RETIREMENT HOME FOR BIG SPRING, TEXAS - Repositories
Transcript of RETIREMENT HOME FOR BIG SPRING, TEXAS - Repositories
RETIREMENT HOME FOR BIG SPRING, TEXAS
Presented to
Assti Prof. Nelson
DIVISION OF ARCHITECTURE
TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements of the
Bachelor of Architectiire Degree
by
Danny Smith
December 10, 1982
Preface
Architectural programming is very important in the quality of
an architecture project. This thesis program is for a retirement home
in Big Spring, Texas. A retirement home is a place where elderly
persons who are basically able to care for themselves can live without
the responsibilities of home ownership.
Knowledge of user needs is important in contributing to the quality
of the proposed architecture. One important social aspect in a retirement
home is the need to design a bioilding that allows for social contact
between the residents, while still ensuring the privacy of the apartments.
The building must also be carefully designed to allow easy access to
handicapped persons and elderly persons with limited mobility. The
retirement home should be safe, and easy to evacuate in case of a fire
or other emergency. The facility should also provide the residents with
a sense of security, because of rising rates of crimes against the elderly.
The limited income of most elderly persons is an important economic
factor which must be considered. The technical aspects to be considered
include special features such as handrails and emergency systems.
The nain goal of this thesis program is to determine the special
needs and wants of the retired person, so that they may be incorporated
into the design of a retirement home.
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the
following people for their assistance and support in making this
thesis program possible:
Dan Atcheson
Donald G. Bailey, AIA, Architect
Dewey Byers, Chief Inspector, The City of Big Spring
Dana HsLgler
Jerry Helfenstine, Administrator, Presbyterian Manor
Pat Johnston, Administrative Assistant, Canterbiory
Guilford L. Jones, III, Attorney for Canterbury
Mr. and Mrs. George S. Smith
Big Spring Chamber of Commerce
Big Spring Field Station staff
CRIM Engineering, Big Spring
HeritSLge Museum staff
Sue Walrauen, John Knox Village
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface i
Acknowledgements ii
Background 1
Goals and Objectives 12
Activity Analysis 14
Site Analysis 22
Space Summary • 46
Systems Performance 48
Cost Analysis 60
Detailed Space List 65
Case Studies 102
Appendices 145
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Background
BACKGROUND
The issue of elderly housing has not been dealt with until
recently, because in the past the elderly lived with one of their
children. This was the era of the three generation household where
children, their parents, and grandparents lived under one roof.
Advances in medical technology are causing people to live
longer. This, along with declining birth rates, is causing the per
centage of the population who are elderly to increase, (see Appendix
leible 1) These trends show that elderly housing will become even more
significant in the future.
With the change of times and technology, the three generation
household has given way to the two generation household, with the
grandparents living either in their own home, in a retirement home,
or in a nursing home.
This move to retirement homes was no small step, because the
image of the retirement home had to be humanized. It was perceived
as a storage place where the elderly were put to die. With this kind
of perceptions, the elderly were not only unreceptive to the idea, they
were a,fraid of growing old and being put in such a place. Today this
perception has changed and most elderly go voluntarily to live in
retirement homes. Now the emphasis is on living, not on waiting to die.
Who Are The Elderly?
"Elderly" by general agreement refers to people who are 65 years
of age or older. The majority of elderly persons are able to care for
themselves, much as they did in the past. The only major difference
is that they are no longer working, which seems to put them in a
different social category.
In 1900 the persons 65 and older constituted ^>fo of the population.
By 1950 it had doubled to 8%, based on United States statistics. This
trend has been accelerating since the 1790's, when the average age
of a whiite male was 16.
Nursing and retirement homes are a new phenomenon. They were
almost non-existent in the 1930's. There were county infirmaries,
convalescent homes, sanitariums, and work houses in the past. The
members of such facilities varied in age, sex, health, and dependency,
but had on thing in common: poverty.
Elderly in Greece in the Middle Ages
In comparison with today, a man of the Middle Ages had a short
life expectancy; therefore there were few elderly persons. It has been
estimated that in a family of 6 children, one would die at birth, the
second before he was twenty, the third between 35 and 40, the fourth
between 45 arxi 50, the fifth before 60, and the sixth might live a little
past 60. The Greek attitude toward aging was generally favorable.
Those who were elderly were considered to be the wisest of men, and were
called upon to make judgements. Therefore, the legislative and judicial
bodies were composed mostly of elderly men. The so-called retirement
age was about 70, but few ever reached this SLge. During this time
there were no care facilities for the aged because of their retirement
age, and death while in office. But if this age was reached and a person
was retired, it was the legal obligation of the legitimate son to
take care of his parents. Failure to do so would result in loss of
citizenship. Thus, caring for the aged was the responsibility of the
family, and the three generation household was not uncommon.
Old age was thought of as a disease during this period of history.
It was believed that good clean facilities, good food, and fresh water
could help the condition. For this purpose the Greeks developed
health resorts called asklepieions. These were located within a
days walking distance, and the site took advantage of the sun, wind,
and spring water, the elements of life.
Later these facilities were moved in to town, and were influenced
greater by the Romans. The elements incorporated in each resort were
a "stoa" for lodging, a treatment area, a theatre, a fountain house,
and latrines, (see Figure 1)
Figure 1: Details of the sleeping areas of the Asklepieion and perspective show the typical arrangement.
Elderly in Europe in the Middle Ages
In Europe in the Middle Ages the major soiorce of refuge for the
elderly was the monastaries imtil the 13th Century. At that time the
townships began to grow in stature and size so that many provided
homes and hospitals for the aged. By 13^0 there were 600 such facilities.
Elderly in Renaissance England
Life expectancy in England during this time was very short, so
only a few persons reached their elderly years. It has been estimated
that 4 5 of the population were over 60 and 1.7% were 70 or older.
These figxares changed as England repopiolated itself after the plagues.
Today more than 10% of the English population are elderly. ^
Most elderly care was provided in three generation households, but
there were a few who sovight out other places such as hospitals,
monastaries, and infirmaries. These facilities were able to handle
the needs of the dwindling population of the Middle Ages, but in the
l6th and 17th Centuries they were unable to do so.
Because the l6th and 17th Centuries were a rich, exploring age
of architecture, there began a new building for the elderly. The
first form was collegiate form. It was a cluster of small individual
4 rooms about a cloister. Then came the palatial form, an institution
of enormous size and capacity. Then came the cottage form, which was
bom out of the Romantic movement in England.
From here this lead to hospitals, and to special consideration in
design for the elderly who were ambulatory, and those who were bed
ridden. Then came privacy for most of the elderly by means of
separation of church from the infirmaries. Privacy was also maintained
through the single unit, but still with a strong communal spirit.
In the 18th and 19th Centuries came the design of an even larger
elderly home for disabled seamen and soldiers, designed by Sir
Christopher Wren. By the middle of the 18th Century, the elderly
facilities were called work houses. Instead of catering to the elderly,
they also housed the poor and the ill in a single complex, (see Figure 2)
Then the complexes were changed to form a quadrangle with a
Figure 2. Chelsea Hospital, Plan. This palatial hospital was designed by Wren in 1.682 for disabled and veteran seamen and- soldiers. Note the enormous scale of this institution and composition.
church at one end, and a community open garden space. This lead to the
more open effect, with two rows of housing interfacing each other,
separated by a road, with a chapel at one end. (see Figure 3)
In summary, these were several forces that brought about the
changes in housing for the elderly: the growing population; the dissolution
of the monastic institutes; and the influence of the Italian Renaissance
architecture.
Elderly in the Modem USA
It was not until after the First World War that any significant
changes were made in the United States. With the wounded returning
home, there was a movement to update the care facilities of the poor
houses. This movement died with the passage of the Social Security
Act of 1935» which brought about today's type of nursing home.
The earliest nursing homes were full and served the elderly
population. Within the 10 year period from I963 to 1973 there was
a 20% increase in facilities. Simultaneous with the increase in
facilities was an increase in elderly population. Currently about
6% of the population is over 65 and 3% live in nursing homes or in
retirement homes, (see Appendix Tables 2, 3t ^>5t and 6)
Elderly in Big Spring. Texas
In recent years the population of the elderly as well as the
life expectancy of the elderly has been increasing. Today the pop
ulation of the elderly in Big Spring, Texas is about 8.5% of the
total population, which is slightly greater than the national average.
(see Appendix Tkble 7 and 8)
This trend has helped to lead to a wider range of medical facilities
Figure 3« Cottage Almshouse. Trinity Ground, Mile End Road, London. Ahome for old seamen; designed by Wren, showing how Pallaxiian influences can be incorporated into a scheme of cottage almshouses, and yet remain delightfully humane in scale and detail. This was the product of a naster-architect at work.
Cotteige Almshouses. Trinity Ground, Mile End Road, London. A plan of a home for old seamen, designed by Sir Christopher Wren in 1682. An adaptation of the cottage almshouse, but in a Renaissance layout.
and health care services in Big Spring. Today elderly and others are
serviced by three hospitals, four private clinics, two convalescent
homes, and one retirement village. These facilities, along with a
few others, provide Big Spring with quality preventive medicine,
emergency care, diagnostic and therapeutic services, and geriatric
care.
Characteristics of Big Spring, Texas
Characteristics such as the population of the city and county,
climate, location, transportation, circulation systems, utilities,
socioeconomic patterns and trends, resources, and government types
and services are shown in the Community Audit of the City of Big
Spring, compiled by the Big Spring Area Chamber of Commerce, (see
Appendix B: Community Audit of Big Spring, Texas)
These important chara.cteristies should be considered when programming
and designing because of their influence on people, places and activ
ities, which will influence the project.
