RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF RECENT FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE OUTBREAK INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION KERALA.
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Transcript of RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF RECENT FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE OUTBREAK INDIAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION KERALA.
Foot & Mouth Disease – HIGHLY contagious
viral disease
Cloven footed animals –mainly affected
Great potential of causing severe
economic loss
Animal population-protected against the highly
contagious Foot and Mouth Disease
Massive Vaccination campaign conducted by
the AHD-under ADCP & FMDCP- from 2004 at
six months interval.
Unexpectedly a massive outbreak of FMD
occurred in Kerala in 2013 leading to huge
economic loss.
Started from August 2013
The Disease equally affected- both Vaccinated &
Unvaccinated animals
Wide range of species involved in outbreak
Cattle, Buffalo, Goats & Pigs, Wild animals-
forests & captivity
Spotted deer, Sambar deer, hog deer, Gaur &
Elephants
Disease observed –even in organized farms
taking regular vaccination
Occurred in all 14 districts and almost all
panchayaths
Serotype ‘o’ was identified as cause
High mortality and morbidity rate
Mortality-adult cattle & calves
Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) –identified as
reason for mortality- in adult cattle
Status of affected animal- worsened due to
existing diseases like Anaplasmosis &
Theileriosis
Both Milk and Meat production –declined
drastically
Under these circumstances Indian Veterinary
Association (IVA) the professional body of
Veterinarians, Kerala has constituted an expert
committee
1. Dr. Nandakumar. S, Veterinary Surgeon, Chief Disease
Investigation Office, Palode
2. Dr. Sunitha Karunakaran, District Epidemiologist,
ADCP, Thrissur
3. Dr. Bineesh.P. P, Veterinary Surgeon, Veterinary
Dispensary, Unnikulam, Calicut
The expert committee members conducted
A detailed enquiry regarding the causes -which lead
to the current FMD outbreak in the state
Offered valuable suggestions for the prevention and
control of such outbreaks in future.
Unrestricted introduction of new animals from
neighbouring states (Karnataka and Tamil Nadu)
having FMD outbreak.
Influx of FMD affected animals for slaughter to Kerala.
FMD Vaccination which was due in July 2013 -delayed
by two months -current vaccination phase.
Existing infections like Anaplasmosis, Theileriosis and
parasitic load- affected the herd immunity.
Secondary infections –Haemorrhagic septicaemia
raised the mortality rate in recovered animals.
Denial by the owners to vaccinate their animals - the
misconception of reduction in milk production and fear
of vaccination reactions.
Use of balance vaccines from previous vaccination
campaign.
Possibility of breach of cold chain during
the storage, handling and transportation of
vaccine to the field
Frequent withdrawals from multi dose vials
(100 ml) and use of balance vaccine after a
day’s vaccination might have caused
deterioration in the quality of vaccine.
Immunogenicity & duration of
immunity offered by the present
vaccine especially for serotype O, is
doubtful.
Vaccination strategy
Three times a year vaccination of FMD in January, May
and September covering 100% population of cattle and
Buffalo and yearly HS vaccination in June-July.
Calves – after initial vaccination at 4 months, booster
vaccination after a month can be thought
Proper deworming & deinfestation of ectoparasites
Dewormers and ectoparasiticides should be distributed
2 weeks prior to vaccination campaign along with health
cards.
Haemorrhagic septicaemia
Increased death rates are reported in FMD recovered
animals due to HS.
A region wise study of Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of
Pasteurella multocida in the state is highly recommended
Animals brought from other states -allowed to enter the
state only after FMD vaccination and a quarantine
period of three weeks.
Quarantine facility should be made at the 14 check
posts of the state.
Animals should be under strict clinical inspection of
Veterinarians in these checkposts.
Slaughter houses-near checkposts of the state.
Animals brought from outside state-slaughtered with
ante mortem and post mortem inspection by
Veterinarian.
Only dressed meat or meat products -allowed to enter
the state.
Live animals should not be allowed to enter the state
for slaughter.
Study to be conducted-National agency
1) Antigenic difference/relation of vaccine strain and field
isolated strain of FMD Virus from Kerala.
2) Immunogenicity, duration of immunity and suitability
of strains of the present vaccine, especially of
serotype O.
3) Increasing the antigenic mass in the current
vaccines to prolong the immunity.
4) The nature of the virus, the severity of lesions,
the extent of spread and the host range in the
current outbreak.
A pre vaccination trial
Conducted in field conditions – to ensure
required post vaccination antibody titre in
serum.
Compare the results with controlled conditions
Thermal data loggers- or continuous monitoring
facility -installed in all walk-in coolers-14 districts
Refrigerator-exclusively for storage of vaccine-
should be provided –to all field level institutions
An inverter or automatic generator – for refrigerator
backup -2 KVA-8 to 9 hrs backup-Rs 40,000/-
Non reversible temperature labels on Vaccine
vials –for monitoring cold chain maintenance
A carrier or cool pail-with a special lid -which
can be closed frequently between vaccinations-
adequate numbers to all field level institutions
30 ml vials replaces- 100 ml multi dose vials
Left over vaccine discarded-at end user site
Vaccination programme
1) Publicity- materials reach institutions -2 weeks prior
to vaccination campaign
2) Vaccination time-Team starts from early hours of
day –finish off by 12 Noon
3) Tagging-should not be the duty of vaccinator at the
time of vaccination-time consuming- delay in
completion of vaccination target
Wild life reservoir
A barrier of vaccinated animals must be created
in forest boundaries
Compulsory vaccination in the forest fringes inhabited by
tribal population possessing domestic livestock should be
carried out with the help of Eco Development Committee
and forest department.
Man Power
Central RRT & vaccination squad- for doing
only vaccinations-created for each district
Central Rapid Response Team-under direct
control of ADCP
LI-of subcentres-included in RRT
Each vaccination squad-one LI & one attendant
Each squad- complete vaccination of 30 animals
per day
Vaccination in a panchayath completed within 4-5
days.
Sufficient number of squads is to be allotted -
based on cattle population.
Vehicle facility should be provided to the squads.
.
Ward wise allotment of vaccination duty to the
squads
Rotation of vaccination squads at Taluk/Block
levels to cover all the panchayaths during the
vaccination period
Invigilators - LI of VD/VH/VPC as invigilators of
vaccination.
Invigilators must verify 20% vaccinations done
by each squad the very next day and report it to
VS/SVS
Supervising Officers - 10% of invigilated
vaccinations should be supervised by VS/SVS
Healthy staff – Healthy staff/volunteers should
accompany to assist vaccination and restrain
animals.
Training - Adequate training to the Veterinary
Officers and LI prior to vaccination campaign
Veterinary Professionals -Adequate number
should be posted at the 14 check posts,
slaughter houses and district ADCP urgently
Cost of vaccination- Vaccination free of cost
considering the present outbreak as a serious
disaster to farmers.
At the same time vaccinating own animals should be
the duty of farmers.
Refusal/reluctance of vaccination should be
penalised.
Health Card- One health card per animal
A “Health Card” for identifying the animal,
entering the details of vaccination, treatments
and deworming.
Health Card supplied to farmers 2 weeks prior to
vaccination along with dewormers and
ectoparasiticides
Hundred percentage vaccination coverage of
susceptible population need to be achieved to
create herd immunity and make the state FMD
free.
Heterogeneity within various serotypes of FMD
virus and thermo stability of the current vaccine
A detailed study of subtypes/topotypes within
serotype ‘O’ of the FMD virus prevalent in the state
and its relationship to the vaccine strain
A suitable vaccination strategy for major diseases
Region wise study of ABS pattern of prevalent
bacterial pathogens
Strict border control measures
Proper vaccine handling and storage facility
Systematic, well supervised and practical
vaccination programme creating herd
immunity