ÉRETTSÉGI VIZSGA 2005. október 26. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

Történelem angol nyelven középszint — írásbeli vizsga 0522

Azonosító jel:

TÖRTÉNELEM ANGOL NYELVEN HISTORY

KÖZÉPSZINTŰ ÍRÁSBELI VIZSGA STANDARD LEVEL

WRITTEN EXAMINATION

2005. október 26., 8:00

Az írásbeli vizsga időtartama: 180 perc Time allowed for the examination: 180 minutes.

Pótlapok száma /Number of extra sheets

Tisztázati/Final version Piszkozati/Draft

OKTATÁSI MINISZTÉRIUM MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

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Történelem angol nyelven - középszint

írásbeli vizsga 0522 2 / 40

Azonosító jel:

Important information Give clear answers and make all your work unambiguous – even if you need to make corrections in your text.

Try to be concise and keep to the point. Do not use more space than is provided.

Please write in blue ink.

When working on the exam tasks consider the following.

• Read the instructions carefully.

• Do exactly what the instructions tell you.

• Study the sources provided (pictures, diagrams, texts, maps). Please keep in mind that most of the English texts will be only rough translations which render the meaning of the original text, but not their sometimes archaic style.

• Use the resources that you are allowed to use for each task: the maps of the Historical Atlas [Történelmi atlasz] and the bilingual dictionaries.

• Consider your answers carefully before writing them down so that you do not have to correct them later.

We advise you to follow these steps when dealing with the shorter or longer essay-type questions:

1. Identify the place and time of the given event or problem. 2. Use the given sources and the map [Történelmi atlasz] to understand the task. 3. Collect the general concepts (for example: development, change, production) and the

time-specific concepts (for example: serf, guild, personality cult) that can be used to describe the given event or problem.

4. Include the information contained in the sources, or the conclusions that can be drawn from them, in your answers.

5. Make drafts or outlines before writing your answers if necessary. 6. Identify the events leading up to the given situation, its causes and its results. 7. Describe assumptions about, and explanations of, events. 8. Include your own knowledge of the era (names and dates) as well as your own opinions

and personal perspective of it. 9. Make sure that your sentences are clearly structured, and that your ideas are easy to

follow. 10. Your whole answer should have a clear structure. Check your grammar and spelling.

For your information:

The following will be considered when your essays are evaluated:

• understanding of the task

• proper and relevant content

• logical overall structure and accurate language. Good Luck!


Azonosító jel: Történelem angol nyelven— középszint

I. SHORT ANSWER TASKS

1. This task is about cultural monuments of Hellenism. Identify the pictures by matching them with the correct information. Write the letters

of the pictures into the boxes by the texts. (Score: 1 point for each correct item.)

A B

C

a) Having defeated the Macedonian king in 305 B.C. the people of Rhodes, to express their gratitude, erected a votive offering to their god Helios, at the entrance of the harbour. The statue, some 35 metres tall, became known as the 'Colossus of Rhodes' in history.

b) This group of statues depicts a mythical scene: the story of Laocoon. The mobility of the Hellenistic Era can be clearly seen in this work of art.

c) The lighthouse of Alexandria was one of the seven wonders of the ancient world.

It was erected on the island of Pharos in the 3rd century BC, and only collapsed in the 14th century AD.

3 points



2. This task is about the teachings of major religions. Decide which extract goes with which religion. Write the number of each source into the right place in the table. (Score: 1 point for each correct item.)

1. 'Your god is the only god. There is no other god but him, the merciful and clement. In the creation of the skies and earth, in the changes of night and day, in ships which move swiftly on the sea (carrying) what is useful for people, in the way Allah sends water from the sky.'

2.' There are two extremes a pathfinder must avoid. Which two are these? One is the path of pleasures[...]. The other is the path of self-torture [...]. So, avoiding these two extremes there is a Middle Path. [...] This takes us [...] to resignation, comprehension, release, leading to Nirvana.'

3.'Yahweh, on your arrival from Seir, as you were walking over the fields of Edom, the earth moved, the sky was dripping, water was dripping from the clouds too, mountains shook in front of Yahweh, in front of Yahweh, god of Israel.'

4.'Love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, all thy soul, all thy mind. This is the first and greatest commandment. The second is similar to this: Love thy neighbour as thyself. All the laws and prophecies depend upon these two commandments.' 1. „A ti istenetek egyedüli isten. Nincs isten, csak ő, a könyörületes, az irgalmas. Az egek és a föld megteremtésében; az éjszaka és a nappal változásában; a hajókban, amelyek sietve haladnak a tengeren, (szállítva) azt, ami hasznos az embereknek; abban, ahogy Allah vizet bocsát le az égből.”

2. „Két végletet kell egy útkeresőnek elkerülnie. Melyik ez a kettő? Az egyik az élvezetek útja […]. A másik az önkínzás útja […]. Nos, ezt a két végletet elkerülve, létezik egy Középút. […] Ez visz el a […] megnyugváshoz, belátáshoz, kioldódáshoz s nirvánához vezet.”

3. „Jahve, Seirből jöttöd idején, Edóm mezői felől mikor lépkedtél, a föld megrendült, az ég is csepegett, a felhőkből is víz csepegett, a hegyek meginogtak Jahve előtt, Jahve, Izrael istene előtt.„

4. „Szeresd az Urat, a te istenedet teljes szívedből, teljes lelkedből és teljes elmédből. Ez az első és nagy parancsolat. A második hasonló ehhez: Szeresd felebarátodat, mint önmagadat. E két parancsolattól függ az egész törvény és próféciák.”

Religions Number

a) Christianity

b) Jewish or Israelite religion

c) Buddhism

d) Islam

4 points



3. This task is about the Hungarian conquest and settlement of the Carpathian Basin. Match the descriptions with the places they refer to. Write the numbers which appear on the map into the boxes next to the text. (Score: 1 point for each correct item)

'Our forefathers are most likely to have arrived in the Carpathian Basin via the north-eastern passes through the Carpathians and the southern Transylvanian passes. They did not meet serious resistance in this area. As the allies of the Eastern Frankish ruler they were fighting in Northern Italy in 898, and on their way home from there they first attacked the Moravians, chasing them out of the Carpathian Basin, then assailed the Bavarians, taking Pannonia.' (coursebook text)

a) The first dwelling place of the Hungarians after the conquest.

b) In the course of the conquest the settlers passed through these areas.

c) Land taken from the Bavarians after the Italian campaign.

d) Hungarian dominance in the Carpathian Basin was consolidated after these areas were conquered.

