Resucuing the Gospel From the Cowboys By Richard Twiss - EXCERPT

892019 Resucuing the Gospel From the Cowboys By Richard Twiss - EXCERPT

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A NAT IV E AME R ICA N EXP RESS I ON

OF TH E JESU S WAY

R E S C U I N G T H E

G O S P E L F R O M

T H E C O W B O Y S

R I C H A R D T W I S SAuthor of One Church Many Tribes







InterVarsity Press

PO Box 983089983092983088983088 Downers Grove IL 983094983088983093983089983093-983089983092983090983094

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emailivpresscom

copy983090983088983089983093 by Katherine wiss

All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without written permission from

InterVarsity Press

InterVarsity Pressreg is the book-publishing division of InterVarsity Christian FellowshipUSAreg a movement of

students and faculty active on campus at hundreds of universities colleges and schools of nursing in the United

States of America and a member movement of the International Fellowship of Evangelical Students For

information about local and regional activities visit intervarsityorg

Unless otherwise indicated all Scripture quotations are taken from the Holy Bible New Living ranslation

copyright copy983089983097983097983094 983090983088983088983092 983090983088983088983095 Used by permission of yndale House Publishers Inc Carol Stream Illinois 983094983088983089983096983096

All rights reserved

In Memoriam is used by permission of erry LeBlanc

While all stories in this book are true some names and identifying information may have been changed to protect

the privacy of individuals

Cover design Cindy Kiple

Interior design Beth McGill

Images Lakota rinity by Father John Giuliani

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983092983090983091-983092 (print)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983097983096983093983091-983092 (digital)

Printed in the United States of America

As a member of the Green Press Initiative InterVarsity Press is committed to protectingthe environment and to the responsible use of natural resources o learn more visit

greenpressinitiativeorg

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

P 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983092 983091983091 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093

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CONTENTS

In Memoriam 983097

Foreword 983089983089

Preace 983089983093

983089 he Creatorrsquos Presence Among Native People 983089983095

983090 he Colonization Evangelization and Assimilation

o First Nations People 983094983089

983091 Sweating with Jesus 983097983091

Stories of the Native Experience

983092 A View rom the Hill 983089983091983089

Emerging Native Expressions of the Jesus Way

983093 From Colonization to Contextualization 983089983097983089

983094 Looking Down the Road 983090983089983093

he Future of the Native Church

Editorsrsquo Acknowledgments 983090983091983089

Editorsrsquo ribute to Richard wiss 983090983091983091

Appendix A Final Words on Indigenous Education

and heology 983090983091983093

Appendix B What Should We Call You 983090983091983097

Glossary 983090983092983091

Abbreviations 983090983092983093

Notes 983090983092983095

Bibliography 983090983094983090




IN MEMORIAM

RICHARD LEO TWISS

June 983089983089 983089983097983093983092ndashFebruary 983097 983090983088983089983091

Richard Leo wiss aoyate Obnajin ldquoHe Stands with His Peoplerdquo

passed rom this lie and into the next on February 1048633 104862698308810486251048627 in Wash-

ington DC encircled by his wie Katherine and sons Andrew Phillip

Ian and Daniel Richard was fify-eightRichard was born on the Rosebud Reservation South Dakota among

his mother Winona (Larvie) LaPointersquos people the Sicangu Band o the

Rosebud LakotaSioux Richardrsquos ather Franklin (Buster) wiss (de-

ceased) was Oglala rom the Pine Ridge LakotaSioux Reservation also

in South Dakota

Until age seven Richard lived in Rosebud a town o six hundred on

the reservation In 1048625104863310486301048625 Richardrsquos mom moved the amily rom the res-ervation to Denver then to Klamath Falls Oregon and eventually to

Silverton Oregon where Richard attended the third through twelfh

grades Richardrsquos mom ensured they made regular summer visits back

home in order to stay connected with amily and culture

Afer graduating rom high school in 1048625104863310486311048626 Richard moved back to

Rosebud to attend Sinte Gleska ldquoSpotted ailrdquo College It was here that

he became involved in the American Indian Movement (AIM) Duringthis tumultuous time Richard strengthened his connection with rela-

tives and deepened his appreciation or Lakota culture

Richard wandered or a while ending up on the island o Maui in




1048625983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155

Hawaii where late one night alone on a deserted beach Creator re-

sponded to Richardrsquos desperate prayer making himsel known to him

From that night in 1048625104863310486311048628 until his passing Richard was on a spiritual journey to live a meaningul lie as a Lakota ollower o the Jesus Way

Richard met and ell in love with Katherine Kroshus o Vancouver

Washington and married her in 1048625104863310486311048630 Richardrsquos proudest legacy is his our

boys Andrew (Diana) Phillip Ian (oni) and Daniel and his grandsons

Ezra Leo and Jude

In February 1048625104863310486331048631 Richard and Katherine ounded the nonprofit min-

istry o Wiconi International Trough Wiconi Richard and Katherinetouched the lives o many thousands o people Richard also coounded

NAIIS (North American Institute or Indigenous Teological Studies)

he was chairman o the board or My People International a member o

the CCDA (Christian Community Development Association) and co-

ounder o Evangelicals or Justice In 104862698308810486251048625 Richard earned his doctorate

in missiology rom Asbury Teological Seminary Until his passing

Richard continued his teaching career through the NAIIS programPortland State University and other institutions o higher education

Richard authored a number o books pamphlets and articles over the

years His first book One Church Many ribes reached many people

with the message o an inculturated aith in Jesus

Richardrsquos mother Winona LaPointe sisters Elaine and Laurie LaPointe

nieces Stacy (Mark) Melissa (ony) Jana and their children remain to

continue his memory His brother om passed beore Richard in 10486269830881048625983088

Composed by erry LeBlanc with assistance from Richardrsquos family




FOREWORD

Each o us met Richard wiss at different times yet each o us met

when our own journeys (and Richardrsquos) needed additional lif to go

orward on our common trail Whether our first meeting was at a con-

erence through an introduction while studying together or just

hanging out and taking a retrospective look at our Creatorrsquos thoughts all

o us became ast riends with Richard

We all reflect very similarly on the act that Richard had the as-tounding ability to absorb what he read or heard rom others trans-

orming and then seamlessly integrating it into his own thinking While

each o us does somewhat the same thing as a unction o our Indigenous

communal approach to knowledge Richard was a master

It was in Spokane Washington in 1048625104863310486331048629 where Richard hit his stride

He had convened a Christ Culture and the Kingdom seminar or pastors

to present our ldquonewrdquo ideas about culture and aith When the conerenceended and all the attendees had departed we turned to one another

amazed that non-Indigenous pastors were keenly interested in what we

had to say It was the start o a new era or Indigenous ollowers o the

Jesus Way

Our individual and collective encounters orged links o deep and un-

breakable riendship Our camaraderie was truly symbioticmdashan idea

rom one transormed by the other complete with escalating humor Our

journey together depended so much on humor that afer a number o

years o tag-team conerences Richardrsquos mom reerred to us as a stand-up

comedy team Tere was never any doubt that erry was the straight man




10486251048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155

When Richard was provided the opportunity or doctoral studies at

Asbury Teological Seminary he was more than a bit reluctant to at-

tempt such a lofy goal Moreover we were all rustrated that advanceddegrees seemed necessary to urther our efforts to bring an Indigenous

voice to the wider public In Richardrsquos first week o school we had no

ewer than seven serious discussions about him quitting the program

Yet in the end the experience brought us closer together

Te Indigenous message we brought to class discussions became such

a dominant decolonizing voice that we were concerned about being too

great an influencemdashbut the proessors encouraged us pointing out howwe were empowering international students to speak up Following a

welcome event that we hostedmdashwhere Richard spoke words o affir-

mation or those in attendancemdashseventy students rom around the world

expressed that or the first time they elt welcomed to this country

Passionate argument ofen highlighted our close riendship Yet while

so engaged we never expressed animosity or ill willmdashonly deep com-

mitment to one another Just beore his passing or example an ar-gument raged over Richardrsquos attempt to nuance the definition o syn-