Attitudes Toward Retirement Homes
According to Ingraham, attitijdes toward retirement homes in
general are favorable. Most of the retirement home residents questioned
were disappointed about losing their status in society and the working
world, but still had a good outlook on life. Many referred to this
as "what little time I have." Others were high-spirited and eager to
get on with life and living. They thought that it was a time to get
better aquainted with family and friends. Still others had the
attitude that they could do what they wanted, when they wanted, whether
that meant staying at home or traveling. They also said that they
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were satisfied with their conditions.
But there are a few who have very negative attitudes about
living in a retirement home, and they tend to give that kind of
advice to others. They were quoted as telling a friend to "Stay
where you are and get mad at school kids cutting accross your lawn,
don't hole up in a retirment home." So to these few skeptical people,
the retirement home may not be the answer to a happier life, which
is the main purpose of a retirment home. -
How Users Gom^^rehend Their Problem
The elderly know that they are growing older and have reduced
mobility, which reduces movement in the community and leaxis to less
social contact. They also find it increasingly difficult to carry
out daily chores in and around the house. Because they tire more
quickly, they would like to lessen their responsibilities. Also
many widows are burdened with loneliness as well as household respon
sibilities.
Alternatives
One of the viable non-building alternatives to meet the user
needs is to return to the three-generation housing concept. Another
alternative, according to the Associated Press, might be an adult
foster home or boarding home. This new program, sponsored by the
Florida State Department of Health and Services, removes tcix-supported
patients from nursing homes and places them in adult foster homes and
boarding home type facilities. This type of program might be expanded
to the retired elderly, as well as nursing home patients.
Conclusion
In conclusion, much of today's architecture and knowledge of
the needs of the elderly was learned from the past. Much can be
learned from studying past qualities of the medieval effects such
as qualities of dignity, privacy, social and spiritual balance,
overall size in scale with humans, the relentless attempts to reflect
the culture and attitudes of the time, sensitivities toward service,
sanitation, hygiene, medicine, and modem life. Insight can also
be gained into the sense of balance of buildings with respect to
other buildings, sim, and wind.
It can be said that housing forms for the elderly are but a
mirror reflection of the ever changing attitiiies of man. According
to Van Der Rohe, "Architecture is the will of the age conceived in
spatial terms.
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BACKGROUND REFERENCES
1. Donahue, Wilma, Housing the Aging. 195^, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
2. Russel, J.C, "Late Ancient and Medieval Population," Transactions
of American Philosophical Society, 1958, No. 3, pp. 30-31.
3. Shanes, E. et al, Old People in Three Industrial Societies.
Altherton Press, 1968, New York, Chapter 1.
4. Ward, Hospitals, Colleges, and Almshouses, p. 13.
5. Ingraham, Mark H., My Purpose Holds: Reactions and Experiences in
Retirement of TIAA-CREF Annuitants, Educational Research Division,
197^, New York.
6. Van Der Rohe, Ludwig Mies, Programs and Manifestoes on 20th Century
Architecture, MIT Press, 1970, Cambridge, p. 7^.
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Goals and Objectives
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
Within this section the goals and objectives for the project
will be stated, in an attemp to guide the designer toward a better
solution to the problems involved in housing the elderly. They will
describe what the project is to accomplish and why, as well as to
describe factors which can be used to evaluate the design solutions.
Goals
* To create a facility which has an environment that will meet
the physical and mental needs of the elderly person, but will not
isolate the elderly from the rest of the community
* To create an environment that will cater to the social needs of
the elderly, in order to insure a vital, happy life.
* To offer the elderly a place of freedom, variety, choice, and
security, to create a desire to live and a zest for life.
* To offer the elderly a place that they can call their home and
where they can feel at home there as they were in their last
residence.
* To create a pleasing and harmonious facility with the surrounding
environment, which has functional and pleasing visual appearance
and is inviting to residents, visitors, neighbors, and the public.
* To create an environment for ease of cleaning, care, and service,
but not to the extent that it takes away from the comfort of the
elderly.
* To do all of this within a reasonable cost, because of the economic
factors involved with the limited income of elderly persons.
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Objectives
* To create a sense of where you are from any point within the
facility.
* To design a smooth flow and circulation pattern within the
facility and outside, from space to space and activity to
activity.
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9 Activity Analysis
ACTIVITY ANALYSIS
Introduction
Within this section is a description of the activities which
will take place within the facility, as well as outside activities.
The primary objective is to create a semi-contained community envir
onment, which still has a sociaJ. link to the outside community. The
environment within the complex must be special, because the residents
will have much less outside social contact as they become older and
less mobile.
Private Eating
Private eating is to take place^ within the unit or apartment.
The main persons that will be involved in this activity will be the
residents and occasional guests. The most that can comfortably dine
at one time will be four people, but usiially it will be only one or two.
The frequency of use will be- about once or twice a day, depending on
how many meals are eaten in the communal dining area. The dining will
be designed in close proximity to the kitchen or in the kitchen.
Private Sleeping
This activity will take place in a quiet zone of the apartment,
because many older persons take naps during the daytime. The frequency
of use is every night, and sometimes during the day. The number of
persons involved in this activity is one. Sleeping habits may vary in
time and length, so special consideration should be taken to limit or
restrict noise access to the sleeping activity. This is especially
important in cases where two people share one apartment.
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Private Relaxation
Private relaxation consists of just resting, by possibly getting
away from the rest of the residents. It is usually performed within
the confines of one's apartment. It may consist of reading, watching
television, or just sitting around doing nothing. The frequency of
such an activity will vary.
Private Food Preparation
Private food preparation incorporates preparing food for one's
self and roommate, if any. It should have sufficient space to allow
for food storage, preparation, cleaning, cutting, and washing. This
activity is limited to just one person, once or twice a day.
Private Entertaining
Private entertaining will be contained within the apartment unit
of the resident. It will usually be restricted to three or four
people, because of the constraints of the apartment. The frequency
is varied, depending on the person doing the entertaining. It
occurs more frequently in the evening. Because of this time frame,
placement is of major consideration. Therefore, audio access from
one apartment to another must be restricted, if not eliminated completely.
The activity may consist of dining with a friend, talking, visiting, or
watching television.
Personal Hygiene
Personal hygiene includes body washing and waste removal. The
activity may be simply washing and drying of one's hands or taking a
shower. The frequency of this activity varies day and night, therefore
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direct access from bedroom to bathroom is important. The activity
should take place away from circulation paths. The activity requires
that visual and audio access be minimized, if not eliminated. It is a
must that visual contact not be made from other parts of the apartment.
Natural lighting is not necessary, but if incorporated it should not
cause loss of privacy. This will pertain to all facilities.
Communal Entertainment
Communal entertainment will provide entertainment to all residents
of the building. The activity may vary from guest speakers, to dances,
to exhibitions, to Halloween and Christmas parties. This activity will
promote social contact between residents, with hope of enjoyment and
happiness. These activites are usually scheduled and require sufficient
space to take place. The activity is a passive one and may occur any
place in the building.
Communal Dining
Communal dining is to be placed in a centralized area of the
building, out of circulation pathways. It must not be necessary to
pass through this activity to reach another. This activity may be
visible from inside the building or from other areas, but audio access
is to be restricted.
Visual contact with outdoor views is a plus, and it is desirable
to receive morning sun in this activity area. This activity is also
to promote the physical and mental health of the residents and to
create a pleasing atmosphere for social contact and consumption of food.
This activity shall accommodate no more than four persons at
each dining table. It should be contained in an atmosphere that is
warm and bright in image. Depending on the maximum number of residents
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involved in this activity, the ceiling height is of special importance.
Communal Food Preparation
Communal food preparation involves purchasing, transporting,
storing, and preparing food for the residents. It also includes
serving the food, washing dishes, and disposing of trash. The activity
must be in close relation to the food service activity and dining room.
The actions involved in food preparation from purchase to clean
up should have a smooth and direct circulation pattern, with as few
crossings of paths as possible. This activity shall have no direct
visual access to the dining or food service areas. Audio access from
the activity to the dining room is to be eliminated as much as possible.
Commtmal Relaxation
Communal relaxation occurs in public-oriented space, as opposed to
private relaxation, which occurs in private-oriented space. This
activity may include watching television, visiting, sitting and watching
other people, waiting, and reading. This activity usually occurs in
a neutral zone, with some seclusion. The activity need not be isolated,
but may have indirect audio access. This activity occurs frequently
in interior as well as exterior spaces. The activity is very impor
tant and vital to the physical and social well being of the residents.
Exercise
Exercise is to promote a good attitude as well as good health
for the residents. The exercises will be very basic, so that residents
may do them without supervision or with supervision. Audio access is
to be limited when exercise is indoors.
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Recreation
Recreation is to promote hand-eye coordination and social
interaction. The activities will usually involve one to four
players and will usually take place during the day. These activities
may create some noise, therefore they should be placed accordingly
with other noisy activities. These activities may take place
indoors or outside.
Walking
Walking usually takes place during the warmer months, but some
residents walk year-round. Walking is a very popular activity for
elderly persons. It is done alone or with others. It often occurs
in the morning after sunrise and in the evening around sunset. It
is desirable to make the exterior and grounds of the building
attractive, to increase enjoyment of walking.
Field Trips
Field trips are usually enjoyed by all residents, because they
are a chance to experience new areas of the outside world and to
revisit old ones. Destinations of these trips will include museums,
cultiiral events, special exhibits, and shopping facilities. The
activity is usually suggested by staff or a resident. Upon approval,
notice is posted of the activities. Participation in the activity
is voluntary.
Religious Services
Religious services are an important part of the lives of many
elderly people. To accomodate residents who are unable or unwilling
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to attend local church services, religious services will be held in
the retirement home on Wednesday and Sunday.