Conquest and Settlement

A magyarok betelepülésének iránya: Direction of Hungarian migration Magyar hadjárat: Hungarian campaign Ojtozi-szoros: Ojtoz pass Vereckei-hágó: Vereckei pass Bolgárok: Bulgarians Tatár-hágó: Tartar pass Besenyők: Pechenegs Békás –szoros: Békás pass Magyarok: Hungarians Bodzai-szoros: Bodza pass Fekete-tenger: Black Sea Adriai-tenger Adriatic Duna: Danube 4 points



4. This task is about the economic policy of French absolutism.

The chart illustrates the characteristics of Mercantilism. Choose the correct expressions from the list and write their letters into the empty spaces of the table. (Score: 1 point for each correct item.)

Policy of Mercantilism to improve industry

Letter Characteristics a) Unification of measurements and currency b) State c) Import of raw materials from colonies d) Export of manufactured products e) Expansion of manufacturing industry

5 points

5. This task is about border castle sieges. Put the events described in the sources in chronological order. Write the letter of the event under the correct number of the table. (Score: 1 point for each correct item.) a) 'Zrini, knowing that he was coming to the end of his days Counting five hundred brave warriors by his side, As he could no longer bear the burning fire, So he led all of them out with him.'

(Miklós Zrínyi)

Abroad At Home Tariff barriers

Abolishing internal tariffs

Prohibition of the export of raw materials

Controlling the import of

manufactured products, high

tariffs

Improving domestic industry

Unified internal market

Improving transportation

Investments, commissions

pohibition of the import of

manufactured goods



b) 'I'm writing the chronicle of the Castle of Eger, Its siege, its victory, The shame of the army of the emperor, The great joy of King Ferdinand.' (Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos)

c) 'Last year with Allah's mercy and with the help of my victorious sword I

conquered Hungary and its capital Buda.' (From Suleiman's report of victory)

a) „Zrini jól esmérvén életének végét, Ötszáz bátor vitézt számlál maga mellett; Minthogy nem tűrheti immár égő tüzet, Kiviszi magával azért mind ezeket.”

(Zrínyi Miklós) b) „Summáját írom Eger várának,

Megszállásának, viadalának, Szégyenvallását császár hadának,

Nagy vigasságát Ferdinánd királynak.” (Tinódi Lantos Sebestyén) c) „Az elmúlt évben Allah kegyelmével és győzedelmes kardom segítségével

meghódítottam Magyarországot és fővárosát, Budát.” (Szulejmán győzelmi jelentéséből)

3 points

6. This task is about the French Revolution. Complete the statements using the source. Write the number of the relevant paragraph on the dotted line. (Score: 1 point for each correct item.)

2. 'The aims of all political associations are to protect the natural and inalienable rights of people. These rights are the right to freedom, to property, to security and to resist oppression.

3. All sovereignty is placed in the people and no institution shall exercise power which does not stem from the people and the nation.

7. To charge or arrest anyone may only be permitted within the framework of the law. Those who encourage, pass, make or order arbitrary measures shall be punished.

1. 2. 3.



9. Everyone is considered innocent until proven guilty of an offence, and if arrest should prove necessary every act of violence that is not needed for the arrest should be severely punished by the laws.

16. In a society which lacks these rights, or if these rights are not secured for the citizen, and the separation of powers are not determined then that country cannot be considered to have constitutional government.' (Extracts from the Declaration of Human Rights, 26 August, 1789)

„2. Minden politikai egyesülés célja az ember természetes és elévülhetetlen jogainak

megőrzése. Ezek a jogok a szabadság, a tulajdon, a biztonság és az elnyomásnak való ellenállás.

3. Minden szuverenitás alapelve lényegileg a nemzettől származik. Semmilyen testület, semmilyen egyén sem gyakorolhat olyan hatalmat, amely nem kifejezet-ten ebből ered.

7. Mindenkit csak a törvény által előírt és általa meghatározott formák szerint lehet vád alá helyezni, letartóztatni vagy fogságban tartani. Meg kell büntetni azokat, akik önkényes intézkedéseket szorgalmaznak, hoznak, hajtanak vagy hajtatnak végre, …

9. Minden embert ártatlannak kell tekinteni, amíg bűnössé nem nyilvánították, ha letartóztatását elkerülhetetlennek ítélik, a törvénynek szigorúan meg kell torolnia minden olyan erőszakosságot, amely nem szükséges az illető személy elfogásá-hoz.

16. Az olyan társadalomnak, ahol a jogok garanciáját nem biztosították, a hatalmak szétválasztását pedig nem határozták meg, nincs alkotmánya.” (Részletek az Emberi és Polgári Jogok Nyilatkozatából, 1789. augusztus 26.)

a) The principle of the sovereignty of people is formulated in the.....................................point

of the document. b) The defence of innocence is formulated in............................................ c) ..............................................is about the division of powers.

3 points



7. This task is about Hungary in the 19th century Study the data in the tables. Underline the correct answer on the basis of the data. (Score: 1 point for each correct item.)

Distribution of ethnic groups in Hungary between 1850 and 1910

1850 1880 1900 1910 Ethnic group thousands % thousands % thousands % thousands %

Hungarian 4,812 41.5 6,400 46.6 8,651 51.4 9,944 54.5 German 1,349 11.6 1,870 13.6 1,999 11.9 1,903 10.4 Slovakian 1,739 15.0 1,870 13.5 2,002 11.9 1,946 10.9 Romanian 2,240 19.3 2,403 17.5 2,798 16.6 2,948 16.1 Ruthenian 446 3.9 353 2.6 424 2.5 464 2.5 Croatian 196 1.2 198 1.1 Serbian

629

5.1

639

4.6 520 3.1 545 3.0

Other 378 3.3 223 1.6 244 1.4 313 1.7

Ethnic origin of emigrants (%)

Hungarian 33 Slovakian 25 Romanian 25 Ruthenian 4.5 Serbian & Croatian 2.6 German 18 Other 1.9

a) By which year had the Hungarian ethnic group become the absolute majority in

Hungary? 1850 1880 1900 1910

b) How did the size of the Serbian and Croatian ethnic groups change between 1850

and 1910?

increased slightly increased greatly decreased c) In proportionate terms, which nationality was most heavily affected by emigration

after the end of the 19th century?