cretism in this his last book He used the descriptor counteractive to

modiy the word syncretism attempting a new definition with this two-

word phrase counteractive syncretism We told him it was needless con-

usionmdashthis hybrid phrase just didnrsquot correspond to the simple defi-

nition o syncretism A lot o ood or thought like this came to him in

deep discussions over many lattes

Tat he took our viewpoints seriously was always evident because later

on we would hear people say ldquoRichard says rdquo and in their words we

would hear our own words being repeatedmdashthe ones we had previously

discussed even argued over In our Indigenous communal way he took

our thoughtsmdashthose that were different rom hismdashand made them his

own wo different things his thoughts and our thoughts became one

new thingmdashhis new thought Now that is the definition o syncretism

His nuancing o the word syncretism is still not what we might agree with

but we think he would just laugh at this nonendorsement endorsement

o one o our best and deepest riends




Foreword 10486251048627

Richard was enigmatic On the one hand as he made clear in the closing

years o his lie he was a common man Yet undoubtedly in many ways he

was not He became or many in the wider Indigenous community ldquothe voice o one crying in the wildernessrdquo inviting believers to make straight

paths or people to find Jesus Denominational and doctrinal competition

that encroached on his early experience o aith set Richard up to return

to the simple message o Jesusmdasha highly-energized story o a Jesus stripped

o colonial baggage And Richard used his unique style and affable sense

o humor to communicate this like no one else ever could

Richard was a oil to anyone who encumbered the message o Jesuswith culturally-bound prejudice He presented a simple path to aithmdash

inviting people to be all they could be through a renewed relationship

with Creatorrsquos son He welcomed everyone to be a part o what Creator

was doing among us making everyone eel special in the process We

hope you will sense his generous spirit as he welcomes you to broaden

your horizonsmdashto come to understand a world where in Richardrsquos

words ldquoTe Gospel is being rescued rom the cowboysrdquo

erry LeBlanc (Gitpu) MirsquokmaqAcadian Listuguj First NationCampbellton

founding chair director NAIIS An Indigenous Learning Community exec-

utive director Indigenous Pathways

Randy S Woodley PhD Keetoowah descendant Distinguished Professor of

Faith and Culture George Fox Seminary author of Shalom and the Com-

munity o Creation An Indigenous Vision (Eerdmans) and Living in

Color Embracing Godrsquos Passion or Ethnic Diversity (InterVarsity Press)

Adrian Jacobs (Ganosono) urtle Clan Cayuga Nation Six Nations Hau-

denosaunee Confederacy Keeper of the Circle (principal) Sandy-Saulteaux

Spiritual Centre

Ray Aldred (Neyihaw) Cree reaty 1048632 assistant professor of theology Ambrose

University and Seminary chair NAIIS An Indigenous Learning Community




YOU JUST GHOSTED

You didnrsquot say goodbye you just ghosted

We turned around and you just werenrsquot there

A thousand miles away rom home you ell

You lef or heaven and plunged us all in hell

You didnrsquot give us a hug you just ghosted

In the middle o winter the cold breeze blew

Stranded and poor we had no way to get to you

A month later we finally showed sofened and blue

You lef without a word you just ghosted

Words only partially typed and a messy pile

Now wersquore sweeping things up and tying a bow

Finishing your story with ldquothis is what we knowrdquo

You lef without a signature you just ghosted

Outstanding heart accounts thatrsquoll never be paid

But wersquore carrying on doing the best we surmise

Dealing with your quick exit and total surprise

Adrian Jacobs




PREFACE

Hau kola ldquoHello riendrdquo

Tis manuscript Rescuing the Gospel from the Cowboys is based

on my reflections experiences and intense research over the past twenty-

our years It is the story o many o us Native and Indigenous leaders

who have been finding our way out o neocolonialism into a new liberty

as wersquove walked this Jesus Road together since the late 10486251048633983096983088s

Tis book began as a doctoral dissertation to research whether or notthere is or has been an Indigenous contextualized expression o the

Christian aith among the tribes o the United States and to a lesser

degree Canada Te purpose o my research was to identiy in what ways

Native leaders were reraming the gospel narrative as part o a larger

narrative o postcolonial decolonization in their own unique cultural

contexts Te specific ocus will be on the years 104862510486339830961048633ndash10486269830889830881048633

As I think about it these days contextualization is not a principleormula or evangelistic strategy Contextualization is a relational process

o theological and cultural reflection within a communitymdashseeking to

incorporate traditional symbols music dance ceremony and ritual to

make aith in Jesus a truly local expression Tere is an honest recognition

o the guidance o Creatorrsquos Spirit behind the widening critique and cor-

rection to the hegemonic assumptions o modernity and colonization

decolonization Critical thinking and retraditionalization are key to the

good contextualization efforts arising among Indigenous communities

In the radically-changing ethnic demographics o American culture

and the global community ollowers o Jesus are presented with great




10486251048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155

opportunities and challenges or good We must genuinely appreciate all

cultures as being capable o reflecting biblical aith We must move away

rom ldquoAmerican Christian mythologyrdquo which undergirds colonizationand its resulting paternalism in Indigenous communities We must em-

brace new theological perspectives emerging rom Native leaders as

being ldquoequalrdquo Tese perspectives provide new pathways or the contex-

tualization process Tese pathways identiy Indigenous cultural values

spirituality and ceremony as central to the new approaches to disci-

pleship and leadership development which occur within the community

No longer are such ldquonew approachesrdquo brought in by the cultural outsider




1

THE CREATORrsquoS PRESENCE

AMONG NATIVE PEOPLE

There is only one Creator o heaven and earth Tere are not ldquomanyrdquo

Creators Just one All o human and nonhuman creation comes out

o this one Creator Tere is not a Creator who created Arica and A-

ricans or Asia and Asians or Europe and Europeans and so orth Who

can create something rom nothing or bring into existence something

that was previously nonexistent It is only this one Creator and there is

none like himher1 Tat being said this one Creator sel-reveals in and

through a myriad o cultural realities in human and nonhuman persons

throughout Unci Maka our ldquoMother Earthrdquo2

Tere are world religions that present names or this one Creator

Tese religions provide creation stories and explanations or heaven

earth and humans and supply wisdom and doctrines to help humanity

resolve its existential dilemma Tere are world religions that have a

sacred text to reerence their belies and there are thousands o ldquoolk

religionsrdquo with oral traditions that do the same through story yetmdashthere

is still just one Creator

For us First Nations people ollowing Creator-Jesus within our Indig-

enous cultural ways without submitting to the hegemonic cultural as-

sumptions o todayrsquos conservative evangelicals is tough I am remindedweekly o these neocolonial and ignorant assumptions as they show up

on the radar o my lie Te ollowing email conversation I had in 104862698308810486251048626

typifies these ldquopingsrdquo




1048625983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155

A group o my First Nations riends and I were looking or a acility

to host a weekend planning retreat We looked at a ew o them and de-

cided on one I knew about rom past experience Te negotiations tobook the acility took an unexpected but not totally surprising turn as

the registration person reacted to the ldquoheathen Indiansrdquo once again

Hello Mr wiss

Whenever we have a new group register with our acility we take

the time and effort to research their belies and methods etc I have

been doing that with your group and we must CANCEL your re-treat with us In your effort to ldquorestore culturerdquo you are taking the

indigenous people back into paganism shamanism alse gods and

the occult You are leading them away rom the Gospel message o

the Bible We pray you will rethink what you are doing to the very

people you love so much I will return your deposit

Tank you ldquoJane Doerdquo

Greetings Jane Doe

Tank you or your response I have many years o involvement and

riendship with people in your center I look orward to continuing

this conversation and still keeping our reservation to host our re-

treat there While a ew may have some narrow and misinormed

ideas about our aith in Jesus and the scriptures please be assured

our group is as remarkable a group o Christ-ollowers as you will

meet Please eel ree to give me a call on my cell phone today

Tank you Richard

Hello Richard

Tank you so much or your email I am aware o your history We

do not doubt your sincere heart and desires But some o theteachings o your group andor its speakers seem to be steering