This activity will be provided by volunteer ministers from
local churches. The activities will Include singing, preaching,
Bible study, and prayer. Resident participation in this activity
will be strictly voluntary. The activity requires limited audio
access, so it should be located in a quieter zone of the building.
Mail and Package Delivery
This activity will include delivery of mail and packages by the
U.S. Postal Service, sorting and placing in mailboxes by office
personnel, and pickup of mail by residents. The activity will be
monitored and controlled by management personnel. Therefore, visual
surveillance of this activity from the office is necessary.
The activity will require accessibility from the lobby, as well
as from horizontal and vertical circulation elements. The activity
of picking up mail is to have indirect visual accessibility to the
lounge, and visibility of adjacent areas will be determined by other
considerations. Care should be taken in the placement of the mailboxes
to avoid the appearance of a large bank of mailboxes, and to reduce
public or unwanted personal contact.
Health Care
This activity will mainly consist of a dietician providing
good nutritional care to the residents. It will be more of an office
than an examination/treatment room. It may involve frequent blood
pressure check-ups, and dispersal of supplimentary items such as
vitamins.
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This activity needs to have close contact with the communal
kitchen operations, because of the nature of both activities. Also,
the dietician will aid in acquiring and preparing food for the residents.
The activity should have a semi-indirect access off of the main
circulation path. Audio access should be strictly limited.
Administration
Administration involves the control and operation of the entire
building. It is usually composed of three or four persons who's duties
range from directing to bookkeeping. These activities may also include
assisting prospective residents, and counselling with residents or their
families. Most of the activities are confined to paperwork and
financial affairs of running the retirement home. The various
activities involved in administration need to be divided, with limited
audio access between them.
Maintenance
Maintenance is the actions and activities involved in the upkeep
of the building and groionds. It includes conducting minor mechanical,
electrical, and plumbing repairs, and some carpentry work. This
activity will also include grounds maintenance such as mowing, edging,
raking, and hoeing. This activity will usually take place during the
day. It may also involve changing light bulbs, maintaining vehicles,
janitorial service, and trash collection and disposal.
Trash Disposal
Trash disposal shall have direct access to service areas of the
building. There will be no visual or audio accessibility between this
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activity and others within the building or outside. (See service activity)
This activity will be divided into four steps including trash
disposal within the apartments, communal trash disposal, building
trash disposal, and service trash pickup. The activity shall be
conducted by a passage of control, to provide security and safety of
residents and visitors in the building.
This activity is to take place in a centralized location with
respect to units or floors of the building. Frequency of the activity
will vary from once to twice a week.
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Site Analysis
SITE ANALYSIS
Introduction
Site Analysis is the study of a preselected site. The objective of
site analysis is to examine the existing condition of the site, its
sxirrounding areas, and the town where it is located. It is also to study
factors which will influence it in form of past, present, and future.
Some of the factors which should be analyzed are geology, climate,
ecology, man-made structures, utilities, sensuous qualities, cultural
data, past history and future of the site, and solar aspects of the site.
Prior to this analysis, the location of the site should be clearly
established in respect to the United States, adjacent states, sidjacent
coimties, location in county, and location in town. The location of the
proposed site is shown by the following maps:
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MAP OF TEXAS AND SURROUNDING STATES
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MAP OF HOWARD COUNTY, TEXAS
26
LOCATION OF SITE IN BIG SPRING, TEXAS
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Geology and Soil
The general soil type of Big Spring is Potter-Mansker association
with gently sloping to steep soils that are very shallow and shallow
over caliche, (see Figure 4) The Potter soils mke up about 50^ of the
association, the Mansker soils about 20^, and the other 30% is composed
of Berthoud and Mobeetie soils. The Mansker soils are in the higher
areas, while the Potter soils are in the lower lying areas.^
The soil types for my site are composed mostly of Potter soil
as shown in Figure 5. These soils are usually located on sites that
are gently sloping to steep. Slopes range from 1 to 20%. The surface
layer texture is clay loam to fine sandy loam.
In a typical profile the surface is brown calcareous loam about 6
inches thick. It is underlain by white calcareous loamy materials that
are weakly cemented in the upper 3 or 4 inches and contain many
pebbles coated with caliche. This layer may extend for many feet into 3
the earth's crust,"^ This typical profile, white loam soil, may contain
80 to 90% of indurated fragments of caliche that are cemented together.
The strenth of this composition of soil as far as shrinkage and swell
is very low, and it is very poor as a topsoil. An illustration of such
a soil type (Potter soil) is found on the block south of my site.
(see Figure6 )
The site for my project is virtioally flat with a very little slope
from south to north. (see Figure 7) There are no places for the
rain to collect and form eddys of water on the site. With the com
position of the soil and vegetation, drainage or runoff is moderate to
rapid, and soil erosion is likely.
The runoff will reach one of two main drainageways, Sulphur
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DAWSON COUNTY,
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Figure 4
General S o i l Map Of Howard County, Texas
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N
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE
TEXAS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
GENERAL SOIL MAP HOWARD COUNTY, TEXAS
SCALE
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LES • 4 1 i
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SOIL ASSOCIATIONS
SOILS OF THE HIGH PLAirJS
T i v o l i - B r o w n f i e l d assoc ia t i on : Deep, nearly ievei to
undula t ing, sondy so i l s
Amar i l l o -Spr inger assoc ia t ion ; Deep, nearly level to
gent ly s lop ing, sandy so i l s
A m o r i l l o - P o r t a l e s assoc ia t i on : Deep, neariy level to
qent ly s lop ing , loamy so i ls
- e a g o n - R e e v e s ossoc io t i on : Moderately deep and r.allow, nearly level to s lop ing , calcareous, loamy so i l s
A c u f f - O l t o n assoc ia t i on : Deep, nearly level to gent ly
s lop ing , d a r k - c o l o r e d , loamy so i l s
Pot te r -Monsker ossoc io t i on : Gently sloping to steep so i l s fKat are very sho l lcw and shol icw over ^gliche-
SOILS OF THE R O L L I N G PLAINS A m a n l l o - C o b b assoc ia t i on : Nearly level to moderately s lop ing , loamy so i l s that ore deep and moderoteiy deep over ca l i che and sandstone
Ol ton-Weymouth assoc ia t i on : Nearly level to gent ly
s lop ing , loamy so i l s that are deep and shallov- over
ca l i che and r e d - b e d c lay
S tomfo rd -Do lby -Vernon assoc ia t i on : Nearly level to
gent ly s lop ing, calcareous so i l s thot are deep and
sha l low over red beds
SOILS OF THE EDWARDS P L A T E A U ^
E c t o r - U v a l d e assoc ia t i on : Gently s loping to steep, colcareous, loamy so i ls that are very shal low and
moderately deep over l imestone and marl May •.968
Gl.A.-»SCOCK ;0I=4Q' 10!°30' © 10P20
COUNl-^ . STERLr>G CO i
ER 42 Figure 5 Soil Types of Big Spring, Texas
PENETRATION
CRSCRlFTlCfi OF STRATUM aRCW; SANCY CLAY
TAN SAriOY CLAY AND CAL.C-E
TAN SAND AND CALICHE GPA,£_
TAN SANC^ CLAY WITH CALICHE
BOTTOM CF HOL£ AT 25
Figure 6: Description of Stratum
31
Topographical Map of Big Spring
f igu re (7)
32
Spring Creek or Mustang Creek which merge west of Big Spring to form
Beal's Greek, which crosses the county from southwest to southeast.
These creeks eventually flow into the Colorado River, which is a few
miles east of Howard County.
The water table varies at depths ranging from 6 to 150 feet. The
water comes from the Ogathola formation. Wells dug of drilled into
this fromation can usually supply enough water for domestic use, but
7 irrigation wells are usually drilled deeper.
Climate
Big Spring's location in respect to the Gulf of Mexico brings sparse'
rainfall. The average annual rainfall is less than 19 inches. Most of
the rain falls occur during the months from May to October, when
prevailing southeasterly winds carry moistizre from the gulf. The
reason for lack of rain in the colder months, November through April,
is that cold fronts cut off the moisture from the gulf, limiting
rainfall and snowfall. The wettest month is September, with an average
of 9.7 inches of rainfall, (see Figures 8 and 9) Thunderstorms begin
in April and reach their peak in about July. These thunderstorms may
have winds of 40 or more miles per hour.
Frequent cold fronts are a characteristic of winter, with strong,
gusty, northerly winds. January, the coldest month, has an average
temperature of 44.9 degrees, with an average of 18 days of 32 degress
or below. Most snowfall is in December, Janiiary, and February, with
occassional snow in November or Iferch. The yearly average snowfall for
8 the years 1953-1964 was 2.75 inches per year.
Summer is characterized by occassional windy days and sand storms.
July, which is the hottest and driest month, has an average temperature
33
Month
-Precipitation at Big Spring, Texas [Elevation 2,400 feet]
J a n u a r y . . February. March April May June July Aiif^ust September October . . . November. l)ccf!iubcr.
Year.
Precipitation '
AverftKc rainfall
0. -)S .6il . 83
1. o;! 2. S3 2. 10 2. 06 1. 95 1. 06 2.03 .95 .77
IS. 38
Total in driest year
(1917)
liidirn 0. 2.S 0
.03
. '.)7
.61
.'JH
. 73
. 17
. 79
68
Total in W(;t(est
year (1!»32)
Inehn 1. 1-' 3.81 . 17
2. 21 .">. 17 4. 63 . 23
4. 68 8. 70
.50 (»)
3. 00 34. 25
Averauo snowfall
Inch ft
{•)
0.«» . 5 .4
0 0 0 0 (I 0 . .X .6
2-S
' Average precipitation baaed on a 60-ycar record throuijli lytjO. »Trace.
figure (8)
3 5
30
25-
CO bJ 1 2 0 o
15 '
Ii
/
AVERAGE-18.3
11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1900 1910 1 9 2 0 1930 1940 1950 I960 YEARS
Annual rainfall at Big Spring, Texas, 1900^. Reconls in do^vntown Big Spring, 1900-14; at Big Spring Field Station, 1915-60.
figure (9)
34
of 84 degrees, with average daily maximums of 94 degrees. There is an
average of 27 days in Jxily in which the temperature is over 90 degrees.