Hungarian Slovakian Romanian d) What was the main reason for changes in the proportionate size of nationalities?

assimilation emancipation emigration

4 points



8. This task is about 20th century German history. Do the tasks by analysing the poster.

a) Name the symbol which makes it quite clear that this is the poster of the Nazi

party.……………………………………………(Score: 0.5 points for correct answer)

b) Underline the correct statement. When was the poster made? (Score 0.5 points for

correct answer.)

1. The poster was made after the Nazi party came to power.

2. The poster was made before the Nazi party came to power.

c) Underline the correct answer to the question: How did the Nazi party want to gain power? (0.5 points)

1. The poster encouraged people to overthrow the existing system through armed uprising.

2. The aim of the poster was to win voters and thus gain power legally (in the parliamentary way).

d) Explain the meaning of the outstretched arms holding tools in the poster. (0.5 points) …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

e) Was this a successful poster in Germany, in 1932? Give reasons for your answer.

(1 point)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………...

3 points

This is the election poster of the national socialist party (NSDAP) from 1932. The Nazi party stood for election under list number 1. "Arbeit und Brot” means "Work and bread".



9. This task is about Hungarian society between the two world wars. In the first table four social groups have been placed in the wrong social categories. Write the correct solution into the second table. (Score: 0.5 points for each correct item.)

Table 1

Social category Social group

Elite Ecclesiastical, military and intellectual (scientific) elite Traditional aristocracy Political elite Land-owning peasants

Middle class Gentry Clerks Bourgeoisie

Petty bourgeoisie Manufacturers Merchants Upper bourgeoisie Non-commissioned officers Agrarian proletariat

Lower classes City workers Intelligentsia

Table 2

The social category where this group really belongs

The name of the social group listed in the wrong category

4 points



10. This task is about the Kádár era. Do the tasks using the cartoon. (Score: 1 point for each correct item.) a) Name a negative consequence of moonlighting for the individual. (1 point) ………………………………………………………………………..………………………….

b) Explain why employees took on second jobs. (1 point)

………………………………………………………………………...…………………………

c) Explain why the issue of moonlighting caused a dispute within the MSZMP (Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party), the ruling party. (1 point)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

3 points

11. This task is about the role of advertising in consumer society. Do the task using the text and your own knowledge.

'ABS, air conditioning, four air-bags, power steering. Remote controlled central locking, electrically adjustable, heatable external rear-view mirrors, self-adjusting seat belts, factory-fitted alarm system, factory-fitted CD player. [...] In one word, you find in it all the extras you could dream of. There is something we took a bit off: the price.[...] Once you get in you never want to get out.' (advertisement)

'Scramble for money

My God, where am I moonlighting every Thursday evening?”

(Cartoon from the 1970s)

("Moonlighting": an employee's second job besides his full-time one)



„ABS, légkondicionáló, négy légzsák, szervokormány. Távirányítós központi zár, elektromosan állítható, fűthető, külső visszapillantó tükrök, övfeszítő, gyári riasztó, CD vezérlős gyári magnó. […] Egyszóval minden extrát megtalál benne, amire csak vágyhat. Egyvalamiből mégis lecsíptünk egy darabot: az árából. […] Ha egyszer beleül, többé nem akar kiszállni!” (reklámszöveg) a) Underline the sentence in the text which is intended to affect the customer's feelings. (0.5 points) b) Outline in a few words the role of advertising in the economy. (Score: 1 point for each correct item.) from the producer's point of view:

……………………………………………………………………………………….……..

from the customer's point of view:

….………...……………………………………………………………………….………..

c) List one positive and two negative consequences of the consumer society. (Score: 0.5 points for each correct item.) positive: ……………………………………………………………………….…………

negative:…………………………………………………

negative:…………………………………………………

4 points

12. This task is about the electoral system of Hungary today. Use the information from the tables to fill in the blanks in the text that follows. (Score: 1 point for each correct item)

GENERAL The right of every citizen

who has come of age.

EQUAL Every elector has the same

number of votes

DIRECT Every elector can vote in

person for both parliamentary

and local council members.

SECRET Electors can

cast their votes without making their choices

public.

THE FRANCHISE THE ELECTION

BASIC ELECTORAL PRINCIPLES



Individual Regional constituencies constituencies (176) (capital + 19 counties)

Two-vote electoral system

'In Hungary today................ (a) suffrage is valid, which ensures that every Hungarian citizen above 18 years of age who has not been disqualified, has the right to participate in public affairs. In the course of the elections the individual voters vote for their representatives.......................... (b). Electors can cast their vote ............................ (c), which is one of the important features of democratic government. In our country electors can use two ballot papers: they vote on one for ...................................... (d) candidates, while on the other they can vote for the ......................................(e) list. (coursebook text)

5 points

Citizens 100%

Electors, about 80%

Ballot for individual

candidates

Ballot for regional list



II LONGER, ESSAY-TYPE QUESTIONS

Please read the following information carefully. You must do three of the following tasks. You must make your selection using the following rules: You must do: one task on world history and two tasks on Hungarian history, one of which must be short while the other task must be long. They must also be about different periods of Hungarian history. Study the tasks carefully.

Number Periods and subjects Task type

13. Greek religious beliefs short World history 14. The United Nations short

15. The Golden Bull short 16. The Battle of Mohács long

17. Maria Theresia, Double Tariff Border short 18. The 1848-49 Freedom Fight long

19. The Bethlen consolidation short

Hungarian history

20. Life-style in the Rákosi Era long Below you will find a table with all the possible combinations of the tasks that you can choose. Mark one of the columns by circling the corresponding letter.