people away rom the solid Gospel and taking people toward other

gods It may be subtle and it may not be your intent but i one




he Creatorrsquos Presence Among Native People 10486251048633

person leaves our acility compromised in their Christian walk

then we have ailed in our mission It is a hard thing we have to do

but the Lord has asked us to take a very strong stand and we cando nothing less I have returned the deposit and have still canceled

the retreat We pray the Lord will continue to guide you careully

in your efforts

Jane Doe

Greetings Jane

Tanks or your response which honestly surprises me It is cer-

tainly not the spirit that I have elt rom the organizationrsquos be-

ginning as its ounders poured their lives into creating a space or

people to wrestle with the deep issues o lie and spiritual growth

So many o us were in our early twenties when we first journeyed

there struggling to make sense o this new aith and lie we ound

in JesusTe accusations you make against usmdashldquobiblical compromise

[alsehoodheresy] steering people away rom the Gospel into

idolatry [rejecting Christ]rdquo clothed in the notion o protecting the

true Gospel rom Native cultural ways o our Native Christian

communitymdashare plainly offensive theologically arrogant and

judgmental at bestmdashperhaps culturally racist at worst Your lan-

guage o ldquothe Lord has asked us to take a very strong standrdquo againstpeople like us and the way we express our aith in Jesus biblically

culturally and theologically reveals the kind o cultural oppression

our people ace rom an idealized and racialized view o scripture

I the goal is to turn your center into a bastion o biblical protec-

tionism theological control and cultural judgmentalism your

words well reflect that direction

Peace and gracemdashRichard

Richard

Te answer is still ldquoNOrdquo I hear what you are saying but we still




1048626983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155

cannot support what your group and the Indigenous People

Movement are teaching No retreat at our acility

Jane Doe

While this person may represent a more extreme point o view it

nonetheless is what the majority o Euro-American evangelicals believe

about our Native cultural and ceremonial ways Ignorance suspicion and

ear o Native ways run deep in the soul o the American church I will

show later how this has been (and remains) the American churchrsquos at-titude toward our Native ways or centuries now Te tragedy is that it is

not just we who suffer Because we suffer so deeply the entire church and

nation does too

However suspicion and ear run both ways Indigenous people have

a lot to ear about the ldquowhite manrsquos religionrdquo Conquest racism hatred

prejudice exclusion orced assimilation and ongoing institutional injus-

tices are just a ew o the ears that come to mind

ldquoE983158983141983150 W983144983141983150 W983141 G983141983156 983145983156 R983145983143983144983156 W983141 G983141983156 983145983156 W983154983151983150983143rdquo

mdashS983152983151983147983137983150983141 G983137983154983154983161

When my wie and I lived on the Coeur drsquoAlene Reservation in Northern

Idaho in 1048625104863310486331048630 I was introduced to a lie-changing story about a re-

markable Native leader named Chie Spokane Garry He is one o my

heroes o aith and culture Creator used Chie Garry (104862598309610486251048625ndash104862598309610486331048626) as aldquomessengerrdquo who had a proound spiritual impact by spreading the gospel

(along with his riend and co-worker Kootenai Pelly) among his people

and numerous other tribes in Washington Idaho Oregon and southward3

I have been to the cemetery in Spokane Washington where Chie

Garry was buried It was an honor and a privilege to be standing there

and I was deeply touched He was a tribal leader husband ather and

advocate or justice and Christian values While his efforts appeared tohave no lasting impact and did not bring the white settlers to an under-

standing o justice neverthelessmdashthroughout it allmdashhe remained true

to his aith in Jesus He died rejected and impoverished





While we were living on the ldquoRezrdquo (reservation) we did not know o

one Native man who regularly attended any o the six Protestant evan-

gelical churchesmdashdespite Garryrsquos lie work Barely hal a dozen womenattended Tis was true as well or the neighboring Nez Perce and Kalispel

reservations Tis act stood in stark contrast to the amazing spiritual

movement inspired by Chie Garry in this region that occurred prior to

an established colonial presence

Tere were other instances o divine intervention in ldquopreparing the

way o the Lordrdquo (Isaiah 10486289830881048627) or mission work among the tribes o

this area including prophecies among the Middle Spokane and Ka-lispel tribes

Yuree-rachen Yuree-rachen ldquoCircling Ravenrdquo was a shaman rom the

Middle Spokane tribe in the late 10486251048631983088983088s He had a personal crisis o aith

in Creator afer his sonrsquos untimely death so he went to Mt Spokane or

a time o asting and prayer During this worship time he received a

vision rom Creator whom they called Quilent-sat-men ldquoHe-Made-Usrdquo

In the vision Yuree-rachen saw white men dressed strangely carryingbundles o leaves astened together He was told that the people were to

learn rom the teachings inscribed on the leaves4

Shining Shirt A similar vision in about the same time period was

given to ldquoShining Shirtrdquo said to be both a chie and a shaman o the Ka-

lispel tribe Ethnologist Harry Holbert urney-High writes that Shining

Shirt was granted a vision in which he was told that there is a Creator and

that air-skinned men in black robes would come and teach them how to

live in a new way according to a moral law During the vision Shining

Shirt was given a metal object engraved with a cross White men were

unknown to these tribal people at that time5

Creator had been at work preparing the Native people or the arrival o

the gospel o Jesus Te Christian revival among those tribes evangelized

by Spokane Garry and Kootenai Pelly was noted by white settlers and ex-

plorers For example Washington Irving in ldquoTe Adventures o Captain

Bonnevillerdquo urther documents the spread o Christianity throughout the

tribes o that region During the winter o 104862598309610486271048626 Bonneville camped with

the Nez Perce on the upper Salmon River in Oregon and observed




10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155

Simply to call these people religious would convey but a aint

idea o the deep hue o piety and devotion which pervades their

whole conduct Teir honesty is immaculate and their purity opurpose and their observance o the rites o their religion are most

uniorm and remarkable Tey are certainly more like a nation o

saints than a horde o savages6

I think the purity and genuine aith mentioned by Bonneville and

others was a result o a aith birthed rom the witness o Jesus-ollowing

Indigenous people to their own tribes Tey spoke the contextual

gospel rom their hearts among their people Tis was not simply the

ldquowhite manrsquos gospelrdquo7

During the time rame o 104862598309610486271048629 to 10486259830961048629983088 European-American mission-

aries arrived in Washington and Oregon Tey communicated the gospel

rom their own cultural viewpoints Te truth is that the gospel o Christ

already had a oothold among the tribes o these areas

With the arrival o the white missionaries and their brand o Christi-

anity the story takes a predictable and unortunate turn Just as Catholic

missionaries insisted on Roman control over earlier Celtic Christian

areas8 so these Anglo missionaries insisted on Euro-American (Western-

style) Christian worship as well as doctrine What is worse their pater-

nalism ethnocentrism colonial collusion and modernism soon ldquocivi-

lizedrdquo this Indigenous movement o the gospel story and thus blinded

these Christians to the already existing work o Creator among theNative nations o the land oday throughout the entire region except

or the history books there is but a remnant o that remarkable out-

pouring o Creatorrsquos story o grace spirituality and community renewal

Unortunately this negative legacy o Christian mission among the

Coeur drsquoAlene Spokane Nez Perce and other tribes is not exceptional

Afer our centuries First Nations peoplesrsquo cultural expressions are still

marginalized or oppressed across North America Native leadership inthe wider church is absent in the evangelical mainstream Tese early

