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Retrofacial Approach to Access the Round Window for Cochlear Implanta8on of Malformed Ears
Habib Rizk MD, Brendan O’Connell MD, Shawn Stevens MD, and Ted Meyer MD PhD
14TH ANNUAL ACI SYMPOSIUM DECEMBER 11TH, 2014 NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
• We have nothing to disclose • Accepted for publica8on in Otology& Neurotology
Background
• CI surgery fairly standardized – Facial recess approach
• Difficult cases: – Subtotal petrosectomy with middle ear oblitera8on
Case 1:H&P
• Premature • VATER Syndrome • Diagnosis of severe to profound SNHL at 5 months
• No benefit from hearing aids • First CI evalua8on at 26 months of age – Grade I micro8a – SRT 80dB (UNAIDED) 40dB (Aided)
Case 1: CT scan
– Abnormal SCC – Absent stapes Malformed ossicles – Normal cochlea – Facial nerve course was difficult to trace
DECISION TO PROCEED WITH LEFT COCHLEAR IMPLANTATION AT THE AGE OF 2.5 YEARS
Case 1: Follow up
• Speech acquisi8on • Le` implanted ear thresholds: 20dB HL • Decision to implant right ear at the age of 6 years – Same approach – Implanta8on was done through round window
Case 1: Video right CI
Case 2: H&P • Referred a`er newborn screening test – Severe to profound SNHL on ABR
• Grade II micro8a • Medial EAC stenosis on the right • Bilateral preauricular pits and tags • Bilateral op8c nerve hypoplasia • Congenital LEFT facial palsy HB III/VI
GENETIC DIAGNOSIS: HEMIFACIAL MICROSOMIA; CONNEXIN 26 MUTATION
CASE 2: Imaging
• 6 months old CT scan of the temporal bones – Narrow IAC – Small cochlear nerve apertures – Dilated ves8bule
• 9 months old MRI: – Le` cochlear nerve aplasia – Right cochlear nerve hypoplasia
DECISION TO IMPLANT RIGHT EAR AGE 15 MONTHS OLD
Case 2: Imaging
• Narrow IAC • Small
cochlear Aperture
• Dilated Ves8bule
Case 2: Imaging
• Arrows indicate bilateral bifid facial nerve
Case 2: Intraopera8ve
• Very prominent chorda tympani/bifid facial nerve
• Poor exposure through facial recess • No stapes present • Facial nerve was coursing inferomedial (6 mm) to horizontal SCC
• Subtotal petrosectomy and closure of EAC – RW S8ll not visualized
• Retrofacial approach decided
Case 2: Intraopera8vely
• Long arrow: Middle Ear
• Short arrow: Round window
• Arrowhead: hypotympanic air cell
Discussion • 2 case reports in the literature – Both for aberrant facial nerve
• ANS mee8ng Spring 2014: Show of hands of 10 neurotologists having used this approach
• Incidence of abnormal facial nerve 0.3% • Incidence of dehiscent facial nerve: up to 55% • Tympanic segment anomalies are not isolated: Stapes+++ • Bifurca8ons of tympanic segment are most common:
level of second genu+++
Discussion • Width of facial recess is rarely variable • Narrow facial recess defined by distance between chorda
tympani and facial nerve of less than 1mm – Chorda tympani is difficult to evaluate in standard thin-‐slice
temporal bone CT scans
PREOPERATIVE IMAGING CANNOT ALWAYS PREDICT DIFFICULTY OF FACIAL RECESS
Discussion • Op8ons for Difficult cases: – Subtotal petrosectomy with mastoid oblitera8on: risk of secondary cholesteatoma
– Removal/Replacement of EAC: Fish and May Difficult
– Cases of decompression and mobiliza8on of facial nerve (Raines CH et al): risk of facial nerve injury
– Transmastoid labyrinthotomy technique in common cavity or cys8c cochleoves8bular deformity: McElveen et al
The case for the retrofacial approach
• Common approach for an otologist/neurotologist
• Used in chronic ear surgery to access sinus tympani but also allows access to the mesotympanum
• No mobiliza8on of the facial nerve needed • No complex reconstruc8on • Lower risk of iatrogenic long term complica8ons
Conclusion
• Careful preopera8ve planning and imaging review is always necessary
• Ul8mate decision might need to be made INTRAOPERATIVELY
• GOOD KNOWLEDGE OF MIDDLE EAR AND MASTOID ANATOMY AND EXPERTISE WITH VARIOUS APPROACHES ARE A MUST.
THANK YOU.
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