RETURN TO ISOLATIONISM AFTER WW1…

U.S. returns to it’s traditional isolationism policy after WW1

More concerned with issues at home than abroad

Wanted to go back to making $$ through international

trade

ORIGINS OF WW2:

1. Rise of Dictators (graphic organizer)

2. Failure of the League of Nations

3. Germany invades Poland

4. Japan attacks Pearl Harbor

1. RISE OF DICTAORS:

Adolf Hitler

Dictator

The

“Fuhrer”

Benito

Mussolini

Dictator

“Il Duce”

Joseph

Stalin

Dictator

“Man of

Steel”

Hideki Tojo

Prime

Minister

“The

Razor”

2. FAILURE OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

League of Nations failed to stop Hitler from rebuilding

Germany's army and taking over territory in Europe

(violates the Treaty of Versailles)

Encouraged APPEASEMENT: giving in to satisfy the

demands of a potential enemy (make them happy to

prevent a war)

Hitler saw this policy as weakness- convinced that he

could not be stopped

3. GERMANY INVADES POLAND

1939- Hitler demands new territory in Poland

This time, Britain and France refuse to

“appease” him on his request

Hitler and Stalin agree to sign a NON-

AGRESSION PACT that will secretly split Poland

after Germany conquers it

September 1, 1939, Hitler invades Poland and

war is declared by Britain and France

NON-AGRESSION PACT

“BLITZKREIG”

To overtake Poland, Germany unveiled a new type of

warfare:

Blitzkrieg: rapid coordinated attacks by airplanes, tanks, and

troops

AMERICA PRESEVES A CAUTIOUS

NEUTRALITY

USA is too busy recovering from the Great Depression to get

involved in oversea affairs

To avoid problems, U.S. issues Neutrality Acts that prohibit

Americans from selling weapons and traveling to nations at war

CASH-AND-CARRY: US can sell non military goods to countries that

oppose war, but on a “cash only” basis (avoid another Lusitania)

In 1941, FDR issued the LEND-LEASE ACT, which would lease or lend

war supplies to any country who ‘s defense protected the USA.

LEND-LEASE ACTFDR said “If your

neighbor’s house was on

fire, you don’t sell him a

hose. You lend it to him

and take it back after the

fire is out.”

ARSENAL OF

DEMOCRACY: U.S.

WAS CONSIDERED

THIS BECAUSE WE

POSSESSED THE

ECONOMIC

RESOURCES TO

PRODUCE MASSIVE

AMOUNTS OF WAR MATERIALS.

FDR WARNS US OF GROWING

UNREST IN THE WORLD:

While Hitler was taking territory in Europe, Japan was

invading China (1937)

FDR warned the US that we should ISOLATE ourselves

from all conflict and boycott all aggressors

Britain attempted to help China by sending them

supplies, but the route was cut off

US volunteer fighter pilots known as the FLYING TIGERS

helped fly in supplies to aid China, as well as destroy

Japanese aircraft to support China

FDR HELPS GREAT BRITAIN:

U.S. helps G.B. with Lend-lease Act (war supplies)

1941- FDR meets with British Prime Minister WINSTON

CHURCHILL- together they sign the ATLANTIC

CHARTER- says that both countries sought NO territorial

gain, want freedom of the seas, and an end to war

**FDR feels that U.S. entry into the war was inevitable

U.S.- JAPANESE TENSIONS GROW

FDR cuts off all trade with Japan after they continue to invade Manchuria and Indonesia

Roosevelt offers to resume trade if Japan withdraws from China- they refuse

JAPAN ATTACKS PEARL HARBOR- DECEMBER 7TH, 1941

Japan believed a surprise attack would eliminate U.S. naval power in the Pacific and allow them to strengthen their own Pacific position

PEARL HARBOR

“Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date which shall live in

infamy” –FDRThe attack

killed or injured

approx. 6000

Americans

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYHgCPmGnAg

U.S. ENTERS THE WAR: 1941

Dec. 8, 1941- U.S. declares war on Japan

Four days later, Germany & Italy, allies of Japan,

declare war on the U.S.