missionaries ldquopeople o their timesrdquo ound little reason to regard Native

believers as coequals because they perceived their own cultural ways as





superior Tus the majority o these missionaries denounced and de-

monized Native cultural ways part and parcel as pagan idolatrous evil

and sinulAs a result an authentic Native American cultural or Indigenous

expression o ollowing Jesus was never allowed to developmdashthe very

idea being rejected as syncretistic and incongruous with ldquobiblicalrdquo aith

Tis kind o colonial missionary mindset is sadly not a thing o the

past but is still the prevailing perspective (in both Native and non-

Native Christian leaders) among those working in our tribal commu-

nities today Instead o embracing Jesus as the Creator the majority oNative Americans blame American Christianity and the church or the

loss o their own culture and identity Is it any wonder that the vast

majority o Native people today reject Christianity as the ldquowhite manrsquos

religionrdquo

Te headline o a 10486269830889830881048631 article rom the CBC News Network in Canada

read ldquoWinnipeg Church Nixes Native Dancing at Habitat or Humanity

Eventrdquo Te article went on to say

A Winnipeg church prevented aboriginal dancers rom perorming

at a Habitat or Humanity event this week saying the perormance

was not an expression o Christian aith ldquoNative spiritual dancing

has its roots in a different spiritual belie system that is incongruent

with traditional Christian worshiprdquomdashPastor Mark Hughes9

Tis pastor and his church staff though proessing a vision or creatinga multiethnic congregation are not exceptional in their ethnocentric

views and attitudes toward First Nations people and their cultural ex-

pressions Tis church averages 10486261048629983088983088 people in Sunday attendance is

one o the largest in Canada and is considered a leading ldquoChristian voicerdquo

in the province and city

Because o colonial missionariesrsquo attitudes o cultural superiority a

Native American cultural expression o ollowing Jesus didnrsquot developat the time Another powerul actor contributing to the cultural op-

pression brought with the gospel was that Native people were many

times first introduced to Jesus as part o American territorialism




10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155

treaty enorcement educational programs economic hegemony and

social disintegration through assimilation For a period o time be-

ginning in 104862598309610486301048633 ldquoIndian agencies were assigned to religious societiesrdquoTose assigned were ldquoduly subordinate and responsiblerdquo in these o-

BOARDING SCHOOLS

Perhaps the most devastating blow to the lives of Native Americans

was the forced removal of thousands of their children from their

homes the goal being assimilation into American or Canadian societyMy grandparents parents aunties uncles and numerous cous-

ins were all required andor forced to attend either a Bureau of In-

dian Affairs (BIA) or Catholic-run boarding school on the Pine Ridge

or Rosebud LakotaSioux Reservations I have heard heartbreaking

stories of many of their traumatic experiences As children my rela-

tives endured such cruelties as being forced to work in the fields

dairy bakery and shops as free laborers eating onion sandwiches

while watching the priests and nuns dine lavishly by comparison

and being severely punished for speaking so much as one word intheir own language It was not unusual for children to suffer ner-

vous breakdowns as a result of various abuses

While my mother and her siblings grew up speaking Lakota in

their home they chose not to teach us their children in order to

protect us from the kind of racism and prejudice they had experi-

enced In part too they wanted us to be successful in the white

manrsquos world and speaking Lakota was a hindrance to that The

boarding school experience was a major factor in their decision

The effects of the Boarding School era have steadily flowed

down through the generations to my relatives and to a lesser de-

gree to me and now my wife and sons We see the results of this

policy on the Rosebud Reservation today

An article in the New York Times titled ldquoIndian Reservation Reeling in

Wave of Youth Suicides and Attemptsrdquo tells the story of the traumatic

results of these boarding schools10 The young people attempting and

or committing suicide are the children and grandchildren of those

forced to attend the boarding schools on the Rosebud ReservationDavid Wallace Adams in his book Education for Extinction Amer-

ican Indians and the Boarding School Experience 1875ndash1928 goes

into great detail about the history of the Boarding School Era11





ficial capacities as Indian agents to the United States Department o the

Interior via their denominational structures Te Federal Government

along with denominational and missionary groups believed this planmight improve the ability o government policies to stimulate ldquothe slow

growth o the savage beastsrdquo leading to the ldquomoral and religious ad-

vancement o the Indiansrdquo It was hoped that this collaboration be-

tween Christianity and government agencies would work to ldquoassume

charge o the intellectual and moral education o the Indians within

the reach o their influencerdquo12 Te intention was to improve the well-

being o the tribal people assigned to the care o these various churchmissionary societies

W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103

My twenty years o observation and participation in mission activities

among First Nations people has made it evident that rather than good

news the ldquoGood Newsrdquo story remains highly ineffective among Native

people and or many it means bad news Afer hundreds o years omissionary efforts an extremely low number o Native people are ac-

tively engaged in a lie o aith in Jesus and participation in some

Christian tradition Tis is largely reflective o Euro-American colonial

cultural orms expressions and worldview values Te majority o Native

evangelical church leaders and members today have little understanding

or appreciation o the meaning and value o critical contextualizationmdash

at least in a ceremonial or ldquoreligiousrdquo setting Little attempt has been

made toward the establishment o a truly Indigenous church movement

that occurs ldquowithinrdquo the sociocultural ceremonial and religious lieways

o the community

While I am only briefly mentioning some points o historical op-

pression and trauma there are volumes o texts that describe in great

detail how a Eurocentric and ldquomodernrdquo worldview o early missionaries

and church workers engendered a neocolonial hegemony in American

missionary efforts toward the Indigenous tribes13 Tese modernist as-

sumptions resulted in the churchrsquos inability to represent Jesus Christ ap-

propriately to the host people o the land thus came the ailure to orm




10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155

a biblical Indigenous aith among the tribes o North America Tis he-

gemony has not dissolved or disappeared over time but instead con-

tinues as a major problem plaguing the work o the church among FirstNations people However some Native ministry leaders have begun to

address this problem with vigor wisdom and couragemdashand that is the

point o this book

I have observed that Indigenous believers are increasingly disen-

chanted disillusioned and dissatisfied with their traditional evangelical

mostly ldquowhite churchrdquo experience Tis has served as the impetus or a

new decolonizing contextualization movement o the gospel Tismovement had multiple creative centers each somewhat independent o

each other and spread rom those centers beginning in the late 10486251048633983096983088s

and on into this century Te writings rom Arican South American

and Asian theologians as well as conversations with Indigenous leaders

around the world inspired a new generation o Indigenous leaders

within the wider Christian community to begin exploring other possi-

bilities (ie ldquoinnovationsrdquo) As they reed themselves rom colonialChristianity and began a process o personal internal decolonization

they sought to contextualize the gospel in their various cultural contexts

In the past twenty years this dissatisaction has spread all across North

America as believers embrace a new and holistic view o their rela-

tionship with Jesus and their religious practice within their cultural ways

S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103

For over twenty years I have been a part o the growing international phe-

nomenon o emerging Indigenous decolonizing contextualization initia-

tives Tese initiatives are contextualizing the gospel and engaging in re-

vitalization efforts in response to the prolonged paternalism and

marginalization o Native peoples Various First Nationsndashled decolonizing

efforts are proactively challenging and offering alternative narratives to the

cultural hegemony o previous decades o Native missions Te paradigms

o mission and ecclesiology that are suracing are biblically-inormed al-

ternatives to the current neocolonial models and practices o denomina-

tions mission agencies and some Native Christian organizations





I have used Everett Rogersrsquos Diffusion of Innovations in my research14

I have identified the innovators early adopters and opinion leaders and

traced various networks and communication channels Trough inter- views with the key leaders I discovered the oundational ideologies and

theologies that have inspired the various Native American Indigenous

contextualization initiatives within the period rom 104862510486339830961048633 to 10486269830889830881048633 Obvi-

ously these initiatives did not occur in a vacuum Te work and writings

o others inspired the efforts o these innovators prior to 104862510486339830961048633 and I will

reerence a ew o them but limit my study to the past twenty years I

gathered evidence illustrating how the prevailing attitude o existingNative church leaders and mission agencies toward these emerging con-

textualization effortsmdashwhich had been primarily negativemdashhas changed

over the past twenty years

It is my great hope that this book will enhance the existing body o

literature on First Nations decolonizing contextual efforts in North

America Because this wave o contextualization is so new there is very

little literature available Tere have been many books written by Nativethinkers and theologians on the negative impact o missionary efforts