Task type A B C D E F G H I J K L

short 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14

short 15 15 17 17 19 19 15 15 17 17 19 19

long 18 20 16 20 16 18 18 20 16 20 16 18

Only tasks which have been selected according to the rules above will be marked. You will find the evaluation criteria after each task. The scores will be entered by the examiners.

Only do the three tasks you have selected, and leave the rest of them blank.

Before doing the tasks please study the Important information on page 2 of this booklet.

You can make drafts while working on the answers.



13. This task is about the religious beliefs of the ancient Greeks. (short)

Using the illustration, the text and your own knowledge introduce the characteristics of Greek religious beliefs. Include in your answer the role that religion played in the everyday life and art of the Greeks.

‘Let us take a look at this severe-looking, bearded man, who sits enthroned on Olympus. In his hand thunder, by his feet a guardian eagle. He is the cloud-obstructing Zeus, lord of thunder and lightning, king of the gods. By his side stands Hera, who is accompanied by a peacock. She is the jealous goddess of matrimony, whom men fear because of her bad temper.

A bit further you can see Zeus' brother Poseidon, the quick-tempered god of the sea. He is easy to recognise by his trident and the sea-weed entwined in his locks- maybe he has just arrived from his underwater palace. His dreadful anger was especially feared by sailors, as he ruled over winds and storms. His brother Hades, clothed in black and wearing a grim expression, is standing aside, he is the lord of the dead.

Our eyes are also caught by an ugly god in a ragged hat. He is continuously hobbling up and down, with a hammer in his hand. His name is Hephaistos, and he is honoured as the god of smiths. His father is Zeus, his mother is Hera, his wife is the beautiful Aphrodite, goddess of love, who is always accompanied by doves. If she can, she keeps as far away as possible from her husband, for she prefers chatting with Ares. This fully armed man, who is always tempestuous, is the lord of war. Athene, this wonderful goddess, although she is armed with armour, shield, lance and helmet, is not only concerned with military affairs: she is the goddess of wisdom, of knowledge, the teacher of men. This is why the owl that accompanies her became the bird of science.' (coursebook text) ...…………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Maximum AchievedCriteria points Understanding of task 4 Location: place and era 4 Use of special vocabulary 4 Use of sources 4 Describing reasons behind an event 6 Structure, clear language 2 Total 24

DIVIDED BY 2 Exam points 12

14. This task is about 20th century world history. (short)

Using the sources and your own knowledge describe the conditions under which the UN was founded, its main organisations and the main characteristics of its operations.

Article 9

1. The General Assembly shall consist of all the Members of the United Nations. 2. Each Member shall have not more than five representatives in the General

Assembly.

Article 10 The General Assembly may discuss any questions or any matters within the scope of the present Charter or relating to the powers and functions of any organs provided for in the present Charter, and [...] may make recommendations to the Members of the United Nations or to the Security Council or to both on any such questions or matters.



Article 23

1. The Security Council shall consist of fifteen Members of the United Nations. The Republic of China, France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States of America shall be permanent members of the Security Council. The General Assembly shall elect ten other Members of the United Nations to be non-permanent members of the Security Council, due regard being specially paid, in the first instance to the contribution of Members of the United Nations to the maintenance of international peace and security and to the other purposes of the Organization, and also to equitable geographical distribution.

Article 24

1. In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations,its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf.

Article 25 The Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present Charter.

Article 27

1. Each member of the Security Council shall have one vote.

3. Decisions of the Security Council on all other matters shall be made by an affirmative vote of nine members including the concurring votes of the permanent members; provided that, in decisions under Chapter VI, and under paragraph 3 of Article 52, a party to a dispute shall abstain from voting.

9. cikk. 1. A Közgyűlés az Egyesült Nemzetek összes tagjából áll. 2. A Közgyűlésen minden tagnak legfeljebb öt képviselője lehet.

10. cikk. A Közgyűlés a jelen Alapokmányban meghatározott célok körébe tartozó vagy jelen Alapokmány szerint létesített valamely szerv hatáskörével és feladataival kapcsolatos minden kérdést vagy ügyet megvitathat és az ilyen kérdésekben vagy ügyekben […] ajánlásokat tehet az Egyesült Nemzetek Szervezete tagjainak, a Biz-tonsági Tanácsnak, vagy mind a Szervezet tagjainak, mind a Biztonsági Tanácsnak. 23. cikk. 1. A Biztonsági Tanács a Szervezet tizenöt tagjából áll. A Kínai Köztársaság, Franciaország, a Szovjet Szocialista Köztársaságok Szövetsége, Nagy-Britannia és Észak-Írország Egyesült Királyság és az Amerikai Egyesült Államok a Biztonsági Tanács állandó tagjai. A Szervezet tíz további tagját a Közgyűlés a Biztonsági Tanács



nem állandó tagjává választja meg, különös tekintettel elsősorban az Egyesült Nem-zetek tagjainak a nemzetközi béke és biztonság fenntartása és a Szervezet egyéb céljai tekintetében nyújtott hozzájárulásra, valamint a méltányos földrajzi elosztásra is. 24. cikk. A Szervezet gyors és hathatós cselekvésének biztosítása érdekében a tagok a nemzetközi béke és biztonság fenntartásáért a fő felelősséget a Biztonsági Tanácsra ruházzák, hogy a Biztonsági Tanács e felelősségből folyó kötelességeinek teljesítése-kor az ő nevükben jár el.

25. cikk. A Szervezet tagjai megegyeznek abban, hogy a Biztonsági Tanács határoza-tait a jelen Alapokmánynak megfelelően elfogadják és végrehajtják.

27. cikk. 1. A Biztonsági Tanács mindegyik tagjának egy szavazata van. 3. Minden más kérdésben a Biztonsági Tanács határozatait tagjainak az összes állandó tagok egybevágó szavazatait magában foglaló kilenc igenlő szavazattal kell hoznia. (Az ENSZ Alapokmánya)

The principal organs of the UN.