The annual average temperatiore for Howard County is 64 degrees.
The prevailing winds are from the southeast during the warmer months
and from the southwest in the colder months. Relative humidity is
between 69 and 73 percent at sunrise from May through September, and
9 10 drops to 30 or 40 percent in the aiftemoons. *
Ecology
The dominant plants are short and mid grasses and mesquite trees.
The grasses contribute large amounts o'f organic matter to the soil.
The mesquite bushes and trees are native to the plains area because
of their ability to live and grow in hot, dry climates. Mesquite is
a thorny, low shrub unless it has plenty of water, at which time it
may grow into a tree of 50 to 60 feet in height, with a trunk of up to
3 feet accross. Its' strong attachment to this region is its' ability
to obtain water as far as 60 feet undergroud with it's root system.
Some of the animal wildlife in the county include blue quail, doves,
and a few prairie chickens and turkeys. There are also migratory
ducks and sandhill cranes in the Fall and Winter. Some of the
ranchers have restocked the range areas around Big Spring with antelope
and deer.
Other dominant life forms are earthwoms, insects, and prairie dogs.
The prairie dog, a member of the ground squirrel family, is about a
foot long with short, coarse, grayish-brown fur. It has small eyes,
13 short legs, pouched cheeks, and a short flat tail. ^ The only praine
dogs left around Big Spring are on Senic Mountain in a fenced area.
35
Man Mstde Structures
There are not any existing buildings of the site now. The house
that was on the site has been moved, the foundation dug up, and the
land graded off level.
The streets that surround the site have all been paved by the
Big Spring Traffic Department except for the one located on the
western boundry of the site, which is still dirt and gravel. The street
traffic flow stirrounding the site is two-way on all streets. The
largest traffic flows are on Lancaster Street (east side of site).
The next largest volume of traffic is on 17th Street (south side), then
on l6th Street (north of site), and the least is on Bell Street, the
dirt road. ^^ ^^^^ ^^ure 10 and 11)
Utilities
See Appendix B, page 3«
36
CBD INSERT SCALE - l" • 1000 FIGURE 10
TRAFFIC VOLUME MAP
37
^
\ \
A •,»•*
LEGEND
9
a
PRETIMED INTERCONNECTED
PRETIMED ISOLATED
SEMIACTUATED
FULL-ACTUATED
INTERCONNECT ROUTE
FIGURE ' 1 1
TRAFFIC SIGNAL LOCATIONS
38
LEGEND
38
9
3
PRETIMED INTERCONNECTED
PRETIMED ISOLATED
SEMIACTUATED
FULL-ACTUATED
INTERCONNECT ROUTE
FIGURE?- 11
TRAFFIC SIGNAL LOCATIONS
P H ^ * . ^M"
CzD cDi ru ^^g-.JEg=g,^igipDl m Dd DP U
,CD cz: \0 E3 *! I
I N 3 i">-i«a-'l
=^-r^^-^-i 013 Dcri
S i c!D p ^ j=iy
Iczi]f^D 'p© gD[aD!OP ac>faD;ec j
..s:
DD a n irnD"aC
H'Sl •C3 | t l IC3 ICZ1C3 • C 3
^ p a IE DB ca -1 r-T 1
n L.
m IDiDl ODXS i f nn i nni E m m DD
h c^s! nni nn
40
z
w rti
Z
aCLL
rt
Q • (113 (IZ3 G § CUM C Z 3 ^ 3 CZJl ^ U I d (13 CD ^ ^ L.—-^V--
CZUJ. [ i—n 3 &&B-S-^8-Bi B-& r^-r^-j—[-r^-r=r rn
^L—jJCZD (ZD - ^
^i^-a'Q^-Lrr'trT zi! cz:
CZD
cz
- ^ 4 [=zi I : ; : L 4 ^ . S J . G S . nntciiJT7i= r-^ nvr-i f>^n n n n n n n n u ©z
i:n"*te"^:^'*t!fi K5.PJ nnzzD ZQ gnja'a' zs" 3D "CTTTJ "CTffrrr g •.-QS ^ C ! -C3D J~n cm I—I r n
JZ 1!°"=] I r "I r
Sensuous Qualities
The character of the site still reads as a family residential,
with its' small individual homes. The site is located in an older,
well established part of town.
Most of the homes around the site were probably built in the
40's and 50's, They are all of wood frame construction with wood
shingles roofs overlain with asphalt shingles. The majority of these
homes are stucco exterior walls, and they vary in color. A few have
been bricked and one house is made of stone. The condition of these
homes is run-down and in need of general repairs.
The two major view points from the sight are South Mountain to the
southeast and Scenic Mountain to the southwest. Both are well established
landmarks. While looking to the north one can see the vast amount of
farmland on the horizon.
The natural sunlight is not blocked from the site, therefore
allowing full penetration onto the site. It is a fairly quiet site,
in spite of the fact that Highway 87 is just one block east of the
site. Most of the noise is from the traffic flow north and south on
Greg Street and Lancaster Streets.
There are very few offensive smells that penetrate the site. The
only one that I coiild identify is the odor from the Cosden Petroleum
Plant, which is to the northeast of the site, when the wind blows from
the northeast.
Cultural Data
The following cultural data were collected by the Big Spring
Chamber of Commerce as of December 31. 1981:
41
Past and Future
The history of the site shows that it was zoned raulti-family,
then was changed to light retail. Therefore, to build on the site it
will have to be changed back to m\J.ti-family again. If any building
is bxiilt over 3 stories in height, there will also have to be a
permit issued to do so.
The site has no prospective clients looking at it except for
Saint Ifery's Retirement Home, who owns the lot south of my site.
Their proposed use is for axiditional housing for the elderly.
My hopes are to incorporate a bioilding or buildings on this
site that do not convey the message of being an old folks home.
Orientation
Orientation is examined in the following figures for the
region called the Hot-Arid Area. This area is characterized by
excessive heat and flaring sun, therefore requiring the facility
to be designed with the
following consideration
in mind.
bedrooms living dining
kitchen
library loundry ploy
drying yd
bathrooms utiliry garage
workshop 'erraces sun porch • • •40T H U M I D A I E A
126. Suggested sun orientation for rooms. 1 1 . Regional climate zones of the North American
continent.
42
iS Z<r-
\
n itj lii HI T 1
U)
o
u
J
. ^ " " ^ \ i ..ii:-:u:_]...
, • 1 • : : ' • 1 \ n ' •
^ j ; : : :
T^zzz':
, , \ r . . • • 1 • • •
I I V • ' 1 • • [ •
:~i:-/!\'^f-::-:ir
o c o at
43
BIG SPRING, TEXAS
LAT. 32 15 .0 ' N LONG. 101 28.4'W
Using 32 Sun Chart
SUN TIME AND BEARING
MONTH
DEC. 21
NOV. - JAN.
OCT. - FEB.
SEPT. - MAR.
AUG. - APR.
JUL. - MAY
JUNE
7; 00
6:50
6:30
6:00
5:30
5:10
4:55
62 E of S
66 E of S
77 E of S
Due East
104 E of S
114 E of S
118 E of S
5:00
5:10
5O0
6:00
6:30
6:50
7:05
62 W of S
66 W of S
77 W of S
Due West
104 W of S
114 W of S
118 W of S
44
SITE ANALYSIS REFERENCES
1. U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, Howard
County, Texas, March, I969, p.5.
2. IBID, p.23.
3. IBID, p.5.
4. Boring logs received from the architectinal firm of Donald G.
Bailey, AIA, from Canterbury Retirement Home project.
5. Topographical Ifep, The Department of the Interior Geological Survey,
Big Spring, South Quadrangle.
6. U.S. Department of Agriculture, p. 67.
7- IBID
8. The Big Spring Agricultural Experiment Field Station.
9. U.S. Department of Agriculture, p. 66.
10. Soils of Big Spring Field Station, annual rainfall, March 1962.
11. The World Book Encyclopedia; Volume 12, p. 346.
12. U.S. Department of Agriculture, p. 67.
13. The World Book Encyclopedia, Volume 14, p. 657.
14. Traffic Report conducted by the City of Big Spring.
45
Space Summary
SPACE SUMMARY
Site
Site Entry/Exit
Arrival Court
Parking (350 SF per car, including drive)
Outdoor Recreation Surfaces
Service
3000 SF
1500 SF
32000 SF
Sidewalk: Design Solution
2000 SF-
Building
Building Entiry/Exit
Lobby
Main Lounge
Public Restrooms
Management (toilet included)
Ife.il Room
Mail Box Area
Communal Laundry
Janitors Closets (7 closets)
Communal Dining
Dining Room Storage
Communal Kitchen
Dietician's Office
Building Maintenance
Employee Toilet
Recreation and Social Space
150 SF
200 SF
320 SF
280 SF
1170 SF
100 SF
200 SF
400 SF
560 SF
1400 SF
300 SF
900 SF
120 SF
400 SF
140 SF
1100 SF
46
Apartments (120 units)
40 Small One-bedroom @ 650 SF
60 Large One-bedroom @ 800 SF
20 Two-bedroom @ 1000 SF
Total Apartment Square Footage
Total Net Square Footage
26000 SF
48000 SF
20000 SF
94000 SF
101590 SF
Total Net
Net to Gross Ratio
Total
Mechanical 7 %
Building Gross
101,590 SF
80 %
121,908 SF
8.533 SF
130,441 SF
47
Systems Performance
SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE
The purpose of Systems Performance is to analyze the general
views and specific technical standards involved in maintaining the
environment of a retirement home. The systems that will be analyzed
are the major building component systems. All of these systems must
be sensitive to the needs of the elderly, physically and emotionally.