USA is now involved in a 2 front war- ATLANTIC &

PACIFIC

USA realizes

they are not

as far away

from the

conflict as

they once

thought…

AMERICA AT WAR: THE HOME FRONT

Paying for the war- issued WAR BONDS (the war cost $350 billon- 10

times more than WW1)

Rationing of food and raw materials

Ration coupon books were issued to families to control

consumption

Industrial/factory production increased and brought an end to the

Great Depression

Victory Gardens: U.S. citizens plant vegetable gardens to increase

food supply

U.S. FINANCING THE WAR

HOMEFRONT SUPPORT

OFFICE OF WAR INFORMATION :

created pro-allied propaganda-

controlled the content/images of

war messages.

Used the radio, movies, posters

Only allowed support of the war

( **remember Schenk v. U.S.)

WOMEN IN THE WORKFORCE

For Women the war brought not only sacrifice, but also

new opportunities for jobs and participation in the war.

Women replaced jobs formerly held by men now in

military service

ROSIE THE RIVETER

Rosie the Riveter

American cartoon

and poster. c1943,

Celebrating the

rising number of

women employed in

factories during

World War II.

MINORITIES ENTER THE WORKFORCE

Like women,

members of

Minorities filled the

workforce to

replace men sent

overseas

Moved north and

west to take

factory jobs

MINORITY OPPORTUNITY & OBSTACLES

African American soldiers played a significant role in WWII even though they

were forced to serve in segregated units. They had to battle the enemy overseas and prejudice at home.

TUSKEGEE AIRMEN-African American fighter group in Air Corps. They provided air

escort for pilots on bombing missions. They performed so well they were often

specifically requested

EXECUTIVE ORDER 8802

EXECUTIVE ORDER 8802 was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 25, 1941, to prohibit racial discrimination in the national defense industry. It was the first federal action, though not a law, to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination in the United States.

“There shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries and in Government, because of race, creed, color, or national origin.“

(Executive Order 9981 was an executive order issued on July 26, 1948, by President Harry S. Truman. It abolished racial discrimination in the United States Armed Forces and eventually led to the end of segregation in the services.)

JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS

The attack on Pear Harbor created fear and resentment of Japanese

Americans.

In Feb. 1942, FDR issued Executive Order 9066- Requires Japanese

Americans to Relocate to designate internment camps where they

lived in primitive and crowded conditions.

FDR considered it a homeland security issue and a military necessity.

Korematsu v. U.S. – Supreme Court upheld Roosevelt’s order due to the fact that civil liberties can be violated in a time of war.

JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS

WAR IN EUROPE (ATLANTIC THEATER)

FDR focuses on Germany Before Japan

Hitler made his greatest mistake invading the Soviet Union before

defeating Britain.

Hitler trapped French and British troops at the port of Dunkirk

(near English Channel) and thought he had defeated both.

Before getting their surrender, Hitler removed his troops and

338,000 British and French troops escaped, known as

“The Miracle at Dunkirk”

CAMPAIGN IN AFRICA & ITALY

1942- Churchill convinced USA to attack Germany forces in N. Africa first,

then cross the Mediterranean and head into Italy

GEORGE PATTON- U.S. commander in N. Africa/Italy known for his high survival rates and his success in using tanks

His troops captured large numbers of enemy soldiers

He had also served under General John J. Pershing in WW1

THE ALLIES INVADE FRANCE & GERMANY

By 1944, Germany suspected the allies would attempt to

invade/liberate France

June 6, 1944- known as D-DAY- 156,000 allied troops invaded 5 beaches on the NW coast of France at NORMANDY

DWIGHT EISENHOWER was the commander of the operation, and

he named General OMAR BRADLEY to lead the first American army

to land in France

https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=82RTzi5Vt7w

"D" is short for "Day" in military terms, and D-Day signifies a particular date when a

major operation was to begin. The days before a D-Day is signified as D-1, D-2, D-3,

etc., and the days after a D-Day are D+1, D+2, D+3, etc.