among Native people While offering a helpul critique they offer little

help in creating a redemptive way forward

I want to magniy the awareness and critical importance o innovative

missiological paradigms emerging rom the Native Christian community

as viable biblical alternatives to existing models A ew Native leadersmdash

representative o a ldquoconservative evangelicalrdquo theological perspectivemdash

have written articles and materials that are highly critical o contextual-

ization efforts15 Other Anglo writers have been very ldquoundamentalistrdquo or

ldquomodernistrdquo in their criticisms o the movement

Tis book as a broad analysis o these decolonizing initiatives repre-

sents the significant possibility o restructuring missionary approaches

and introducing new models or the encouragement o community de-

velopment among our North American tribal people Tis is not exclu-

sively true or Native peoples Our society as a whole is becoming more

diverse culturally and in choice o religious aith New mission and com-

munity development paradigms will be required or those cultures as well







ceived as incompatible or opposing beliesmdashnot just surace or behav-

ioral belies but essential worldview perspectives Over the past two to

three decades in North America syncretism has become a topic o in-tense disagreement among those involved in Native American ministry

When it comes to Western systematic theology syncretism is not seen as

positive but rather as antithetical to ldquosound doctrinerdquo Tese perceptions

o syncretism are particularly strident in Indian Country when it comes

to the intersection o aith and culture I acknowledge there are situations

where mixing can blur or distort onersquos vision o Christ which I think is

the essential problem We know that Christ is not distorted but peoplersquosperceptions certainly can be ldquoNow we see things imperectly like puz-

zling reflections in a mirror but then we will see everything with perect

clarity All that I know now is partial and incomplete but then I will

know everything completely just as God now knows me completelyrdquo

(1048625 Cor 1048625104862710486251048626) I we can only at best see ldquopuzzling reflectionsrdquo then

perhaps we can never totally escape distortion I am suggesting in light

o the arguable definitions o ldquowhat is and what isnrsquotrdquo syncretism thatmixing is a normative process o positive change and transormationmdash

and not always so clear

Without attempting to present a succinct definition o syncretism I

invite you to join me and briefly wrestle with the evolution and fluidity

o meanings applications and language Tis means considering the

sources or locations rom which authoritative definitions originate As

Indigenous scholars we acknowledge the need to speak to people in their

own cultural languagesmdashbut there still exists the tension o remaining

true to Creatorrsquos unique story o Jesus and Great Spiritrsquos work among us

while doing that

While theologians and church leaders attempt to define syncretism

with ldquorelative objectivityrdquo I donrsquot see this being possible because the

conversation is situated within thus prejudiced by Western reduc-

tionist categories Native North American ministry leaders have never

seriously studied its meaning outside these Western categories and are

thus predisposed to consider syncretism to be synonymous with bib-

lical heresy18 Ineffective ministry strategies continue unopposed when




1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155

syncretism is conused with critical contextualization

My riend Harold Roscher (Cree) invites us to widen this discourse to

include ldquoHow we as lsquoIndiansrsquo thought about syncretism What was ourword or that ideardquo He says ldquoI suggest we use our Indigenous eyes to

look at the concept o syncretism not only as comparison but to show

the broader world we struggled with these issues beore Christian mis-

sionaries showed uprdquo He explains it this way

For example letrsquos say you were a spiritual leader rom the Pine

Ridge Sioux Reservation in South Dakota and you moved into our

territory here in Northern Alberta (Canada) Cree country Afer

arriving you began sharing your Lakota teachings among the Cree

Afer a while you might mix in some Cree teachings to make it

more palatable or us Crees Our Cree Elders are not opposed in

principle to your being a cultural teacher however as a Lakota

elder you must ollow our protocols or teaching In the old days

you as a Lakota elder would sit with our different Cree elders and

discuss your teachings and these our elders would eventually get

together to discussdiscern your teachings I they elt your

teachings were trustworthy you would be given permission even

the blessing to conduct your Lakota ceremonies in Cree Country

I believe each tribe had its way o dealing with alse teachings and

the blending o teachings It is because o these cultural saeguards

the teachings in our original languages stayed purer ranslationinto English has been difficult or tribal rituals and ceremonies to

remain as exact to the traditional teachings So is translation an-

other component to syncretism19

As ollowers o Christ we share a common belie in a Ghost Jesus said

he had to leave this world so that ldquoTe Helperrdquo would come in his place

Our Spirit Guidemdashour Helpermdashis a Ghost Fundamental to my dis-

course about syncretism is a great confidence in the presence power andpersuasion o the Holy Spirit to help keep us rom going off the deep end

on this journey o personal and spiritual transormation when it comes

to cultural appropriation in light o biblical revelation





Globally contemporary definitions and concerns about syncretism

must be rescued rom ldquothe Cowboysrdquo or ldquoWestern cultural captivityrdquo

While I eel compelled to use existing terminology on the topic we des-perately need to relocate the discourse about syncretism rom its Western

epistemological hegemony to an Indigenous worldview ramework For

many evangelicals this hegemony is understood as biblically rooted in

the concern or ldquoconverting the lostrdquo Tus syncretism is threatening be-

cause it encroaches on the gospel message as the saving message by di-

erentiating good rom evil sacred rom proane heaven rom hell and

in our instance Native rom non-NativeAs a beginning point or this rescue operation while I acknowledge

the word syncretism cannot be rehabilitated because o its theologically

political nature I do hope to dull its edge o some degree at least I hope

to reduce its culturally demonizing power in our Indigenous commu-

nities by widening the context o the conversation I am proposing based

on biblical research by reputable scholars that a transitional process o

syncretism is a normal part o our spiritual growthmdashyes normal Itmight even be thought o as ldquotransitionalrdquo syncretism or a syncretistic

process o transormation

People move in and out o syncretism as they embrace reject

modiy learn and grow toward spiritual maturity as sociocultural

persons ollowing Jesus Syncretism is not the undisputed end o the

process although it might end up that way Contemporary evangelical

thought has been inclined to see syncretism in a dualistic interpretive

contextmdashas a final and unchangeable state o being It is seen as the

consequence o combining good and evil right and wrong correct

and alse biblical and heretical godly and demonic enlightened and

deceived belies or practices resulting in alsehood heresy or ultimate

deception Tis cultural ldquodeceptionrdquo is identified by contrasting it to

the theological standards or the ldquotrue aithrdquo which is firmly em-

bedded in a Western polemic

Peter van der Veer suggests that the term syncretism reers to a ldquopolitics

o difference and identity and that as such the notion o power is crucial

in its understanding At stake is the power to identiy true religion and to




10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155

authorize some practices as lsquotruthulrsquo and others as lsquoalsersquordquo Syncretism

came to be used by deenders o ldquothe true aithrdquo as a protection against

illicit contaminationmdashldquoa sign o religious decadencerdquo ldquobetrayal o prin-ciplesrdquo or the ldquocorruption o the ruthrdquo ldquoWhat it attempted to do was to

establish itsel as the single source o authenticationrdquo20

A group o Native evangelical leaders (CHIEFmdashChristian Hope Indian

Eskimo Fellowship) offers this definition o culture and syncretism

By native culture we mean the dynamic learned lie-ways belies

and values o our people as revealed in our languages customs

relationships arts and rituals In native culture religion permeates

all aspects o lie and is ofen identified as being the culture even

though it is only an aspect o it

By syncretism we reer specifically to the subtle attempt to inte-

grate Biblical truth and aith in Christ with non-Biblical Native

religious belies practices and orms Te result is an adulteration

o Biblical truth and the birth o ldquoanother gospelrdquo (Gal 10486251048630-1048633)21

In 1048626983088983088983088 the Native American District o the Christian and Missionary