Foundation
Foundations represent approximately 3 to of the gross building
cost. This system is responsible for the stability of the building's
superstructure of apartments. The foundation is also responsible for
support of vertical and lateral loads imposed on it, and transmission
of building loads down to the ground. The system must also distribute
loads so that settlement of the building is negligible or uniform under
all parts of the building. It must also anchor the superstructure
against uplift and racking forces.
The size, placement, and type of foundation will be affected by the
soil's composition, climate, water table, and region of the world in
which the bioilding is designed.
Another consideration that will affect the foundation is the type
of building, its naterials of construction, and the height and weight
of those materials on the foiindation.
Due to the soil of Big Spring, the foundation will be considered
a design complication because of the soil's type and bearing capacity.
Floors on Grade
This system represents approximately Sfo of the gross building cost.
48
This system, like the foundation, is also affected by the soil's
composition, climate, water table, and region of the world. The main
purpose of floors in general is to support both live loads (a building's
occupants and/or contents) and dead loads (the weight of the floors
and its parts, plus loading from floors and walls above). The amoiont
of these loads will determine the floor systems composition and thickness.
It will also determine whether the transfer of these loads is to
beams and columns or to bearing walls, while at the same time providing
lateral support for adjacent walls. The type and depth of the floor
system is related to the size and proportion of the bay system and the
strength of the materials utilized. In addition to floor systems spans,
any desired openings in the floor plane and cantilevers must be considered
in determination of the floor system.
Structure
The structxire will represent approximately 21?5 of the total
construction cost. The structure should utilize durability, fire
resistance, flexibility of usage, maintenance cost over its life, and ease
of implementation. Cost and appearance miist also be considered.
Full spand construction shoiild be analyzed to aviod breaking
up the interior with support members. Noise transmission and vibrations
due to the mechanical systems should also be considered in determining
the type of structure. To limit some of this, insulation should be
used in walls, floors, and ceilings.
Other considerations will include live loads and dead loads applied
on the structure that will affect the type and size of the structure.
Some of the loads are as follows:
49
Apartments Live Loads 40 Ibs./SF
Dead Loads will vary with furnishings
Corridors Live Loads loo Ibs./SF
Dead Loads minimal if any
Snow, wind, and rain loads are minimal. For more information see
Site Analysis section.
Roofing
Roofing will make up approximately 3^ of the gross building cost.
The main purpose of the roofing system is to shield a building's interiors
from the natural elements. The system's responsibility is to drain off
water, to prevent water from going inside the building, and to insulate
from outside temperatures. Consideration of the roofing system depends
on roof structxire and deck and the desired appearance. Other consid
erations such as thickness, color, insulation value and type will be
affected by the climate. The climate will also determine the slope or
pitch of the roof.
Another consideration of the roof is the solar aspect; whether it
is more desirable to keep the sun out or let the sun in. For Big Spring
there are more cooling degree days than heating degree days. The roof
ing system might also be affected by the particular structioral system
used or building type used.
Exterior Walls
This system will make up approximately Q% of the gross building cost.
The system's main piorpose is to serve as a vertical plane which protects
interior spaces from penetration by exterior conditions. The exterior
50
walls may be either an applied or integral part of the structure. The
system must be durable to resist wear and elements of sun, wind, and
rain. The orientation of the building on the site and purpose of the
walls will affect the system. Heat transmission properties, reflect
ivity, and absorptivity, and insulation value should also be important
factors in the choice of a i-iall system. These factors will also
determine the size and efficiency of HVAC systems, along with window
and door types and number of each.
Partitions
Interior walls and partitions will make up a little over 12^ of
the gross building cost. The main purpose of this system is to serve as
dividers and to define elements of space, visually and acoustically.
Accomodating the vertical and horizontal travel of mechanical and
electrical lines and their outlets will determine the thickness and
composition of a partition wall.
Finishes
Wall surfaces must be durable and wear-resistant. The desired
finish, color, and texture should be compatible with the wall system
used. Because of their use as a support for the elderly, the wall
finishes should be an additional consideration. Wall finishes will
make up about 8% of the gross building cost.
Floor surfaces must support traffic and continual sliding of feet,
therefore the surface must be durable, resistant to wear, and be easy to
maintain. These are critical factors that must be considered in the
selection of floor finishes, which will make up about ^% of the gross
building cost.
51
Ceiling finishes provide acoustical control from spaces to upper
level spaces, and hide electrical and HVAC duct works. Ceiling finishes
will make up approximately Jfo of the gross building cost.
Wall and floor finishes, along with ceiling finishes, should also
consider the visual properties of each system, and their joints and
edge conditions. They should also consider heating, plumbing, and
electrical lines within or between each finish, and access to these
systems.
Conveying Systems
Conveying systems represent approximately 2% of the gross building
cost. The purpose of this system is to provide a means of direct,
vertical transportation for a building and its occupants and supplies.
Some factors that must be considered and will help determine the
system are the following:
1. The type and number of traffic that will be served.
2. The distance traveled and the speed desired.
Other factors that also must be considered are the size, materials, and
structural requirements for each type of system. These considerations
will determine the number of conveying systems, electrical supply, and
control equipment required.
Specialties
Specialty systems to accomdate the elderly and handicapped will
represent about 1% of the gross biiilding cost. Some of these special
considerations are stair dimensions, ramps, corridor dimensions and
equipment, and door access and safety features.
52
stairs - Stairs are a special consideration because of the reduced
mobility of the elderly. The purpose of stairs is to provide a means
of egress in case of fire. Because of this purpose, stairs can be made
safer and more comfortable if necessary for residents. Stairs should
be designed with short, straight runs if possible, and with a maximum
of ten risers between landings. Steps should have plain faces with
non-skid siorfaces, to reduce chances of slipping.
All stairs should also provide handrails on both sides of the stairs
at a height of 2' 8". Other dimensions are shown in the following
diagram:
\0 iM^.
Ramps - Ramps, like stairs, are a special consideration due to the
elderly and handicapped residents of a retirement home. Ramps are not
substitutes for stairs, but are supplementary to them. Ramps should
conform to local codes and should be equipped with handrails to provide
support for those who walk with difficulty, and to assist those in wheel
chairs. Dimensions are shown in the following diagram:
53
' f ' ^ ^ ^ _____
-juc r. ^
^ - ^ "
Corridors - Corridors and hallways are a special consideration
because of the elderly persons need of support while walking. This
need is met by providing handrails on both walls of the corridors. These
handrails should be set at a certain height and should be thick to
ensure a good grip. Dimensions are shown in the following diagrams:
MMi
''•4 (V\M.
9'-o" mm.
tp t-\(f
Door Access and Safety Features - All of the doors should be
designed so that limited muscular strength is required to open them.
When open, the doors should have enough clearance for a wheelchair. The
apartment doors should open to the inside, away from the corridor. The
doorways should be well lighted to make it easy for residents to find
the keyhole, and the doors should be equipped with a peep hole and a
lock. Due to the elderly residents, thresholds should be eliminated.
Some dimensions are shown in the following diagram:
'Cli-
EE
4-/I -^-6
• 7 ^ / •• I I , '
^ • l l ' l => : ii :l !\
¥\\ 1 1 ' . .' '
JllW !f:\':- I.
fi pMoU
4'-^"
rj^\^^\^ APT: "^^X^SX
I
_ ^ . « ^
Plumbing
The plumbing system will represent approximately 9^ of the gross
building cost. The purpose of this^ system is to supply hot and cold
water to the building. The plumbing system should be sized to eliminate
noises of vibrations in pipe work and to supply a sufficient amount of
water. Special consideration of pipe sizing should be made to eliminate
scalding in showers. Each apartment shoiild be provided with a shut-off
valve so that the piping can be isolated without affecting the supply
to other units.
55
Mechanical
The mechanical system represents approximately 7% of the total cost
of construction and approximately 7% of the gross square footage. This
system is responsible for the temperature control within the environment
of the building. This system is just a part of environmental control
of temperature within a space. The use of windows for ventilation and
natural lighting affects heat gain and loss.
The systems will be required to maintain a constant temperature
at 3 feet above the floor. Desirable temperature is about 68 degrees
for heating and 78 degrees for cooling. Slight variations may result
from person to person, so each apartment will require its own thermo
static control. The thermostat should be placed away from heat sources
and out of direct sunlight.
There are to be individual heating and cooling unit coils located
within each apartment. The systems must deliver a minimum of .33 cfm
per square foot of floor space. The pressure provided in the apartments
must be positive to prevent infiltration of air from outside the building
or from the hallways.
Electrical
The total electrical system will make up about 10^ of the gross
biiilding cost. The use of electricity is an integral part of the
building system. Some of the typical household appliances are:
Refrigerator 300 to 400 watts Toaster 1000 to 1500 watts Range/oven 3000 to 12000 watts Dishwasher 1000 watts Air Conditioner 3000 to 12000 watts Television 300 to 500 watts
The power for these appliances can be supplied through regular
convenience outlets. The apartments shoiild be equipped with at least
56
3 watts of power per square foot, however 5 watts per square foot is
recommended by the National Electric Code. Minimum Property Standards
require two types of service supplies, llOv for small appliances and
220v for larger appliances.