WWII: D-DAY/NORMANDY.

American troops wading ashore in

Normandy on D-Day, June 6, 1944.

WWII: NORMANDY: D-DAY.

American medics administer

first aid to soldiers wounded in

the initial attack on a

beachhead, in Northern France,

June 1944.

The breakdown of US casualties was 1465 dead, 3184 wounded, 1928 missing

and 26 captured. Of the total US figure, 2499 casualties were from the US

airborne troops (238 of them being deaths). The casualties at Utah Beach were

relatively light: 197, including 60 missing. However, the US 1st and 29th Divisions

together suffered around 2000 casualties at Omaha Beach.

BATTLE OF THE BULGE

After D-DAY, the allies liberated Paris in August 1944.

Dec. 1944- The Germans launched a surprise counter-attack in BATTLE OF THE

BULGE- largest battle in WWII and largest battle ever fought by the U.S. Army

General OMAR BRADLEY led his troops for the final offensive into Germany

American, British, and French forces invaded Germany from the west, while

the USSR invaded from the east

May 1945- USSR captures German capital of Berlin

WWII: BATTLE OF THE

BULGE.

Tanks and infantrymen of

the 82nd Airborne Division

push through the snow in

Belgium: December 1944.

WWII: WEST FRONT, 1945.

U.S. Infantrymen of the 90th

Division pass concrete dragon's

teeth of the Siegfried Line of

Habscheid, Germany, as they move

to the front in February 1945.

VERNON BAKER

VERNON BAKER was one of the 1st African American soldiers to see

combat in WW2.

Spring, 1945- Baker, on his own, got control of 3 German machine gun

nests, 2 observation posts, and 2 bunkers

His own platoon awarded him with the Distinguished Service Cross for his

selfless sacrifice

52 yrs. later, President Clinton finally awarded him the CONGRESSIONAL

MEDAL OF HONOR

The War in Europe Ends

Soviets take Berlin – Stalin wanted to make it there

before the Allies

Hitler commits suicide

Germany surrenders May 8, 1945

VE Day – Victory in Europe

Yalta Conference – Feb 1945

Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill meet to discuss the end

of the war

They decide to split Germany and Berlin into four

zones, each zone would be controlled by the major

Allies (more info to come in the Cold War…)

THE WAR IN EUROPE ENDS- “VE DAY”

NEW YORK: V-E DAY, 1945.

Crowds fill Times Square, New York City,

on V-E Day, 7 May 1945.

WWII: BERLIN FALLEN, 1945.

Two Russian soldiers hoisting the Soviet

flag on the destroyed Reichstag building.

Picture taken May 1945 by J. Cheldej.

THE HOLOCAUST

THE HOLOCAUST

Genocide- mass murder of an entire race/nationality

The HOLOCAUST, or FINAL SOLUTION, was Hitler’s attempt at genocide of the Jews

during WW2

Hitler blamed all of Germany’s problems on the Jewish people

The Nazi party exterminated the Jews in CONCENTRATION CAMPS all across Europe-

most were killed with poison gas, some were forced to work and starved to death

An estimated 6 million people were murdered by the Nazi party’s “final solution”

USA LIBERATES THE CONCENTRATION

CAMPS

THE WAR IN ASIA & THE PACIFIC (PACIFIC

THEATRE)

While the allies were fighting in Europe, the Americans remained at war with Japan

Geography played a major role on WW2- USA and Japan were separated by the large Pacific Ocean

Japan had been achieving many victories (Indonesia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Philippines, Burma, etc.) and was threatening Australia, India, Midway, and Hawaii

THAT’S A

LOOOONG

WAY!!

