rong support and impl ica t ions f o r o t h e r a spec t s of land-use a r e discussed.

Schledermann, P. A r c t i c I n s t i t u t e

J o i n t SAA/CAA Session

Abstract : Cu l tu ra l Developments on t h e Eas t Coast of Ellesmere I s l a n d , N. W. T.

(Apr i l 25 a.m.)

Archaeological d a t a from t h e Bache Peninsula region, E l l e s m e r e I s l and , is discussed wi th p a r t i c u l a r r e f e rence t o 1) e a r l y , middle and l a t e s t ages of t h e A r c t i c Small Tool t r a d i t i o n , 2) t h e i n i t i a l appearance of t h e Thule c u l t u r e i n t h e High Arc t i c , and 3) t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e "Ruin I s land" phase and i ts a s soc i a t ed Norse c u l t u r a l elements.

Schoenberg, K.M. Nat ional Park Serv ice

J o i n t CAA/SAA Session

Abstract : The Archaeology of t h e Utukok River , Alaska CAA Session No. 4

I n t h e summer of 1978, an i n t e n s i v e survey of t h e Utukok River from Driftwood Creek t o Eskimo H i l l i n northwestern Alaska was conducted by a Nat ional Park Serv ice crew. Almost 100 new s i t e s were recorded. Much of t h i s a r e a had been covered b r i e f l y by Robert Humphrey i n 1965 - 1966 and he repor ted a chronology f o r t h e a r e a , and advanced an hypothesis concerning "ear ly f l u t e d poin ts" found i n t h e area. A d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e archaeology of t h e Utukok River , based upon t h e f ind ings of t h e 1978 season, i s made and a re-evaluat ion of Humphrey's chronology and t h e f l u t e d po in t hypotheses, i s proposed.

Shaw, L . , and Fr i son , G.C. Universi ty of Wyoming

J o i n t SAA/CAA Sess ion

Abstract : Evidence f o r re-~lovis i n t h e Bighorn Basin. (Apr i l 25 a.m.)

A poss ib l e pre-Clovis occupation i n t h e Bighorn Basin i s suggested by l i t h i c a r t i f a c t s i n a s s o c i a t i o n wi th a P le i s tocene f auna l assemblage from L i t t l e Canyon Creek Cave, Wyoming. The occupat ion l e v e l l i e s unconformably below a l e v e l dated a t 10,170 + 250 (RL 641) years B.P. Support f o r pre-Clovis occupation comes f rom-the combination of t h e s t r a t i g r a p h i c context , unquest ionable human t o o l s , t h e unsoph i s t i ca t ed l i t h i c technology and t h e faunal assemblage which i n d i c a t e s an e a r l y pos t g l a c i a l environment.

Shie lds , H. M. Nat iona l Pa rk Serv ice

J o i n t CAA/SAA s e s s i o n

Abs t rac t : P r e h i s t o r i c Land Use P a t t e r n s i n t h e Western Brooks Range. CAA Sess ion No. 4

Recent Nat ional Park Se rv i ce a r chaeo log ica l surveys i n t h e Nat iona l Petroleum Reserve - Alaska on t h e North Slope have y i e lded almost 800 sites from f o u r physiographic zones. The l and u s e p a t t e r n s i n two of t h e s e zones a r e compared as a whole and through t ime by t h e use of l o c a t i o n a l ana lys i s . Howard Pass i n t h e Brooks Range and the Storm Creek-Noluck Lake a r e a a t t h e headwaters of t h e C o l v i l l e River a r e examined i n l i g h t of t h r e e s t a t i s t i c s : s i t e dens i ty , neares t - neighbor, and a h i e r a r c h i c a l index. The r e s u l t s a r e d iscussed i n r e l a t i o n t o Alaskan p reh i s to ry and Campbell's model of Nunamiut s e t t l emen t p a t t e r n s .

S tanford , D . J . Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n

J o i n t SAA/CAA Session

Abs t rac t : The Dutton and Selby S i t e s , Colorado; Evidence f o r Pre-Clovis Occupation of t h e High P la ins .

(Apr i l 25 a.m.)

Excavations a t t h e Dutton and Selby s i t e s i n no r theas t e rn Colo- rado have produced mammoth, horse , camel, s l o t h and b i son bones which appear t o have been butchered by man. These remains were found i n a s s o c i a t i o n wi th poss ib l e bone t o o l s and c h e r t f l a k e s , i n t h r e e d i s t i n c t geologic u n i t s below a Clovis age occupation l e v e l . Geologic c o r r e l a t i o n i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e e a r l i e s t depos i t i on of faunal remains a t t h e s e s i t e s may b e i n excess of 17,000 yea r s o ld .

Thompson, G. Un ive r s i t y of Washington

J o i n t SAA/CAA Session

Abs t rac t : P r e h i s t o r i c Subs is tence - Sett lement Changes i n t h e Southern Northwest Coast.