Light switches should be located near a door opening adjacent to
a room. Convenience outlets should be provided every 12 feet of wall
length, and shoiild have 3-prong duplex grounding outlets, according to
FHA Minimum Standards.
All wiring should be placed in flexible conduit to eliminate breakage.
Natxiral lighting should be used as much as possible to reduce energy
costs. Also the use of fluorescent light will reduce energy and main
tenance costs. For lighting requirements see the Detailed Space List.
Heights for electrical outlets are shown in the following diagram:
a-^iicii
y
Aft ^m\ rSAtPiti/fj
^ „ ^^iw\x.-f mM I
^
57
Acoustical Control
Although the elderly have a reduced audio range, they are still
sensitive to noise disturbance. Some of these disturbances may range
from conversation, to radios, televisions, and stereos being played
loudly. Because of this, acoustic control is highly recommended.
Sound transmission includes not only Inbome noises, but also airborne
noises. The purpose of acoustic control is to reduce, if not eliminate,
the noise transmission from one space to another.
Some of the rating of partitions, floors, and ceiling assemblies
for airborne (STC) and impact noises (INR) or (lIC) are shown for
typical construction assemblies:
FLOORS AND CEILINGS
Where a f loor or ce i l i ng is located;
Between l i v i ng units
Between l i v ing uni t and publ ic corr idors, lobbies, storoge rooms; where pub l ic spaces are above l i v i ng units
Where publ ic spaces are below l i v ing units
Between l i v ing uni t when it is above or below a high noise generation pub l ic or service area
STC 52 IMR - 2 lie 52
STC 50 INR - 5 lie 55
S i e 50 INR 0 lie 50
s i e 60 INR - 7 lie 58
PARTITIONS
Where a par t i t ion is located:
Between l i v ing units STC 52 Between l i v ing uni t and publ ic
corr idors, stairs, or lobbies STC 50 Between l i v ing unit and noisy
publ ic spaces such as e levators, mechanical rooms, e t c . STC 55
Between bedrooms and other space in same l i v ing uni t (desirable but not required) STC 45
58
SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE REFERENCES
1, Percentages used within this section were obtained from 198I
Dodge Construction Systems Costs by McGiraw Hill Information Systems
Company.
2. Acoustical standards were obtained from Housing for the Elderly, by
Isaac Green, Van Norstand Reinhold Company, 1975» New York, p. 58-
59
# Cost Analysis
COST ANALYSIS
The following cost analysis has been derived from the Space
Summary, and calculated using formulas and values from the 1981
Dodge Construction Systems Costs by McGraw-Hill Information Systems
Company. The following assumptions have been made:
1. an inflation rate of .71^ per month.
2. the scheduling of the project as follows:
a. programming August 1982-December 1982
b. design January 1983-May 1983
c. working drawings June 1983-November 1983
d. construction December 1983-December 1984
3. the final building cost is figured at the mid-point of
construction. (June 1984)
Cost Factors
Building Type: Homes for the aged (senior citizens)
Building System Average $/SF % Total
Foundations Floors on Grade Superstructure Roofing Exterior Walls Partitions Wall Finishes Floor finishes Ceiling Finishes Conveying Systems Specialties Fixed Equipment HVAC Plumbing Electrical
Gross Building Cost
$ 1.62 2.72 9.97 1.35 3.56 5.69 3.62 1.85 1.37 0.68 0.28 2.40 3.14 4.08 4.83
$46.48
3'5fo 5.9 21.4 2.9 7.7 12.2 7.8 4.0 2.9 2.1 0.6 5.2 6.8 8.8 10.3
100%
* Based on an annual inflation rate of 8 to 9%
60
Cost in Big Spring
The cost in Big Spring can be figured by multiplying the
Gross Building Cost by a locality adjustment factor for the
site or the closest town to the site. In this case the closest
town with an available adjustment factor is Abilene, Texas.
This cost will be in terms of cost as of January, 1981.
Gross Building Cost = $46.48/SF X Local Adjustment Factor = X .81 Total SF Cost in Big Spring $37.65/SF
Inflation Factor
The Inflation Factor can be figured by using assumed inflation
per month and converting it to a decimal number, then multiplying
it by the number of months from January 1981 to June 1984.
.71% inflation per month = .0071 X time span = X 22 Inflation Factor = .2059
Projected Cost
The Projected Cost to midpoint of construction can be figured
by multiplying the Total SF Cost in Big Spring by the Inflation
Factor.
Total SF Cost in Big Spring = $37.65/SF X Inflation Factor +1 = XI .2059 Project Cost in June, 1984 = $45.40/SF
Building Cost
The Building Cost can be calculated by multiplying the building's
total gross SF (from Space Summary) by Projected Cost for June 1984.
total gross square feet = 130,411 X Projected Cost/SF June '84 = 45.40 Building Cost = $5,922,022
61
Site Development Cost
Site Development Cost is figured at a percentage of the Total
Building Cost.
Building Cost = $5,922,022 X percentage = x .05 Site Development Cost = $296,101
Total Construction Cost
The Total Construction Cost may be calculated by adding the
Building Cost the the Site Development Cost.
Building Cost = $5,922,022 + Site Development Cost = 296.101 Total Construction Cost = $6,218,123
Site Cost
The site cost was determined from papers for application for
a Mviltifamily Housing Project in Big Spring.
Site Cost = $64,000
Professional Fees
The Professional Fees (Architectural, Engineering, and Consulting)
2 are figured as a percentage of the Total Construction Cost.
Total Construction Cost = $6,218,123 X percentage = .06 Professional Fees $373,087
Contingencies
Contingencies are figured as a percentage of the Total Construction
Cost. ^
Total Construction Cost = $6,218,123 X percentage = .05 Contingency Cost $310,906
62
Administrative Cost
The Administrative Cost are calculated as a percentage of the
4 Total Construction Cost.
Total Construction Cost = $6,218,123 X percentage = .01 Administrative Cost = $62,181
Total Project Cost
The Total Project Cost is figured by adding the Total Construction
Cost to the Site Cost, Professional Fees, Contingencies, and
Administrative Cost.
Total Construction Cost = $6,218,123 Site Cost = 64,000 Professional Fees = 373,087 Contingecies = 310,906 Administrative Cost = 62,181 Total Project Cost = $7,028,297
Cost Per Unit
Having calculated the Total Project Cost, the average cost
per unit m y be figured by dividing the Total Project Cost by
the number of units, as specified in the Space Summary.
Total Project Cost Cost Per Unit =
number of units
$7,028,297 Cost Per Unit = = $58,569
120
63
COST ANALYSIS REFERENCES
1. Pena, William, Problem Seeking, Wall Company Inc., 1977,
Houston, Texas, p.104-105.
2. IBID.
3. IBID.
4. IBID.
64
Detailed Space List
Site Entry/Exit
The main purpose of the site entry/exit is to provide access to
and from the site by a roadway in a vehicle. The access to the site is
to provide visual contact with direction to the entrance of the building.
It is to be sufficient in size to handle adequate traffic flow. It
should be well marked as "Entry and Exit." It should also be located on
a minor road to avoid heavier traffic on major roads, but not to the
point that it causes problems to enter and exit the site. Entry to the
site by right angle tumoff should be 25 feet wide with a curb radius of
30 feet. Entry and exit should also minimize traffic conflict points
and minimize turning movements necessary to enter and exit.
The space alloted is the be 1,500 SF per car, and with a maximum
of 2 cars entering and leaving at once, the total space required is
3,000 square feet.
1. Time Saver's Standard
65
Arrival Court
The arrival court is to provide a covered protected area for
pickup and dropoff of residents, with short term visitor parking
(see parking) and light service, such as mail, flowers, and package
delivery. It is to be located in close relation to the main entrance
to the facility, to permit easy access. The area should be well lighted
with possibly some plants that will not permit concealment. The arrival
court area should be a minimum length of 22 feet. When covered it
must have a minimum height of 7 feet. The width should be at least
12 feet, 6 Inches to accomodate the handicapped. The maximum number
of cars at one time will be two, with a total of 1,000 square feet alloted,
......J-SCJ
-<J
, \
1 = = / . -AVN i^OUee, -AFAI^AlBKr
~,\0 £WV\rL£5 := ^RK\^^ CJTL'.' T I/V\AJE
1. Time Saver's Standards
66
Parking
Lighting requirement: 1 fc.
Parking will be provided in the following manner:
Resident 72 Employee 10 Visitor 10
Handicapped @ % of total 5
The number of parking spaces for residents is calculated as .6
spaces for each dwelling unit. Employee parking should be located
as close as possible to their work areas. Visitor parking is to be
located near the front or main entrance to the building.
Parking will consist of regular parking stalls (9' X 19') and
handicapped parking stalls (12'-6" X 19'). Parking in all situations
shoiold be provided within convenient proximity to enti^r/exit points.
The parking area should be well lighted, with plant covering of such
a nature that concealment is avoided.
Parking areas should minimize conflict between vehicles entering
and ones leaving the parking area. Parking should be divided into
smaller increments if possible to avoid a "sea of parking." It should
also eliminate backing onto primary streets and should be located
away from intersections.
Dimensions: 87 parking spaces 9'-0" X 19' or 171 SF
5 handicapped 12'-6" X 19' or 238 SF
See typical parking for rental housing in Figure 12of the Appendix.
1. Based on case study statistics of parking space/dwelling unit.
67
Outdoor Recreation Surfaces
Outdoor recreation surfaces are to provide an array of activities
or areas in which they might take place. The accessibility to such
areas shovild be of major consideration. They should be separate from
the building, but with easy access. These areas should be oriented
with respect to the sun, but not to the extent that it becomes uncomfort
ably warm on hot days. These areas should be provided with fixed
and portable light-weight furnishings. The activities involved can be
divided into separate areas for active and passive activities.