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International Court of Justice

Trusteeship Council

Economic and Social Council

Security Council (permanent

members with right of veto)

Secretariat

Peacekeeping Operations

(blue helmets)

General Assembly



...…………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Maximum Achieved Criteria points Understanding of task 4 Location: place and time 4 Use of special language 4 Use of sources 4 Describing reasons behind an event 6 Structure, clear language 2 Total 24


15. This task is about 13th century Hungarian society. (short)

Using the source and your own knowledge describe the role the issuing of the Golden Bull played in the integration of the servients* into the nobility.

"Since the freedom [...] of both the nobles (meaning: a narrow class of high-born people) of our country and of others as set by Saint Stephen [...] was reduced by some kings, thus we and our royal ancestors have been troubled by the diligent prayers of our nobles themselves to set the matters of the country right. Thus we wish to fulfil all that they have requested [...] and give them and the other people of the country the freedom granted by Saint Stephen, [...] 2. We wish that neither we, nor any of our successors, shall ever take servients captive [...] unless that person was previously summoned by the law and was condemned in due judicial process. 3. Furthermore, neither any forms of taxes, nor 'free pennies' (the taxes on freemen) shall be collected for the property of the servients, and we shall not lodge in their houses or villages, unless we are invited. 4. If a servient's family is left without a male heir, one quarter of his property shall be allowed to be inherited by his daughter, while he shall have the right to make a will about the rest. 5. The county bailiff shall not pass judgement about the property of nobles.



7. If the king wishes to go to war outside the boundaries of the country the servients shall not follow him, or only at the king's expenses and upon his return the king shall not have the right to collect and impose war penalties on them. If on the other hand an enemy attacks the country from outside then (all the servients) shall be obliged to go to the country's defence." (Extract from the Golden Bull) *servient: land owning free commoner, who is the king's 'servant', and is loosely dependent on him. „Mivel mind országunk nemeseinek (értsd: az előkelők szűk rétegének), mind má-soknak Szent István királytól megszabott szabadságát […] némely királyok megrövi-dítették, ezért maguk a nemeseink a mi és királyi elődeink felségét buzgó könyörgé-sekkel országunk megjavításáért zaklatták. Mi tehát az ő kérésüknek mindenben eleget kívánunk tenni [...] ezért megadjuk a Szent István királytól mind nekik, mind országunk más embereinek megadott sza-badságot, [...] 2. Azt is elhatároztuk, hogy szervienst sem mi, sem utódaink el ne fogjanak [...] csak akkor, ha előzőleg perbe idézték, és a bírói eljárás során elítélték. 3. Szintúgy a szerviensek birtoka után semmiféle adót és szabadok dénárját nem szedünk, házaikba, falvaikba hívatlanul nem szállunk meg. [...] 4. Ha egy szerviens fiúutód nélkül halna meg, akkor birtokának egynegyedét a leánya tartsa meg, a többivel úgy rendelkezzék, ahogy neki tetszik! [...] 5. A megyésispán a nemesek jószágán ítéletet ne tegyen! [...] 7. Ha pedig a király az országon kívül akarna hadakozni, a nemesség ne tartozzék vele menni, hanem csak a király pénzén; és ha valamikor haza tér, a nemeseken hadi bírságot ne vegyen! Ha pedig ellenség támadna haddal az országra, általánfogva mindnyájan tartozza-nak elmenni! (Részlet az Aranybullából; ford.: Érszegi Géza Bp. 1990.) *szerviens: birtokkal rendelkező közszabad, aki a király „szolgája”, vele laza függő viszony-

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Maximum AchievedCriteria points Understanding of task 4 Location: place and era 4 Use of specific language 4 Use of sources 4 Describing reasons behind an event 6 Structure, clear language 2 Total 24


16. This task is about the collapse of the Hungarian Kingdom in the late Middle Ages. (long)

Using the sources and your own knowledge, analyse the situation of Hungary at the beginning of the 16th century. Explain the reasons that led to the defeat at Mohács.

'The fords of the River Sava are in Turkish hands, and after this there is nothing left but the Drava, which is smaller than the Sava: it's child's play to build a bridge over it. And after that there are no more obstacles before Buda and Vienna [...] This country is unable to defend itself; it is at the mercy of the enemy, and it will come out of this war as the enemy pleases. Because: who can imagine Hungary conducting a war against the whole Turkish might when the Hungarian king and the lords cannot even make sure that the garrisons of the border castles get their pay? His Majesty the King is in dire financial straits [...] the lords quarrel with each other, the nobility is divided into cliques [...] even the simplest munitions are missing. They can fight one battle, but then they will suffer defeat. (Nuncio Burgio's letter to the Pope) 'As to how dangerous our situation is [...] only God or a chance, operating by God's will, can possibly save this country from destruction. I cannot see any other way to escape, [...] people are evil and discordant, and the enemy outnumbers us.' (István Brodarics' letter to the Pope) 'Count Kristóf (Frangepán) got as far as Zagreb, some of the Czechs who came to the king's aid were not far from Székesfehérvár, the others were around Győr, and this is where Marquis György Brandenburg and the Czech chancellor were. [...] In Hungary around this time nobody resisted the raging enemy as they had in the place called Marót. [...] A few thousand of our people were sheltering here with their wives and children, placing their hope into the remoteness of the place, and having fought more than one bloody battle and suffered heavy losses, and being unable to take the Hungarian camp which was fortified with wagons, the enemy finally had to bring up cannons and then they destroyed the camp, massacring almost everybody. ' (István Brodarics about the circumstances of the battle of Mohács)



„A Száva átkelői a törökök kezén vannak, s ezután már nem marad más, mint a Dráva, mely a Szávánál kisebb folyó, s amelyen gyerekség hidat verni. Ezen túl aztán nincs több akadály Budáig és Bécsig [...] Ez az ország nem képes magát megvédeni, hanem ki van szolgáltatva az ellenség kegyelmének és úgy fog kikerülni a háború-ból, ahogyan az ellenségnek tetszik. Mert: el lehet-e képzelni azt, hogy Magyarország háborút viselhessen a török egész hatalma ellen, mikor a magyar király és az urak még arról sem tudnak gondoskodni, hogy a végeken szolgáló katonaság megkapja zsoldját? Őfelsége a király súlyos anyagi helyzetben van [...], az urak viszálykodnak, a nemesség pártokra bomlott [...] a legegyszerűbb hadifelszerelésük sincsen meg. Azt megtehetik, hogy egyszer megütközzenek, de akkor vereséget is fognak szenvedni.” (Burgio nuncius levele a pápához)