Alliance (CampMA) Church produced a position paper titled ldquoBoundary

Linesrdquo In the preamble they write their purpose

[]o assist pastors and lay people to protect [them] rom unbiblical

teaching and to promote the proper use o culture in the Native

American evangelical Christian context Over the years there seems

to have been a consensus among the evangelical denominations

mission organizations and independent Native Christian churches

that true believers should break completely with all animistic prac-

tices Recently there has been introduced in the Native evangelical

church community the concept that drums rattles and other sacred

paraphernalia ormerly used in animistic worship can be ldquoredeemedrdquo

or use in Christian worship Tis position does not enjoy consensus

among Native evangelical church leaders Te Paper addresses the

undamental issues relating to the concept o redeemingtrans-

orming animistic objects or Christian worship Legitimate defini-

tions o the terms ldquoCulturerdquo ldquoWorld viewrdquo ldquoSyncretismrdquo ldquoCultural





Form and Meaningrdquo ldquoSacred Objectsrdquo and ldquoCritical Contextual-

izationrdquo as they relate to this study have been provided22

Both o these Native-produced documents attempt to establish their

views as the standards or biblical authenticity or ldquothe officialrdquo Native

positions Tey are quoted as authoritative sources o biblical scholarship

within our wider Native evangelical community Teir use o the phrases

ldquoadulteration o Biblical truthrdquo ldquobirth o another gospelrdquo ldquotrue believersrdquo

ldquounbiblical teachingrdquo ldquoproper use o culturerdquo and ldquolegitimate definitions

o termsrdquo implies control It is again what van der Veer describes as ldquothe

power to identiy true religion and to authorize some practices as

lsquotruthulrsquo and others as lsquoalsersquo as the single source o authenticationrdquo23

It is not good hermeneutics

It would appear that theology needs not only to be rescued rom the

cowboys and the Crown but perhaps the Indians (Indigenous leaders)

too Rather than creating categories o true and alse I think we would

be better served i we considered syncretism to be the exploration o

the synthesis o aith belie and practice in a dynamic process o

blending adding subtracting changing testing and working things

out Tis process does not take anything away rom the authority o

Scripture or orthodoxy Te critical dynamic or this process o pro-

ducing loving and mature ollowers o Jesus however is that it is not

an individualistic venture It is thoroughly rooted in a community o

ellow seekers Tis is where saety and balance are ound Tat beingsaid however conversations between the conservative and less-

conservative Native leadership have not occurred with any regularity

and relationships remain estranged

Because wersquore rail human beings the dynamics o personal spiritual

growth over time cannot be easily cleanly identified and quantified or

categorized or accuracy Jesus told his early disciples that afer new

seeds were planted and weeds began to grow up alongside them theycouldnrsquot distinguish the difference between the weeds and the wheat

growing in the field So he advised them not to pull up the weeds be-

cause theyrsquod be pulling up the wheat too (Mt 1048625104862710486261048628-1048627983088) Jesus said ldquoYes




10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155

just as you can identiy a tree by its ruit so you can identiy people by

their actionsrdquo (Matt 10486311048626983088) Te ruit o the Spirit is love joy peace pa-

tience kindness goodness aithulness gentleness and sel-control(Gal 104862910486261048626) While these ruits qualities values or characteristics are uni-

versally true or all people how do they find expression uniquely in

each local culture

Charles Kraf notes the question aced by Christian witnesses is

however ldquowhether any given undesirable state is but a step in a con-

tinuing process or whether the changes have virtually come to an end

and the people are settled in their present belies and behaviorrdquo24 Issomeone simply passing through on his or her journey or have they

decided to settle in and dwell there Is settling or an hour too long How

about a week month year or decade What is actually at stake with

syncretism Salvation Eternal acceptance in heaven or rejection in hell

Judgment Or how about power control position status and authority

Syncretism implies mixing As cultural beings we have nothing but

syncretism in the church and rightly so since the gospel always getsinside culture (parable o the yeast and the dough parable o the mustard

seed parable o the wheat and the tares) We mix music ceremony lan-

guage art symbols vocabulary ashion ideologies nationalism and

cultural metaphors constantly

So the question is is this a step or the end product And is this a kind

o mixing that respects Creator and culture or the kind that contradicts

or eliminates either a particular view o Creator (what most people mean

by syncretism) or culture (what the conservatives end up doing)

rue conversionmdashbecoming transormed and over a lietime con-

formed to the person o Jesusmdashis a gradual and erratic process o sociocul-

tural change or acculturation It is not regulated or predictable nor is it an

evenly paced process o change and transormation but quite the opposite

It is uneven variable messy irregular and fluctuating It is an organic

process o spiritual transormation as we engage the sacred ways o our

Creator bound by the limitations o our existence as finite human beings

As a ldquosyncretistrdquo I have a core allegiance to Jesus as Creator that is

enriched urther inormed and inspired by traditional Lakota cere-





monial ways and belies I am able to hold the ldquoexclusiverdquo claims o Christ

in tension with the religious claims o other Indigenous ways that I em-

brace and lose nothing o my aith in Jesus in the process Tis is part othe contrast o confidence between Western dualistic categories as the

container or ldquotrue knowledge o Godrdquo and Indigenous ambiguity or

embracing Creator ldquoall aroundrdquo Tis ambiguity is normative syncretistic

process not counteractive syncretism

Counteractive syncretism A legitimate concern exists about a kind

o mixing that I will call ldquocounteractive syncretismrdquo Counteractive syn-

cretism conveys the idea o a kind o mixing o core religious belies thatultimately diminish ully resist or finally stopmdashcounteract mdashonersquos per-

sonal aith journey as a ollower o Jesus and his ways As I alluded to

earlier I believe that any o these three conditionsmdashdiminish resist or

stopmdashcan be temporary realities in a personrsquos journey As the adage goes

however ldquoItrsquos one thing i a bird lands on your head Itrsquos another thing i

you let it build a nestrdquo

Does blending or mixing cultural waysbelies complement or mu-tually and positively inorm varying aith perspectives or does it result

in the rejection o the centrality o the biblical historical Jesus Christ as

Creatormdashthe incarnation o Creator among us Does this rejection stem

rom assumptions that other religious beliesspiritual practices are

equally dynamic in ulfilling Creatorrsquos intended purposes or creation

through Jesus Adrian Jacobs (Cayuga rom the Handsome Lake Long-

house o the Six Nations Iroquois Conederacy) sees the essential

problem with syncretism as ldquotaking two things that are not the same and

in the process o syncretism making them the samerdquo He would appeal

to the apostle Paulrsquos positive reerence to the belie o the Mars Hill dev-

otees beore the altar to the Unknown God as being equivalent to (and

thus syncretized with) Paulrsquos declaration o Jesus (Acts 1048625104863110486261048626-10486271048628) He as-

serts that i all non-Christian religious belies are wrongmdashantithetical to

biblical truthmdashthen Paul was promoting counteractive syncretism in his

message to the Mars Hill people

Conversely then does embracing Christ require that one reject all

other cultural and religious ways o being thinking expressing and




10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155

living out our aith in Jesus as Cree Lakota Maori Navajo Hawaiian

Aborigine and so orth

Counteractive syncretism might be experienced as an uncriticalopen-ended or naive embrace o religious pluralism Additionally

there might not be any acknowledgment o the evil dark malevolent

orces that requently find expression in some religious practices

Counteractive syncretism would direct onersquos ldquoprimary allegiancerdquo to

someonesomething other than Jesus Christ by reason o a personrsquos

participation in a new religious system As my Cree riend and biblical

scholar Ray Aldred would say ldquoSyncretism is not good when it takesaway rom the real message o communionmdashthe redemptive death and

resurrection o Christ which produces lie rom above liberating all o

human and non-human creation to find and experience the beauty o

Creatorrsquos loverdquo25

It seems that Western-trained theologians and the theologies rooted

in them are quite concerned about protecting the Bible rom a kind o

imagined ldquoIndigenous cultural invasionrdquo Te Roman Empire had ahuge military orce to protect its land claims and authority rom