Shuffle Board dimensions are 10'-0" wide and 57'-0" long, for a
totaJ. of 570 SF. The actual game board and walking area for the game
of shuffle board is shown in the following dia,gram:
e* *
/-l-^v^tJ_.^L f^, ^-^
-^.i^- - ><^ I ' I'l 1
E AMEBlCAM SHUFTUEBOARD
Sidewalks are usually 3 or 4 feet in width and provide short, direct
access routes to the building from all parking areas. They will also
act as a form of outdoor recreation for residents who like to walk for
fun or exercise. Natural settings are most desirable for walks. This
area should be stimulating and intertwine in an attractive way with
other elements of the site.
68
Service
The service system should function so it does not disrupt any
of the resident's daily activities or other movement systems. The
major function of this area is shipping and receiving of food products.
It may also serve as a place of pickup and drop-off of large items
and provide access for trash pickup. The service area may provide access
to mechanical and electrical systems by service trucks for occasional
servicing. The service area should be located away from major entry
and exit points to the building, and out of sight of outdoor recreation
al facilities. The image of such an area should be of great consideration.
It will also need to provide sufficient area for 2 service vehicles.
Two hundred square feet of open covered space is required with
access to the kitchen. Trucks should have direct paved access to this
area. According to Graphic Standards, the trucks will have the
following dimensions:
Delivery Truck 14' to 18' in length and 5' to 5'4" in width Trash Truck 17' to 35' in length and 6' to 6'8" in width
A service area is shown in the following diagram:
< : ^
•M-.-OK'T:'' \ 1 ^ Q
-^^ ^>, -—--w^w
<icrjmta\
69
Building Entry/Exit
Because first impressions tend to be lasting ones, it is important
that this area be very pleasing for residents and visitors entering and
leaving the building. The main entry/exit should consist of the following;
1. Front Porch - This is an outdoor sitting, viewing, and waiting
area.
2. Foyer - This is to serve as an airlock against the weather,
and as a security point where visitors are identified.
3. Lobby - The primary function is a circulation mode to provide
access to vertical circulation and public functions.
4. Lounge - This area should be flexible space to accomadate
observation, waiting, visiting, chance meetings and communal
activities.
This area will preform as a transitional space between inside
and outside with a dire et access to the vehicular arrival court.
It should have a weather protective covering frcm tujlcirg to driveway,
(see arrival court)
v'jt
^£A* "ry.
1. Green, Isaac, Housing for the Elderly. Van Norstand Reinhold Co., 1975, New York, N.Y., p. 58.
70
101 Lobby 200 SF
The lobby is the focal point of the building and traffic flow.
The lobby should provide direct physical and visual contact with the
administrative offices, mail and package delivery, and the Main Lounge.
The lobby is to serve as a transitional space from outside to inside
the building and as a meeting place to receive guests. Scale and height
of the lobby area play a big part as a transition factor. The lobby
should have a visual connection to the outdoors. This is usually accompl
ished by means of large glass windows, that may be operable to allow for
fresh air.
The lobby should have indirect access to the public restrooms
and direct access to the Main Lounge. The lobby should also provide
visual contact with the vertical circulation (elevators). It should be
well lighted, easy to maintain, and have a warm, welcoming feeling.
Finishes should be of durable qxiality. Schematic relationships of a
lobby are shown in the following diagram:
' ' 11........— (i^i^
Ulo\aA
vrj^U ^ - i ^ Vw t 'r^'iMTl -v' f /JCy)\
71
102 Main Lounge 320 SF
The main lounge is to be adjacent to the lobby with visual access
to it. The lounge should provide a comfortable place for residents and
visitors alike to sit and talk or serve as a waiting area. The space
should be furnished and arranged in a manner that provides both private
conversation areas and viewing or waiting areas. Space considerations
should be close to those of a resident, as far as ceiling height. The
lounge should also provide a view to the outdoors, (see Lobby)
Occupants: 10 maximum, including residents and visitors.
Lighting: 30 fc
Furnishings: chairs
2 end tables
sofa
coffee table
electrical outlets (llOv)
carpeted floor
A schematic drawing of a lounge is shown in the following diagram:
\ /..\7.H
72
103 Public Restrooms 280 SF Total
The restrooms will be divided into two separate and equal sections,
one for men and one for women. Both will provide an indirect access off
of the main lobby or entrance area, for convenience of visitors. Each
restroom will have 140 SF.
Occupants: 3 each
Lighting: 30 fc each
Air Requirements: exhaust 2 cfm per SF of floor
Furnishings: 1 wc for men and 3 wc for women
2 urinals (men only)
2 sinks each
20 SF of counter each
facing mirror for each
73
Administration 1120 SF Total
"The management offices should be located with direct physical,
visual, and auditory accessibility to the main building entrance and
lobby, to common facilities when they are on the main floor, and to
the mail/package room."
The purpose and placement of such offices is to provide security
to the residents by screening guests. This in turn discourages unwanted
guests,> Willie providing security.
The offices should have natural lighting through side windows,
which will also provide visibility of critical areas of the entrance to
the building and the parking lots if possible. The offices should convey
the message of offices with a welcoming quality. The schematic relation
ships of an office are shown in the following diagram:
^ _t3
0^ awu ,jwai i-
•M
1. Issac Green, p. 60.
74
104 Administrator's Office 400 SF subtotal
The job of the administrator is directed toward overseeing the
operations of the retirement home and promoting the safety and welfare
of the residents. He makes the final decisions of all matters of
concern to the retirement home and directs the other employees.
Occupants: 3 visitors plus administrator maocimum.
Lighting: 70 to 100 fc
Furnishings: desk and chair
book shelves
2 visitor chairs
sofa
cardensa
wall to exterior with window
vault
105 Assistant Administrator's Office 250 SF subtotal
The assistant administrator's job is to help the administrator in
the day to day operations of the retirement home. He may also be respon
sible for coordinating social activities such as parties and field
trips.
Occupants; 3 naximum
Lighting: 70 to 100 fc
Furnishings: desk and chair
file cabinets
book shelves
2 visitor chairs
storage closet
75
106 Secreatary to the Administrator I70 SF subtotal
The secretary to the administrator handles all paperwork and
correspondence for the retirement home. Other duties include answer
ing the phone, typing, and filing.
Occupants: 3 nvaximum
Lighting: 100 fc
Furnishings: desk and chair
file cabinets
2 visitors chaiirs
wall to lobby with sliding window
storage closet
107 Bookkeeping Office 300 SF subtotal
The bookkeeper's job is to keep financial records such as
accounts receivable and accounts payable. The bookkeeper will also
take care of financial transactions such as depositing and paying bills.
Occupants: 4 maximum
Lighting: 100 fc
Furnishings: desk and chair
file cabinets
book shelves
2 chairs
76
108 Administration Toilet 50 SF
This area will be provided within the office area spaces. The
space is for just one toilet with use by both male and female. The
toilet will be located centrally in the office area to provide
convenience to all administration personnel. The door to the toilet
should be provided with a locking door knob.
Occupants: 1 maximum
Lighting: 30 fc
Air Requirements; 2 cfm per SF of floor area or 120 cfm.
Furnishings: 1 wc
1 sink
10 SF of counter
1 mirror
11
109 Mail Room 100 SF
The mail room i s a place f o r r ece iv ing , s o r t i n g , and de l iver ing
mail and packages to the r e s i d e n t s . I t s h a l l have a c c e s s i b i l i t y from
the entrance ajid from hor izonta l and v e r t i c a l c i r c u l a t i o n elements. The
mail room i s usua l ly p a r t of or incorporated in to the adminis t ra t ive
o f f i c e s .
Occupants; 1 maximum
Light ing ; 100 fc
Furnishings ; t ab l e and cha i r
A schematic drawing of a mail room i s shown in the following di6Lgram:
/WAlU M P A C ^ ^ ^
78
110 Mailbox Area 200 SF
This space will contain the residents mailboxes. The mailboxes
should be large enough to receive magazines, newspapers and packages,
and should conform to all United States Postal Service standards.
Mailboxes should not be lower that 30 inches or higher than 56 inches
above the walking surface. Each mailbox must be clearly identifiable
by sight and touch for the visually impaired.
Occupants; 5 to 10 maximum
Lighting: 30 fc
Furnishings; one mailbox for each apartment or 120
A schematic drawing of a mailbox area is shown in the following diagram;
V
V.
nn
mnr
/*d
z.^tCmi-rz: '-^
I ' . , I ,V
79
Ill Communal Laundry Room 400 SF
The laundry room will be provided in a central location in the
building, convenient to all residents. The purpose of this area is
to provide for mechanical washing and drying of resident's clothing.
It will also provide soaking, sorting, and folding areas.
The area should not allow audio access to other areas of the
building. The entry to the laudry room should have a door with a
see-through panel of glass to allow visibility without entering.
The room furnishings should be arranged so concealment is not possible
from the hall or entry door. The arrangement should also be designed
with adequate clearance around the equipment for use and maintenance.
The laundry room whould have natural lighting and views of the outside
if possible.
Occupants; 6 maximum
Lighting; 30 fc
Furnishings: 4 washers
4 dryers
1 folding table
1 soap vending machine
6 chairs
Miscellaneous; Heavy duty outlets (220v)
Convenient outlets (llOv)
Durable surface with little noise transmission
80
112 Janitor's Closets 80 SF each
The janitor's closets are to handle storage of all equipment and
products necessary for upkeep, maintenance, and cleaning of the building.
The size of the janitor's closets may vary depending on the cleaning
area alloted to each closet. It shall have shelves along the wall for
placement of cleaning products. It shall also be equipped with a slop
sink. This area does not need to have outside lighting by way of a
window. It is necessary that the area be vented because of the toxic
fumes of cleaners stored and used there.