„Hogy jelenleg milyen veszélyes a helyzetünk. [...] Egyedül Isten vagy Isten akaratából bekövetkező véletlen mentheti meg ezt az országot a pusztulásról. Semmi más utat a megmenekülésünkhöz nem látok, [...] az emberek gonoszak és széthúz-nak, az ellenség túlerőben van.” (Brodarics István levele a pápához)

„(Frangepán) Kristóf gróf Zágrábig jutott, azoknak a cseheknek egyik része, akik a király segítségére jöttek, részben Székesfehérvártól nem messze, részben Győr táján volt, és e vidéken járt Brandenburgi György őrgróf meg Csehország kancellárja. [...] A Magyarországon ekképp dühöngő ellenséggel sehol sem szálltak szembe úgy, mint egy helyen, melynek Marót a neve. [...] A mieink közül pár ezren a hely eldugott voltában bizakodva itt húzódtak meg feleségükkel és gyermekeikkel, ezekkel nem egyszer vívott véres csatát az ellenség súlyos veszteségeket szenvedve, végül, mert semmiképp sem tudta bevenni a mieink szekerekkel körülvett táborát, kénytelen volt ágyúkat is vontatni oda, és így aztán a tábort szétrombolta, és csaknem mindenkit lemészárolt.” (Brodarics István a mohácsi csata körülményeiről)



Hungary at the time of the battle of Mohács

Török kézre kerülés dátuma: Dates of occupation by the Turks Magyar királyi sereg: Hungarian royal army Európai segéd haderő: European auxiliary army Török támadás: Turkish attack Csehek és lengyelek: Czechs and Poles

The Battle of Mohács

Magyarok: Hungarians Törökök: Turks Tűzérség: Artillery Magyar/Török hadműveletek: Hungarian/Turkish movements Anatóliai/Ruméliai hadtest: Anatolian/Rumelian corps Janicsárok: Janissaries Földvár: Earthwork Magyar tábor: Hungarian camp II. Lajos menekülésének útja: Escape route of Louis II



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Maximum AchievedCriteria points Understanding of task 8 Location: place and era 4 Use of specific vocabulary 4 Use of sources 8 Describing reasons behind an event 10 Structure, clear language 8 Total number 42 DIVIDED BY 2 Exam points 21

17. This task is about the tariff regulations of Maria Theresia. (short)

Using the sources and your own knowledge demonstrate the economic reasons for issuing these regulations. Include in your answer the characteristic features of the regulations and their effect on the Hungarian economy.

The items of the tariff regulations of 1754 and Hungary's foreign trade in the mid-18th century

Országtartomány: Country/region Összforgalom: Total trade Kivitel: Exports Bevitel: Imports

Külső vámhatár: External tariff border Belső vámhatár: Internal tariff border Örökös Tartományok: Hereditary Provinces Magyar Királyság: Hungarian Kingdom Német Birodalom: Holy Roman Empire Oszmán Birodalom: Ottoman Empire Itália: Italy Ausztria: Austria Csehország: Bohemia Szilézia: Silesia Erdély: Transylvania Bánát: Banat Iparcikk Manufactured product Külfóldi áruk: Foreign products Nyersanyag: Raw materials Adózó nemesség: Tax-paying nobility Élelmiszer: Foodstuffs % alkalmazott vámtétel:Customs tariff rate applied



‘This country deserves serious attention [...]. But unfortunately its internal constitution is such that the welfare of the king and the welfare of the country are still opposed to one another, and all that would mean the country’s enrichment through the sale of agricultural products, the foundation of manufactures and trade would not serve the interests of the taxpayers, but of the nobles who withdraw completely from bearing any burden of the state. [...]’ (Chancellor Kaunitz’ proposition about the policy the court should pursue in Hungary)

’ [...] we shall keep harmful and useless goods away from the mentioned hereditary kingdom and thus prevent the wealth of our nation from flowing into foreign countries, and then being brought back home again’ (From the tariff regulations of Maria Theresia, 1754)

„Ez az ország komoly figyelmet érdemel [...] De szerencsétlenségére belső alkotmá-nya még olyan jellegű, hogy a király és az ország jóléte egymással ellentétben áll, és mindaz, ami az országnak mezőgazdasági termékek eladásával, manufaktúrák alapí-tásával és kereskedelemmel gazdagodást jelentene, nem az adófizetőknek, hanem az állami terhek viselése alól magát teljesen kivonó nemességnek szolgálna javára. [...]” (Kaunitz kancellár javaslata az udvar Magyarországon követendő politikájáról)

„[…] a mondott örökös királyságból a káros és haszontalan árukat távol tartsuk, s ezáltal elejét vegyük a hazai pénz idegen országba való kiáramlásának, s ide ismét visszahozatalának.” (Mária Terézia vámrendeletéből, 1754)

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Maximum AchievedCriteria points Understanding of task 4 Location: place and era 4 Use of specific language 4 Use of sources 4 Describing reasons behind an event 6 Structure, clear language 2 Total 24


18. This task is about the 1848-49 revolution and fight for freedom. (long)

Using the sources and your own knowledge describe the changes in the military situation between the autumn of 1848 and the spring of 1849. In your answer include the main features of internal and foreign politics. Use the Historical atlas.