hostile enemies Te United States o America has a similar orce in

place and is not araid to use it to protect its national borders and

international interests

It isnrsquot unusual or influential church leaders to perceive any new

movement as a threat to a ldquogenuinerdquo expression o Christian aith Be-

cause these new ideas ofen originate in the margins o power and end

up outside the culturally-ormed religious ldquoboxesrdquo o these leaders their

authority as representatives o correct biblical truth is threatened Teir

belie systems (or they ofen believe Godrsquos perspective) are under attack

Tey become intent on protecting Godrsquos reputation authority and sacred

text rom being compromised by being too closely linked or combined

with Indigenous ways o being believing and living

As you have read this has happened in Indigenous communities all

over North America and among the Maori o New Zealand Aborigine

o Australia Hawaiians Quechua o Peru and around the world Te

extensive mission history o the past not biblical study has prompted an





intense ear o counteractive syncretismmdashinstead o it being considered

a part o the normal process o adaptation26

American nationalismmdashcounteractive syncretism I want to suggestthat openly displaying the American flag alongside the ldquoChristian flagrdquo

on each side o the stage or pulpit is an example o counteractive syn-

cretism It is blending the ideology o nationhood and the Christian re-

ligion It presupposes an idealized national exceptionalism o Godrsquos cho-

senness blessing and approval o America Te result is a unique

Americanized version o Christianity that directs attention away rom

identity in Christ and his kingdom It redirects allegiance to a kind oldquoChristian patriotismrdquo that demands a deep-seated loyalty reverence

trust and aith in political military and economic might It inspires na-

tional pride and the assumptions o Creatorrsquos divine avor Why donrsquot

Canadian churches place Canadian flags in their churches

Te mixing o Euro-American culture with the gospelmdashrom Plato to

Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reaganmdashis considered permissible and or-

thodox Brian McLaren sees counteractive syncretism when used intypical ways by white Euro-American male theologians as intended to

attack the mixing o any cultural heritage (other than their own) with

the gospel For him the result ldquois the mixing o Platonic categories with

the biblical witness (as the creeds exempliymdashdependent as they are on

terms like lsquohomoousiosrsquo and lsquohypostasisrsquo) without claims o syncretism

but Native American stories and culture cannotrdquo do the same27

Te 1048626983088983088983096 pre-election rhetoric voiced the ears o many conservative

American Christian leaders who believed that the election o President

Barack Obama would signal the ldquoend timesrdquo and the return o Jesus Why

didnrsquot the presidential elections o Brazil the Philippines Russia and so

on cause similar anxieties Because American ethnocentrism is con-

structed and ueled by theologically inormed nationalism In my view

this politico-religious syncretism results in a ldquocompromise o Scripturerdquo

that has and does suppress Indigenous cultural identity It oppresses

Native intellectual thought and resists desperately needed wisdom located

in the Indigenous ldquoknowledge traditionsrdquo that Western Christianity lacks

Tis does not take into account the dehumanizing enslavement o tribal




1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155

people rom Arica utilizing a biblical narrative that identifies them as

ldquodescendants o Hamrdquo and ldquocursed by Godrdquo and thus not ully human Nor

does it account or the elevation o male over emale and the unjust op-pression o women particularly in church matters

Counteractive syncretism is not about playing a powwow drum in

church on a Sunday morning doing a Maori Haka dance or going on an

Aborigine ldquoWalkaboutrdquo Nor is it about burning sage or sweet grass in

my prayers or sitting in a sweat lodge ceremony helping young people

make healthy lie choicesmdashhelping couples to become more loving

wiveshusbands mothersathers and community membersTis discourse on syncretism invites First NationsIndigenous theo-

logians and scholars to prophetically address what is an oppressive Eu-

rocentric cultural syncretism in our countries

While I am responding to this concern primarily as ramed within the

North American evangelical community it is necessary to consider on-

going developments in global missions thinking to widen the conver-

sation as Indigenous scholars worldwide find their voice in this emergingera o postcolonial Christianity

Western(ism) culture In Christian Conversion or Cultural Conversion

Charles Kraf finds it unortunate that many missionaries have such a

poor understanding o the cultural dynamics o crosscultural communi-

cation with ldquoregard to culture in general and Western culture in par-

ticularrdquo He states the obvious that people rom Western cultures are most

amiliar with a Christianity that is highly adapted to Western cultural

orms He writes elsewhere ldquoWestern Christianity is (ideally) God in

Christ made relevant to members o Western culture which is charac-

terized by amiliar orms o worship music organization philosophy

(theology) and moral standardsrdquo28

Without exception the many Native North American authors I have

read and researched have wrestled in their words with the negative

influences o Westernism Western culture and Western-American and

Euro-American cultural orces Realizing the magnitude and history o

these concepts in this book I will nonetheless reerence the more com-

monly understood meanings behind the concepts o colonialism and





Westernism Tese meanings will be best understood in our North

American context yet woven into the abric o a global postcolonial dia-

logue I will requently use these terms interchangeably or as synonymsAndrew Walls in ldquoAmerica as the Ultimate Development o the Westrdquo (a

section o his book Te Missionary Movement in Christian History ) offers

this perspective on the unique American expression o Western culture

In so ar as America stands or the West America is the West writ

large Western characteristics are exemplified to the ullest extent

Americans themselves have always been aware that they represent

the decisive and ultimate development o the West Without

plunging into such deep waters we may still recognize a specifically

American Christianity an expression o Christian aith ormed

within and by American culture Among the eatures that mark it

out rom other such Christian expressions are vigorous expan-

sionism readiness o invention a willingness to make the ullest use

o contemporary technology finance organization and business

methods a mental separation o the spiritual and the political

realms combined with the conviction o the superlative excellence

i not a universal relevance o the historic constitution and values

o the nation and an approach to theology evangelism and church

lie in terms o addressing problems and finding solutions29

While Wallsrsquos caricature o American Western culture is certainly de-

batable it does provide a ramework to help describe Westernism LesslieNewbigin in Foolishness to the Greeks Te Gospel and Western Culture

also does excellent work identiying ldquothe essential eatures o our modern

Western culturerdquo30

Te argument made by William Reyburn in Te Missionary and Cul-

tural Diffusion is that essentially ldquothe modern missionaryrsquos inherited

view o the universe is an inseparable part o his own ethos (the dis-

tinctive point o view o his culture) with which means he comes toterms with Christianity His thinking and action are cast in a ramework

which is or him necessary and meaningul but which appears to the olk

societies quite ofen as meaninglessrdquo31 In other words the missionary




1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155

cannot help but be who he or she is culturally whether German

American Dutch or Korean and this is true or all those who have come

to our reservations and tribal lands or centuriesTis is a problematic eature o crosscultural communicationmdashthe

spread o the gospel message rom one people and place to another Jesus

said to go and communicate with all people in all places the good news

o his coming It is problematic when the culture o the oreigner be-

comes associated with ldquonormativerdquo biblical aith as it occurred

throughout North America One o the eatures o Western thought has

been a perceived dichotomy o natural and supernatural which hasrarely made sense to local Indigenous communities Reyburn points to

the act that

the missionary who disavows being a carrier o Western culture is

denying himsel the very structure o his thought into which he

cradled his presentation o the gospel and lie Te ordered view o

the universe means that aith to believe must be placed in some-

thing which is not beneath that order but over and above it Te

modern man does not sacrifice the ordered eeling or the universe

when he finds aith to believe He views his aith as finding its locus

and the source o order32

A short time ago I met with a non-Native colleague who is actively

involved in ull-time Native ministry as a Bible teacher or a Native

Christian organization While discussing the controversy and challengeo doing contextualization he said to me ldquoI barely know my own white