(Apr i l 25 p.m.)

Se t t lement p a t t e r n s r e c e n t l y def ined by t h e au tho r f o r t h e Locarno Beach, Marpole and Gulf of Georgia a rchaeologica l c u l t u r e s seem t o r e f l e c t changes i n subs i s t ence emphasis through t i m e . An e a r l y gene ra l i zed subs i s t ence system gave way t o t h e s p e c i a l i z e d e x p l o i t a t i o n of salmon. Set t lement p a t t e r n s changed from a s i n g l e p a r t wandering

p a t t e r n during Locarno Beach, through a two p a r t Marpole seasonal p a t t e r n , t o a s e v e r a l p a r t Gulf of Georgia seasonal round p a t t e r n . The latter two p a t t e r n s showed more e f f i c i e n t e x p l o i t a t i o n of salmon than t h e Locarno Beach pa t t e rn .

Wallace, B. H i s t o r i c S i t e s Canada

J o i n t SAA/CAA Session

Abstract : New Resu l t s from t h e LIAnse aux Meadows S i t e , Newfoundland (Apr i l 25 a.m.)

Considerable new d a t a on t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l LIAnse aux Meadows s i t e , Newfoundland, have been accumulated by Parks Canada, Nat ional H i s t o r i c Parks and S i t e s Branch. The site, which is a multi-component s i t e , has Archaic, Dorset, proto-Beothuck, Norse, and Beothuck occupations ranging i n d a t e from 4000 B.C. t o A.D. 1500. With emphasis on t h e Norse occupation, t h i s paper w i l l focus on t h e paleoenvironment, t h e l eng th and n a t u r e of t h e s e t t l e m e n t and i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e o t h e r occupations on t h e s i t e .

Weymouth, J .W. Universi ty of Nebraska

J o i n t cAA/SAA Session

Abstract : Proton Magnetometer Survey of t h e Yagi S i t e . CAA Session No. 2

A magnetometer survey wi th one r e fe rence and one g r i d magnetometer was c a r r i e d out on a one meter g r i d over 0.56 h e c t a r e s on t h e Yagi si te. This survey was concurrent w i th and ad jacent t o t h e excavat ions be ing conducted so no immediate v e r i f i c a t i o n was poss ib l e . Magnetic suscept- i b i l i t y measurements on s o i l samples i n d i c a t e a poss ib l e high magnetic c o n t r a s t of f ea tu re s . Model c a l c u l a t i o n s s imu la t ing t y p i c a l Jomon houses a r e being used a s a guide i n i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e magnetic contour maps. Four o r f i v e r eg ions a r e i d e n t i f i e d a s p o t e n t i a l a c t i v i t y a r e a s . This information w i l l b e used i n t h e next seasons1 t e s t i n g .

Workman, W.B. Univers i ty of Alaska, Anchorage,

Lobdell , J. Anchorage Community College, and

Workman, K.

J o i n t CAA/SAA Session

V

Abstract : Recent Archaeological Work i n Kachemak Bay, Gulf of Alaska. CAA Sess ion No. 4

Excavations s i n c e 1974 have b u i l t upon de Laguna's pioneering (1934) p e r i o d i z a t i o n of P a c i f i c Eskimo p reh i s to ry . Work on Chugachik I s l a n d y i e lded abundant a r t i f a c t u a l and paleoenvironmental information da ted c. 350 B.C. - 250 A.D. While a r t i f a c t s were s c a r c e a t Cottonwood Creek , r ich d a t a on human biology, paleopathology, s o c i a l s t r a t i f i c a t i o n and mortuary ceremonialism were recovered. Excavations a t t h e Yukon I s l a n d Fox Farm f i l l e d a l a t e p r e h i s t o r i c gap i n t h e sequence, r evea l ing a new c u l t u r e wi th connections w i t h t h e Alaska Peninsula . Future r e sea rch must focus on t h e earlier p r e h i s t o r y of t h e bay, t h e c l a s s i c problem of t h e P a c i f i c Eskimo-Tanaina Athapaskan t r a n s i t i o n , and t h e paleoenvironmental record .

Yarborough, M. B. U.S. F i sh and W i l d l i f e Serv ice

J o i n t CAA/SAA Session

Abs t rac t : A S i t e on Every F l a t Spot CAA Sess ion No. 4

Data co l l ec t ed from Kodiak Nat iona l W i l d l i f e Refuge dur ing t h e 1977 and 1978 f i e l d seasons permit a d iscuss ion of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between s i t e placement and c o a s t a l morphology. An a t tempt i s made t o determine what e f f e c t such f a c t o r s a s shore p r o f i l e , exposure, p o t e n t i a l f o r resources and defense c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s have had on p a s t s e l e c t i o n of known s i t e l o c a t i o n s . The Kodiak r e s u l t s a r e compared t o a similar s tudy from t h e Aleu t i an I s l ands and a model f o r p r e d i c t i o n of s i t e inc idence i n c o a s t a l southwest Alaska is proposed.

Yorga, B.W.

J o i n t CAA/SAA Session

Abs t r ac t : Western Thule and Mackenzie Eskimo Or ig ins CAA Sess ion No. 4

The Mackenzie Eskimos f l o u r i s h e d i n t h e western A r c t i c u n t i l t h e beginning of t h i s century. Despi te t h e i r l a t e demise, and t h e ava i l - a b i l i t y of well-excavated a rchaeo log ica l information, t h e i r o r i g i n s are poor ly understood. Recent excavat ions on t h e Yukon c o a s t suggest t h e i r p resence a t least a s e a r l y as t h e 12th century A.D., i n d i c a t i n g an e x t e n s i v e t r a d e network, a s w e l l a s changing resource u t i l i z a t i o n through time. These f ind ings a r e u t i l i z e d i n conjunct ion wi th environmental d a t a t o demonstrate a hypothesis f o r t h e indigenous development of Mackenzie Eskimo c u l t u r e from a Western Thule base.

CAA Sessions :

LATE ABSTRACTS

Ferguson, R. , and Wallace, B. Parks Canada

Abstract : The Grassy I s l and P r o j e c t Session No. 11

Grassy I s l and , a small i s l a n d o f f t h e coas t a t Canso, Nova Sco t i a , was t h e c e n t r e f o r t h e Canso cod f i s h e r i e s from t h e 16 th t o t h e mid-18th cen tu r i e s . Used f i r s t by French Basques and l a t e r by French and New England fishermen, i t came under B r i t i s h r u l e i n 1713 and served a s a major l i n k i n t h e s a l t cod t r a d e between New England and Europe. Parks Canada acqui red Grassy I s l and i n 1977. Excavations began i n 1978 as p a r t of a 4-year i nves t iga t ion . This paper w i l l examine p a t t e r n s of a r t i f a c t d i s t r i b u t i o n and t h e i r v a l u e i n i n t e r - p r e t i n g i n t r a s i t e func t iona l a r e a s and i n t e r s i t e c u l t u r a l a s soc i a t ions .

Kroker, S . Univers i ty of Manitoba

Abs t rac t : The Rain on the P l a i n Stayed Mainly t h e Same Session No. 9

A radiocarbon-dated l a k e sediment core was obtained from t h e mixed-grass p r a i r i e region of south-cent ra l Alberta . Pa lynologica l a n a l y s i s of t h e 3500 yea r record shows minimal v a r i a t i o n of t h e po l l en regime. The complacency of t h e diagram would i n d i c a t e t h a t c l i m a t i c change i n t h e reg ion has been minimal and of s h o r t du ra t ions s i n c e t h e end of t h e Hypsithermal. A necessary co ro l l a ry i s t h a t c u l t u r a l change has occurred due t o reasons o t h e r than climatic-induced adapt ive s t r a t e g y a l t e r a t i o n s . Archaeologis ts must look t o d i f f u s i o n , migrat ion and independent i nven t ion as e x p l i c a t o r y c u l t u r a l mechanisms when examining t h e c u l t u r e s t h a t have e x i s t e d i n t h e a r ea s i n c e 3500 BP. ,

Pa t t e r son , D.K. Univers i ty of Toronto

Abs t rac t : The U t i l i t y of Denta l Pathology and A t t r i t i o n a l S t a t u s i n S e r i a t i n g S k e l e t a l Populat ions

Session No. 3

R e s u l t s of a p i l o t s tudy of t h e d e n t a l pathology and a t t r i t i o n a l s t a t u s of p r e h i s t o r i c Ontar io I roquo i s populat ions a r e presented. A b a t t e r y of d e n t a l pa tho log ica l and a t t r i t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s were u t i l i z e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s and d i f f e rences of s e v e r a l s k e l e t a l samples from t h e Ontar io I roquois Tradi t ion . Based upon i n i t i a l r e s u l t s , i t i s suggested t h a t c a r i e s , a t t r i t i o n , abscesses , and premortem t o o t h f r a c t u r i n g can be u t i l i z e d t o s e r i a t e Ontar io I roquo i s samples according t o t h e i r subs i s t ence base. Analysis of t h e c a r i e s incidence i n t h e LeVesconte Mound and Bennett s i t e s s k e l e t a l samples sugges ts t h a t t h e r e w a s a marked i n c r e a s e i n dependence upon a g r i c u l t u r a l sub- s i s t e n c e from Middle Woodland t o la te Early Ontar io I roquo i s T rad i t i on times. The imp l i ca t ions of t h i s i d e a f o r Ontar io I roquo i s p reh i s to ry i s d iscussed .