’At midday today I conquered Buda and Pest without striking a blow. I expected them to [...] engage in a battle at Buda, where I could successfully defeat them. But it seems that as a result of the defeat they suffered at Bábolna and Mór the enemy have lost the remains of their self-confidence, […] retreating towards Szolnok behind the Tisza. Their actual strength now consists approximately of the regular cavalry and artillery, since the remains of the regular infantry are insignificant, what is more they are completely demoralised. Most probably during retreat the ’honvéd’ battalions and the voluteers will slowly disband for good.’ (Prince Windischgrätz’ report)

'Since the Upper Danube corps, keeping in mind their oath to the Hungarian constitution and their own honour, are fully aware of what they want to do and what they should do, so they declare that they will only acknowlede the result of any negotiation if it ensures first the constitution of Hungary that the corps swore to, and secondly their own military honour.’ (Arthur Görgey) ,,Ma délben Budát és Pestet kardcsapás nélkül birtokomba ejtettem. Arra számí-tottam, hogy [...] Buda előtt a csatát elfogadják, ahol sikeresen legyőzhetem őket. De úgy látszik, hogy az ellenség a Bábolna és Mórnál szenvedett kudarcok folytán még meglevő önbizalmát végkép elveszítette, [...] Szolnok felé a Tisza mögé visszavonul-jon. Tulajdonképpeni ereje most már nagyjában csak rendes lovasságából és tüzérsé-géből áll, amennyiben rendes gyalogsága még meglevő maradványai felette cseké-lyek, sőt még ezek is teljesen demoralizáltak. A honvéd zászlóaljak és az önkéntesek a visszavonulás alatt minden valószínűség szerint lassankint végleg feloszolnak.” (Windischgrätz hg. jelentése.)

„Miután a feldunai hadtest, szem előtt tartva Magyarország alkotmányára letett esküjét és önnön becsületét, teljes tudatában van annak, hogy mit akar és mit kell tennie: ezennel végül kijelenti, hogy az ellenséggel folytatott, bármely egyezkedésnek eredményét csak abban az esetben ismeri el, ha az egyrészt Magyarországnak azon alkotmányformáját, melyre a hadtest megesküdött, másrészt magának a hadtestnek katonai becsületét is biztosítja.” (Görgey Arthur)



Austrian forces in December 1848 Hungarian forces in December 1848 Number Number Main forces 50 000 Upper Danubian corps 30 000 Reserves 19 000 Other forces 23 000 Other Forces 43 500 Transylvanian corps 10 000

Along the Drava 4 000 Guards: Komárom,

Lipótvár, Munkács, Pétervárad

12 000

Total 112 500 Total 79 000 Other forces 35 500 Other forces 22 200 Grand total 148 000 Grand total 101 200

Magyar hadmozdulatok: Hungarian movements Osztrák hadmozdulatok: Austrian movements Branyiszkó szoros: Branyiszkó pass

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Chronology: 29 Sept. 1848. Battle of Pákozd 30 Oct. 1848. Battle of Schwechat 25 Dec. 1848 Kolozsvár 27 Dec. 1848 Surrender of Győr 30 Dec. 1848 Battle of Mór 4 Jan. 1849 Fall of Pest 5 Jan. 1849 Proclamation of Vác 31 Jan. 1849 Battle of Tokaj 5 Feb. 1849 Taking of Branyiszkó pass



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Maximum AchievedCriteria points

Understanding the task 8 Location: time and era 4 Use of special vocabulary 4 Use of sources 8 Describing reasons behind events 10 Structure, clear language 8 Total 42


19. This task is about the Bethlen consolidation. (short) Using the table and the source evaluate Nagyatádi’s Agrarian Reform Bill.

Changes in agricultural property between 1895 and 1935

Farms Number as a percentage of all

farms Area as a percentage of total land

area Size in kat. hold 1895* 1935 1895* 1935

0-5 53.7 72.5 6.0 10.1 5-20 35.3 21.3 24.2 21.8

20- 100 10.0 5.4 23.4 20.0 100-1000 0.8 0.6 13.4 18.2 1000 felett 0.2 0.2 33.0 29.9 * Calculated according to the area of the country in 1920

‘We, the undersigned of Bodonhely, small-plot holders, landless poor and invalid people, decorated citizens who did military service, turn respectfully to the Honorary Court to request the hearing of our petition and fair remedy. 1. Many people have been left completely out of any redistribution of land. 2. Those people who gained land through the redistribution of property got such poor compensation that, if we consider the size of the stretches of land, and their distance from people’ homes, and considering the uselessness of the property, then the value of this help is so trifling that we can only take up the cultivation of the property at a continuous financial loss. The circumstances listed above are proved by the size of the properties, which ranges from 2856 square meters (800 négyszögöl) to 2 kat. hold. Their values are greatly decreased by their great distance from the village, which makes their cultivation difficult and expensive. Besides all this we must also consider the usability and fertility of the lands. This third circumstance is made very unfavourable by the fact that these lands are low-lying swamps with a high water-table, which were used for grazing, and are still not suitable for growing hoed plants. (The petition of complaint of the landless people and small-plot holders of Bodonhely to the National Land Redistribution Court on 22nd of January, 1923)



„Mi alulírott bodonhelyi törpebirtokosok, földnélküli szegények, hadiszolgálatot teljesített kitüntetett rokkant polgárok, azon tiszteletteljes kéréssel fordulunk a Tekin-tetes Bírósághoz, hogy kérelmeink számára meghallgatást és méltányos orvoslást kérjünk. 1. Számos egyén teljesen elesett mindennemű földsegélyezéstől. 2. Azon egyének, akik a földbirtokrendezés útján földhöz jutottak, oly kielégítést kaptak, melynél, ha figyelembe vesszük a nyújtott földek nagyságát, ezek távolságát az illetők lakásaitól, továbbá ezen földek használhatatlanságát, úgy ezen segítség értéke oly csekélynek bizonyul, hogy szinte csak folytonos ráfizetés mellett lehet azok műveléséről beszélni. Ezen felsorolt körülményeket igazolja a földek nagysága, mely a 800 négyszögöl – 2 kat. hold között váltakozik. Értéküket igen súlyosan csök-kenti a helységtől való nagy távolságuk, s így megmunkálásuk körülményes és költ-séges. Mindezek mellett még figyelembe kell vennünk ezen földek használhatósá-gát, illetve termőképességét is. Ezen harmadik körülményt igen kedvezőtlenné teszi azon tényállás, hogy ezek a földek: mélyfekvésű altalajvizes mocsárföldek, melyek legelőnek voltak használva, s jelenleg sem alkalmasak kapásnövények termelésére.” (A bodonhelyi földnélküliek és törpebirtokosok panaszos beadványa az Országos Földbirtok-rendező Bírósághoz 1923. január 22-én) …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

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Maximum AchievedCriteria points Understanding of task 4 Location: place and era 4 Use of specific vocabulary 4 Use of sources 4 Describing reasons behind events 6 Structure, clear language 2 Total 24




20. This task is about the Rákosi era. (long) Using the documents and your own knowledge analyse the main characteristics

of the Rákosi era. In your answer include the transformation of industry and agriculture, and refer to the main features of political and everyday life.