Occupants; 1 maximum
Lighting: 15 fc
Furnishings: laxge commercial sink
shelves
81
113 Communal Dining Room 1,400 SF
This area is to handle the activities of eating for residents
of the building. The area must be large enough to accomodate all of the
residents at one time. The number of residents that will use the facility
will vary from meal to meal and from day to day.
Passive activities, such as card games, reading, and visiting,
will occur in the space from time to time. During other usages, it
must be possible to store chairs and tables out of sight in adjacent
storage closets.
This area is to have easy to clean and durable surfaces on walls,
floors, chairs, and tables, due to wear from continual cleaning. Carpet
would not be appropriate in this area.
This area may be usable as a large group meeting and multi-purpose
activity room. Ceiling heights will be 8 feet or higher.
Occupants: 140
Frequency of Use: normally 3 times a day
Lighting: 30 fc
Air Requirements: 15 cfm pe^ person
Furnishings; 35 tables
140 chairs
Schematic drawings of dining rooms are shown in the following diagrams:
OIOIOIO o •
82
114 Dining Room Storage 300 SF
This space is to provide for storage of dining tables and chairs
when it is necessary to use the dining room as a multi-use space.
This space must be adjacent to the dining room by double doors to allow
ease of moving and storing furniture.
Occupants; none
Lighting; 20 fc
Furnishings: none
Will Contain; dining chairs 140 @ 2 cf per chair
dining tables 35 @ 4 cf per table
83
115 Communal Kitchen 900 SF
The communal kitchen is for the purpose of preparing food for
residents who do not wish to cook. The space should be designed by
and with a professional food service consultant. The kitchen should
also be designed for easy cleaning with durable and long-lasting surfaces,
The kitchen should provide direct access to delivery dock areas for
food deliveries. This space must also have an access to the exterior
for removal of trash and food waste. This may also be an employee
entrance to the kitchen.
Occupants: 6 employees
Lighting: 70 fc
Furnishings; 2 preparation tables
walk-in refrigerator and freezer •
commercial booktop/oven
tray washing machine
pot washing machine
pantry (dry food storage)
2 commercial size sinks
30 LF of counter space
30 LF of steam tables
Air change; 4 cfm per SF of floor area
84
116 Dietician's Office 120 SF
The dietician's office will provide an area for the dietician to
conduct the business of ordering foods and surveying food preparation.
The area will have two entrances, one from the kitchen and one from
a circulation path within the building. The office will have direct
visual access to the kitchen, while restricting audio access.
Occupants: 3 Majcimum
Lighting; 50 fc
Air Changes; 6 to 8 changes per hour
Furnishings: desk and chair
2 visitors chairs
book shelves
file cabinets
storage
window to kitchen area
85
117 Building Maintenance Room 400 SF
The maintenance room will handle any equipment that needs to be
stored, such as lawn mowers, edgers, rakes, and hoes. It will be the place
where minor mechanical repairs are made on equipment. Some carpentry
and plumbing work will be done here also. This area will have a
direct access to the loading dock for deliveries of supplies. This
area must be located on an exterior wall to provide access to the
exterior. The area will also provide work tables and benches, (see
services this section)
Occupants: 2 maintenance personnel
Lighting 50 fc
Furnishings; shelves
work counter
heavy duty and convenience outlets
water outlet
sink
86
118 Employee's Toilets 140 SF total
The employee's toilets should be located in close relation to
the commxmal kitchen and maintenance room. This area will provide a
mens and a womens toilet. The toilets should be located away from the
kitchen area. Each toilet will have its own entrance and each will
be 70 SF.
Occupants: 1 each
Lighting: 30'fc
Air Requirement: 2 cfm per SF of floor area
Furnishings: 1 wc for men and 2 wc for women
1 urinal (men only)
1 sink each
10 SF of counter each
1 mirror for each
87
119 Recreation and Social Spaces 1100 SF
Recreation and Social Spaces are areas in which recreational
games, hobbies, and meetings will take place. These areas should
be centrally located in respect to horizontal and vertical circulation
paths. These areas should be positioned to receive sunlight for
at least a portion of each day. It is necessary to design flexibility
of use into the areas.
88
120 Exercise Room 500 SF
This room will be used for Individual and/or group exercises.
Natural lighting for this area is not a must, but is conducive to
the activities. The lighting should not allow surveillance of
residents from people outside. This should also be close to water
fountains and public restrooms.
Occupants: 20 maximum
Lighting: 30 fc
Furnishing; padded floor mats
2 fixed riding bicycles
a few weights
A schenatic drawing of an exercise room is shown in the following diagram:
i
1
89
121 Game Room 600 SF
This axea is for recreational use of the residents. The area
should be carpeted and well insulated to restrict audio access. It
will be equipped with a billiards table and a ping pong table. This
area should be located close to public restrooms and water fountains.
Occupants: will vary
Lighting: 20 to 30 fc
Furnishings: billiards table
ping pong table
15 folding chairs
1 sofa
The following diagram shows the dimensions for ping pong tables:
A- ' - i v S ^ ,
—!—^
J ,
- r . j / i C E . - . ' I
^ 1 e T _ ^ : / —1 f.
f • / - I ~<
— , - - n\f—I J n E G U U A T l O N T A B U e S M A U L TABCE
TASLE T E N N I S
90
DWELLING UNIIS
Entry/Exit 24 SF
The entry/exit is a critical transition space form the lobby or
hallway to the private area of the apartment. The entry/exit should
also provide access to the kitchen, living room and hall closet.
The entry/exit area should have direct visual and audio contact with
visitors outside of the entry/exit door.
Occupants: allow for at least 2 persons wide
Lighting; 5 fc
Closet dimensions; minimum of 3'-0" X 2'-2"
Entry/exit: minimum of 14 SF
Closet: minimum of 7 SF
21 SF plus round = 24 SF
Schematic drawings for entry/exits are shown in the following diagram;
dm
( lra i l
AtiiP)^
:!5e>r
•rt^ ^^^
iWfT ^Tf^/''^iT
91
122 Living Room
The living room is used for entertaining, conversation, reading,
lounging, relaxing, and watching television. The area should have
indirect access to the entry/exit and the dining room. The living
room should be designed to limit audio access to other apartments and
to other rooms within the apartment. There should be no visual or
audio access of bedrooms and bathroom. The living room should also have
views of the outdoors.
Occupants: 3 to 5 maximum
Lighting: 20 to 50 fc
Furnishings; will vary depending on the resident's posssssions
A schematic drawing of a living room is shown in the following diagram;
4 ^ ' +*-. (2;vU r ii ** c«^<V^
i}m^ wwk- aJ HA
'iittwct
92
|6^C^f^^^
TO
!/.>'^\ li/i>u| >/iA
'ii\ia.<^^ n
•V i^riAi/^
t» $li24ffi»^ ^ J ' t f y ^ j ! a « t
j[i\r/i\>ic2/
UIVIN<: f ^^M Clf CULATl K A f = f W ( 2 H ^
93
123 Kitchen
The kitchen is the area where food preparation, cooking, food
and utensil storage, trash disposal, and dish washing will take place.
It should have a direct access to entry/exit and dining areas for
carrying in groceries and serving of meals. The kitchen should have
indirect access to the living room, sleeping and personal hygiene
areas of the apartment. The kitchen should if possible receive
morning or some sun during the day.
Occupants: 1 or 2
Lighting: 50 to 70 fc
Air Requirements: 2 cfm per SF and exhausted
Fumi shing s: sink
10 linear feet of counter
cabinet storage
range with hood
dishwasher
refrigerator/freezer combonation
garbage disposal
A schenatic drawing of a kitchen is shown in the following diagram:
'iJiJ^i\'J.
94
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'U" Ii IB'^'"'U'" '\i f-
iViit^iMuM f:V^*TA(>^ flwl f K ? ^
^v\lAi) ^
[^PR16. •J^"
4-: 1
c;
V\t^£>^
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1
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o
i i " -iA" ^ 1^'
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nH\(>. ^6'
MlHl/V^Ui\ m^^TAO^ od t^O^
• - A " e?iN^ T
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r;Ki/YiUf/\ ^^f^^i^ t ; i e r A i ^
95
124 Dining Room
The dining room area is a semi-formal dining area for the comsumption
of food and for passive activities such as table games, letter writing,
and hobbies. The dining room should have direct access to the kitchen.
The dining room should have no visi;ial access of the bedroom or bathroom.
The dining area may have visual and physical contact with the living
room, and should be designed to receive morning sun if possible.
Occupants: 4 maocimum
Lighting: 30 fc
Furnishings: 1 table
4 chairs
A schematic drawing of a dining area i s shown in the following diagram:
96
U J-L
n 46" h ^A of| cJh\u^
-t
1 intn
plwfi- Wr^*tt
' J
125 Bedroom
The bedroom is where the activities of sleeping and changing
clothes takes place. The bedroom is the most private area of the
apartment, therefore audio access should be eliminated if possible from
either entering of leaving this space. The bedroom should be oriented
to receive morning sun if possible, and should have visual contact
with only the closet and possibly the bathroom (semi-indirect).
Occupants: 1
Lighting: 10 to 30 fc
Furnishings: will vary with the possessions of the resident
The schematic relationships of a bedroom are shown in the following diagrams;
^m
^ ^ ,^xy.^ ^uAs.
^ ^ • H A '^ < ° ffil' '\ "^i^m
TYPICAL i'Tf'f^CACn TO 5f?«C£ OKlBhi^AVOt-i •vprln thhfwjh«vt fin. -U/Ti M 1 e ^ f j ^
97
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c
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wir .I i^ \)fi r:ii\zof^ uwiiLi'At^ 5ii:*A**tv:ii
98