BATAAN DEATH MARCH

Japan had captured both U.S. and Filipino forces in the Philippines in 1942

The Japanese forced their prisoners to undertake a 60 mile march through

the jungle, called THE BATAAN DEATH MARCH

The prisoners faced starvation, disease, torture, extreme sun exposure, and

no water

Some were shot, bayoneted, beheaded, or just left along the route to die-

about half of the 5,000 Americans died

THE WAR TURNS AGAINST JAPAN

The U.S. gains Naval superiority in the Pacific with a strategy of “ISLAND HOPPING” – Liberating

Pacific islands from Japanese one island at a time.

The Battle of Midway was a Turning Point in the War because America went on the offense. Midway

is a tiny mid Pacific island. U.S. Navy had deciphered secret Japanese codes and were aware they

were planning a surprise attack. Under the leadership of Admiral Chester Nimitz, the U.S. destroyed 4

Japanese aircraft carriers effectively ending Japan’s strength in the Pacific.

Americans raise

the flag after high

casualties at Iwo

Jima- an island

taken during

“island hopping”

NATIVE AMERICAN CONTRIBUTION

Native Americans of the Navajo tribe played a key role in Pacific.

Navajo Indians volunteered and allowed the military to use their language to create a secret code

for communication. They were called the Navajo Code Talkers

By using the Navajo

language, American

troops could transmit

messages in code by

radio or phone that

the Japanese could

not break

TECHNOLOGY IN WWII

The (OSRD) Office of Scientific Research and Development’s purpose was to create successful U.S.

technology in WWII

Radar- detect moving objects in the air

Sonar- detect moving objects in the water

Code breaking techniques

Penicillin to treat soldier’s battle wounds

AND……..

The Atomic bomb

THE DECISION TO USE THE ATOMIC BOMB

In 1939, a famous scientist, Albert Einstein warned president Roosevelt in a letter that the

Germans were possibly developing an atomic bomb.

Roosevelt gathered American, British and Canadian Scientist in a classified mission to develop

an atomic bomb, known as The Manhattan Project.

Shortly after Germany was defeated, Roosevelt dies of a heart attack and the vice president,

Harry Truman takes over.

Truman decides to use the newly developed Atomic bomb

on Japan to ……

1. Stop any further American casualties and

2. QUICKLY Bring the war to an end.

President

Harry Truman

U.S. BOMBS JAPAN AND ENDS WWII

On August 6th , 1945 an atomic bomb exploded over Hiroshima. Then three days later

another atomic bomb exploded over Nagasaki.

Over 230,000 people were killed. Japan finally surrenders

Crew that

helped

drop the

atomic

bombs on

Japan

NUREMBERG TRIALS 1945-1946

The liberation of concentration camps in Europe revealed millions of dead and

Nazi brutality.

The Allies put surviving Nazi leaders on trial for “Crimes against humanity” in

Nuremberg, Germany. Many were found guilty and hanged or jailed.

Nuremberg trials demonstrated that individuals are ALWAYS responsible for

their actions, EVEN in times of war.

NUREMBERG TRIALSdefendents (front row, L-R): Hermann Goering, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, and Wilhelm Keitel. (Back

row, L-R): Karl Doenitz, Roeder, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz Sauckel, and Alfred Jodl.

22 Nazi leaders prosecuted= 3 acquitted, 7 prison, 12 sentenced to

death by hanging, in later trials= 24 more Nazi executions

Similar trails held in Tokyo too.

NUREMBERG TRIALS-“End of the Road”

DENAZIFICATION AFTER THE WAR

After the war, Germany was divided into FOUR zones by the U.S., Britain, France and the Soviet

Union.

Each country occupied one zone and split the capital city of Berlin into 4 zones as well.

Programs were introduced explaining the evils of Nazi beliefs to the German people.

GERMANYCapital city, Berlin

CREATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

The UNITED NATIONS:

Founded in 1945 after WWII

Maintains peace keeping troops to use force when necessary

Replaced the ineffective League of Nations

Its objectives include maintaining international peace and security, promoting

human rights, fostering social and economic development, protecting the

environment, and providing humanitarian aid in cases of famine, natural disaster,

and armed conflict.