‘The production of our manufacturing industry must increase by at least 200% from 1949 to 1954, instead of the 86.4% that was prescribed before. Within this, heavy industry must increase by 208% instead of the prescribed 104.3%. Light industry production of must increase by at least 145%.’ (Extract from the declaration of the 2nd MDP [Hungarian Workers' Party] congress in 1951) ‘I know that the competition started in this industrial hall and that production has suddenly shot up to previously unknown heights. This is new. Behind the rising production curves there are long discussions, factory meetings, party days, cultural evenings. If the Party, which builds and demolishes, leads and points the way forward wasn’t standing firmly here, would a competition have started in Diósgyőr? (Diósgyőr Ironworks by Tamás Aczél)

„Gyáriparunk termelése 1949-hez képest 1954-re az eredetileg előirányzott 86,4% helyett legalább 200%-kal emelkedjék. Ezen belül a nehézipar termelésének az ere-detileg előirányzott 104,3% helyett legalább 280%-kal kell emelkednie. A könnyűipar termelésének legalább 145%-kal kell emelkednie.” (Részletek az MDP II. kongresszusá-nak határozatából, 1951)

„Tudom, hogy ebből a csarnokból indult el a verseny és hogy a termelés hirtelen, eddig nem ismert magasba szökött. Ez az új. Az emelkedő termelési görbék hosszú megbeszéléseket, üzemi értekezleteket, pártnapokat, kultúrestéket takarnak. Ha nem állna szilárdan itt a Párt, amely épít és rombol, vezet és előremutat, megindult volna-e a verseny Diósgyőrben?” (Aczél Tamás: Diósgyőr – vasgyár)

Distribution of agricultural land according to ownership (thousand holds)

Year State farms Cooperatives Smallholders

1949 113 76 9 381

1950 463 419 8 662

1951 685 1 253 7 562

1952 1 050 1 795 6 549

1953 1 250 2 478 5 516



‘A medium land owner’s obligatory delivery of agricultural products was 19.4 q. He gave 37.8 q. What percentage of his obligation did he fulfil? (Maths example from the 50’s) ‘According to calculations 48% of the expenses of families living on the poverty line were spent on food, and those who had less income spent 60% on food. In the middle of the decade almost one quarter of the workers' and employees' families did not receive the minimum nourishment necessary. One third of the workers did not have winter coats, almost half owned only one cloth jacket, one third of the women had one or not even one cloth dress.’ (The history of four decades of domestic industry by Pető-Szakács) ‘Vigilance is an essential Communist feature. It means that we never forget about the class struggle, which is going on between workers, the workers’ army and the army of the exploiters, unceasingly, for life and death, until the final victory of the people.’ (From Szabad Nép, 30th of May, 1951) „Egy középparasztnak 19,4 q volt a búzából a terménybeadási kötelezettsége. 37,8 q búzát adott be. Hány %-ra teljesítette beadási kötelezettségét?” (Számtanpélda az ötve-nes évekből)

„A számítások szerint a létminimum elérése esetén a családok kiadásaik 48%-át for-dították élelmiszerre, az ennél kisebb jövedelemmel rendelkezők pedig már mintegy 60%-át. Az évtized közepén a munkás- és alkalmazottcsaládok közel egynegyede nem táplálkozott a minimumnak megfelelően. A munkások egyharmadának nem volt télikabátja, közel felének egy szövetöltönye volt, a nők egyharmadának csak egy vagy még ennyi szövetruhája sem.” (Pető-Szakács: A hazai gazdaság négy évtizedének története)

„Az éberség – nélkülözhetetlen kommunista tulajdonság. Azt jelenti, hogy soha nem feledkezünk meg az osztályharcról, amely a munkások, a dolgozók hadserege és a kizsákmányolók hadserege között folyik, szakadatlanul, életre-halálra, a nép végső győzelméig.” (Szabad Nép 1951. május 30.)

The labour camp at Recsk

’There goes Rákosi to the Council, Around him his sons and daughters, His voice ringing like silver bells, Above his head a dove of peace. On his right a worker, on his left a peasant.’ (Children’s poem) „Megy Rákosi a Tanácsba, Körülötte fia-lánya, Hangja cseng, mint ezüstharang, Feje fölött békegalamb. Jobbján munkás, balján paraszt.” (Gyermekvers)



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Maximum AchievedCriteria points

Understanding of task 8 Location: place and era 4 Use of specific language 4 Use of sources 8 Description of reasons behind events 10 Structure, clear language 8 Total 42 DIVIDED BY 2 Exam points 21



Maximum

points Achieved

points

1. Culture and monuments of Hellenism 3 2. Major religions 4 3. Conquest and settlement 4 4. French absolutism 5 5. Border castle sieges 3 6. French revolution 3 7. Nationalities 4 8. Nazi propaganda 3 9. Social groups 4

10. The Kádár era 3 11. Mass culture 4 12. Electoral system 5

I Short-answer tasks

Total I 45 13. Greek mythology 12 14. The United Nations 12 15. The Golden Bull 12 16. The Battle of Mohács 21 17. Maria Theresia’s double tariff border 12 18. The 1848–49 revolution 21 19. The Bethlen consolidation 12 20. Life-style in the Rákosi era 21

II Essay-type tasks

Total II 45 Total I + Total II 90

Correcting teacher

__________________________________________________________________________

Achieved points /

Elért pontszám

Points to write in the

software /

Programba beírt

pontszám I Short, simple tasks / I. Egyszerű, rövid feladatok II Longer, essay-type questions / II. Szöveges, kifejtendő feladatok

Correcting teacher / Javító tanár administrator /

jegyző

ÉRETTSÉGI VIZSGA 2005. október 26. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

Documents

Transcript of ÉRETTSÉGI VIZSGA 2005. október 26. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION