Parte I

Tenses

Capitulo 1

Present

1.1 Simple Present

1.1.1 When use it

Simple present is used to refer to

Daily habits: She takes a shower every day

Usual activies: I usually read the newspaper in the morning

General statements: Birds fly

1.1.2 How use it

1.1.2.1 Affirmative

Subject + verb

I

work

on Saturdays

WeYouTheyHe

worksSheIt

1.1.2.2 Negative

Subject + dont/doesnt + verb

I

dont work

on Saturdays

WeYouTheyHe

doesnt workSheIt

1.1.2.3 Question

Do/Does + subject + verb

Do

I

work on Saturdays?

weyouthey

Doeshesheit

1.1.2.4 Spelling

1.2 Present Continuous

1.2.1 When use it

The present continuous is used to expresses an activity that is in progress at the time thespeaker is saying the sentence.

1.2.2 How use it

1.2.2.1 Affirmative

Subject + be + verb + ing

I am taking a shower right nowHe

is taking a shower right nowSheIt

Weare taking a shower right nowYou

They

1.2.2.2 Negative

Subject + be not + verb + ing

I aint taking a shower right nowHe

isnt taking a shower right nowSheIt

Wearent taking a shower right nowYou

They

1.2.2.3 Question

Be + subject + verb + ing

Am I taking a shower right now?

Ishe

taking a shower right now?sheit

Arewe

taking a shower right now?youthey

1.3 Present Perfect

1.3.1 When use it

Present perfect is used to

Express something that occurred (or did not occur) before now, at some unspecifiedtime in the past: Jim has already eaten lunch.Jims lunch occurred before the present time. The exact time is not mentioned because isunimportant or unknown.

Talk about an activity that may be repeated several times before now, at unspecifiedtimes in the past: Pete has eaten at that restaurant many times

Expresses situations that began in the past and continue to present:Weve been in class since ten oclock this morningIve known Ben for ten years

1.3.2 How use it

1.3.2.1 Affirmative

Subject + have/has + past participle verb

I

have lived

here for a long time

WeYouTheyHe

has livedSheIt

1.3.2.2 Negative

Subject + have/has not + past participle verb

I

havent lived

here for a long time

WeYouTheyHe

hasnt livedSheIt

1.3.2.3 Question

Have/Has + subject + past participle verb

Have

I

lived here for a long time?

weyouthey

Hashesheit

1.4 Present Perfect Continuous

1.4.1 When use it

Present perfect continuous is used to talk about how long an activity has been in progressbefore now.

1.4.2 How use it

1.4.2.1 Affirmative

Subject + have/has + been + verb + ing

I

have been driving

for two hours

WeYouTheyHe

has been drivingSheIt

1.4.2.2 Negative

Subject + have/has not + been + verb + ing

I

havent been driving

for two hours

WeYouTheyHe

hasnt been drivingSheIt

1.4.2.3 Question

Have/Has + subject + been + verb + ing

How long have

I

been driving

weyouthey

How long hashesheit

Capitulo 2

Past

2.1 Simple Past

2.1.1 When use it

Simple past is used to talk about something in a specific time in the past (yesterday, lastmonth, 1999, ...)

2.1.2 How use it

2.1.2.1 Affirmative

Subject + verb in the past

I

was

in class yesterday

HeSheIt

WewereYou

They

2.1.2.2 Negative

Subject + didnt + verb

I

didnt work yesterday

HeSheIt

WeYouThey

2.1.2.3 Question

Did + subject + verb

Did

I

work yesterday?

hesheit

weyouthey

2.2 Past Continuous

2.2.1 When use it

Past continuous is used to express an activity that was happening at a point in the past orat the time of another action.

I was eating dinner when Tom came

Eating was in progress at the time that Tom came.

2.2.2 How use it

2.2.2.1 Affirmative

Subject + was/were + verb + ing

I

was sleeping

when the phone rang

HeSheIt

Wewere sleepingYou

They

2.2.2.2 Negative

Subject + was/were not + verb + ing

2.2.2.3 Question

Was/Were + subject + verb + ing

Iwasnt sleeping

when the phone rang

HeSheIt

Wewerent sleepingYou

They

Was

I

sleeping

when the phone rang?

hesheit

Werewe

sleepingyouthey

2.3 Past Perfect

2.3.1 When use it

Past perfect is used when there are two different events at two different times in the past;one event ends before the second event happens.

[Situation: Jack left his apartment at 2:00. Ann arrived at his apartment at 2:15 andknocked on the door.]

When Ann arrived, Jack wasnt there. He had left

There are two events, and both happened in the past: Jack left his apartment. Ann arrivedat his apartment. To show the time relationship between the two events, we use the past perfect(had left) to say that the first event (Jack leaving his apartment) was completed before the secondevent (Ann arriving at his apartment) occurred.

2.3.2 How use it

2.3.2.1 Affirmative

Subject + had + past participle verb

I

had eaten when Bob came

HeSheIt

WeYouThey

2.3.2.2 Negative

Subject + had not + past participle verb

I

hadnt eaten when Bob came

HeSheIt

WeYouThey

2.3.2.3 Question

Had + subject + past participle verb

Had

I

eaten when Bob came?

hesheit

weyouthey

2.4 Past Perfect Continuous

2.4.1 When use it

2.4.2 How use it

Capitulo 3

Future

3.1 Will

3.1.1 When use it

Will is used to:

Make predictions about the future: She will succeed because she works hard.

Express a decision made at the moment of speaking: This chair is too heavy for youto carry alone. Ill help you.

Will form is more formal then going to.

3.1.2 How use it

3.1.2.1 Affirmative

Subject + will + verb

I

will come to the party

HeSheIt

WeYouThey

3.1.2.2 Negative

Subject + will not + verb

I

wont come to the party

HeSheIt

WeYouThey

3.1.2.3 Question

Will + subject + verb

Will

I

come to the party?

hesheit

weyouthey

3.2 Going To

3.2.1 When use it

Going to is used to:

Make predictions about the future: She is going to succeed because she works hard.

Express a plan made before the moment of speaking: I am going to build a bookcasefor my apartment.

Going to is less formal then will.

3.2.2 How use it

3.2.2.1 Affirmative

Subject + be + going to + verb

I am going to leave

at nine tomorrow

Heis going to leaveShe

ItWe

are going to leaveYouThey

3.2.2.2 Negative

Subject + be not + going to + verb

I aint gonna leave

at nine tomorrow

Heisnt gonna leaveShe

ItWe

arent gonna leaveYouThey

3.2.2.3 Question

Be + subject + going to + verb

Am I

going to leave at nine tomorrow?Is

hesheit

Areweyouthey

3.3 Future Continuous

3.3.1 When use it

3.3.2 How use it

3.4 Future Perfect

3.4.1 When use it

3.4.2 How use it

3.5 Future Perfect Continuous

3.5.1 When use it

3.5.2 How use it

TensesPresentSimple PresentWhen use itHow use itAffirmativeNegativeQuestionSpelling

Present ContinuousWhen use itHow use itAffirmativeNegativeQuestion

Present PerfectWhen use itHow use itAffirmativeNegativeQuestion

Present Perfect ContinuousWhen use itHow use itAffirmativeNegativeQuestion

PastSimple PastWhen use itHow use itAffirmativeNegativeQuestion

Past ContinuousWhen use itHow use itAffirmativeNegativeQuestion

Past PerfectWhen use itHow use itAffirmativeNegativeQuestion

Past Perfect ContinuousWhen use itHow use it

FutureWillWhen use itHow use itAffirmativeNegativeQuestion

Going ToWhen use itHow use itAffirmativeNegativeQuestion

Future ContinuousWhen use itHow use it

Future PerfectWhen use itHow use it

Future Perfect ContinuousWhen use itHow use it