culture let alone Native culture so I am just going to stick to teaching

the Word o God and you can teach about culturerdquo His pejorative

comment reflects a Western dichotomy that is problematic or us

Reyburn comments on a nearly identical comment made by a missionary

in Arica who said ldquoWe are here only to present the Gospel not American

or Western civilizationrdquo33

It is actually a ridiculous thing to say yet again reflects Western di-

chotomous notions I will reerence throughout this paper From our

First Nations experience this ldquoWesternismrdquo is not a aceless ethereal and





abstract philosophical construct Rather it maniests itsel daily in

persons ideologies policies institutions structures and organizations

Reyburn describes this reality well

Te introduction o Christianity in this century is heavily secu-

larized and institutionalized Te creation o a new class or classes

within the old society opens up new channels or the diffusion o

Western culture Te process is that o making a copy an imitation

A copy can only be partial especially where there are barriers or

intimate contact34

Dale Kietzman and William Smalley in Te Missionaryrsquos Role in

Culture Change provide some analysis by pointing out that missionaries

who declare that they are not going out to introduce Western

culture but only to preach the gospel are no different in this re-

spect rom those with whom they contrast themselves It is usually

institutionalism (hospitalization education agricultural mission

etc) which they are rejecting by such statements not really their

roles as agents o westernization35

Lesslie Newbigin and recently Soong-Chan Rah have articulated the

inherent bias o specific worldview assumptions and thought processes

o Eurocentric people that I will reer to as ldquoWesternrdquo36 Tat being said

it is impossible to comprehensively define the ideas contained in the

term Western culture Troughout this book I will give specific detailedexamples o how this Westernism has plagued the work o Jesus among

the people and First Nations o North America and continues to do so

C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150

Tis question o how to do contextually appropriate work among Native

American peoples is a centuries-old question It is answered and prac-ticed poorly by innumerable individuals organizations agencies local

churches and denominations operating rom a colonial paternalistic and

hegemonic paradigm While I will review this history this book will










InterVarsity Press


ivpresscom

emailivpresscom



InterVarsity Press







All rights reserved







ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983092983092983090983091-983092 (print)

ISBN 983097983095983096-983088-983096983091983088983096-983097983096983093983091-983092 (digital)






P 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093 983089983092 983089983091 983089983090 983089983089 983089983088 983097 983096 983095 983094 983093 983092 983091 983090 983089

Y 983091983092 983091983091 983091983090 983091983089 983091983088 983090983097 983090983096 983090983095 983090983094 983090983093 983090983092 983090983091 983090983090 983090983089 983090983088 983089983097 983089983096 983089983095 983089983094 983089983093




CONTENTS

In Memoriam 983097

Foreword 983089983089

Preace 983089983093














and heology 983090983091983093


Glossary 983090983092983091


Notes 983090983092983095

Bibliography 983090983094983090




IN MEMORIAM

RICHARD LEO TWISS









in South Dakota














1048625983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







Ezra Leo and Jude



















FOREWORD
















Jesus Way










10486251048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



































Foreword 10486251048627

























Spiritual Centre






YOU JUST GHOSTED

















Adrian Jacobs




PREFACE


























10486251048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155













1


AMONG NATIVE PEOPLE

























1048625983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





Hello Mr wiss









Greetings Jane Doe








Tank you Richard

Hello Richard













in your efforts

Jane Doe

Greetings Jane




















Richard





1048626983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



Jane Doe







nation does too






mdashS983152983151983147983137983150983141 G983137983154983154983161



















































10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155














































religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150










CONTENTS

In Memoriam 983097

Foreword 983089983089

Preace 983089983093














and heology 983090983091983093


Glossary 983090983092983091


Notes 983090983092983095

Bibliography 983090983094983090




IN MEMORIAM

RICHARD LEO TWISS









in South Dakota














1048625983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







Ezra Leo and Jude



















FOREWORD
















Jesus Way










10486251048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



































Foreword 10486251048627

























Spiritual Centre






YOU JUST GHOSTED

















Adrian Jacobs




PREFACE


























10486251048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155













1


AMONG NATIVE PEOPLE

























1048625983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





Hello Mr wiss









Greetings Jane Doe








Tank you Richard

Hello Richard













in your efforts

Jane Doe

Greetings Jane




















Richard





1048626983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



Jane Doe







nation does too






mdashS983152983151983147983137983150983141 G983137983154983154983161



















































10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155














































religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150










IN MEMORIAM

RICHARD LEO TWISS









in South Dakota














1048625983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







Ezra Leo and Jude



















FOREWORD
















Jesus Way










10486251048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



































Foreword 10486251048627

























Spiritual Centre






YOU JUST GHOSTED

















Adrian Jacobs




PREFACE


























10486251048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155













1


AMONG NATIVE PEOPLE

























1048625983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





Hello Mr wiss









Greetings Jane Doe








Tank you Richard

Hello Richard













in your efforts

Jane Doe

Greetings Jane




















Richard





1048626983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



Jane Doe







nation does too






mdashS983152983151983147983137983150983141 G983137983154983154983161



















































10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155














































religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150










1048625983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







Ezra Leo and Jude



















FOREWORD
















Jesus Way










10486251048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



































Foreword 10486251048627

























Spiritual Centre






YOU JUST GHOSTED

















Adrian Jacobs




PREFACE


























10486251048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155













1


AMONG NATIVE PEOPLE

























1048625983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





Hello Mr wiss









Greetings Jane Doe








Tank you Richard

Hello Richard













in your efforts

Jane Doe

Greetings Jane




















Richard





1048626983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



Jane Doe







nation does too






mdashS983152983151983147983137983150983141 G983137983154983154983161



















































10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155














































religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150










FOREWORD
















Jesus Way










10486251048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



































Foreword 10486251048627

























Spiritual Centre






YOU JUST GHOSTED

















Adrian Jacobs




PREFACE


























10486251048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155













1


AMONG NATIVE PEOPLE

























1048625983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





Hello Mr wiss









Greetings Jane Doe








Tank you Richard

Hello Richard













in your efforts

Jane Doe

Greetings Jane




















Richard





1048626983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



Jane Doe







nation does too






mdashS983152983151983147983137983150983141 G983137983154983154983161



















































10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155














































religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150










10486251048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



































Foreword 10486251048627

























Spiritual Centre






YOU JUST GHOSTED

















Adrian Jacobs




PREFACE


























10486251048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155













1


AMONG NATIVE PEOPLE

























1048625983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





Hello Mr wiss









Greetings Jane Doe








Tank you Richard

Hello Richard













in your efforts

Jane Doe

Greetings Jane




















Richard





1048626983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



Jane Doe







nation does too






mdashS983152983151983147983137983150983141 G983137983154983154983161



















































10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155














































religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150










Foreword 10486251048627

























Spiritual Centre






YOU JUST GHOSTED

















Adrian Jacobs




PREFACE


























10486251048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155













1


AMONG NATIVE PEOPLE

























1048625983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





Hello Mr wiss









Greetings Jane Doe








Tank you Richard

Hello Richard













in your efforts

Jane Doe

Greetings Jane




















Richard





1048626983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



Jane Doe







nation does too






mdashS983152983151983147983137983150983141 G983137983154983154983161



















































10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155














































religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150










YOU JUST GHOSTED

















Adrian Jacobs




PREFACE


























10486251048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155













1


AMONG NATIVE PEOPLE

























1048625983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





Hello Mr wiss









Greetings Jane Doe








Tank you Richard

Hello Richard













in your efforts

Jane Doe

Greetings Jane




















Richard





1048626983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



Jane Doe







nation does too






mdashS983152983151983147983137983150983141 G983137983154983154983161



















































10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155














































religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150










PREFACE


























10486251048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155













1


AMONG NATIVE PEOPLE

























1048625983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





Hello Mr wiss









Greetings Jane Doe








Tank you Richard

Hello Richard













in your efforts

Jane Doe

Greetings Jane




















Richard





1048626983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



Jane Doe







nation does too






mdashS983152983151983147983137983150983141 G983137983154983154983161



















































10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155














































religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150










10486251048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155













1


AMONG NATIVE PEOPLE

























1048625983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





Hello Mr wiss









Greetings Jane Doe








Tank you Richard

Hello Richard













in your efforts

Jane Doe

Greetings Jane




















Richard





1048626983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



Jane Doe







nation does too






mdashS983152983151983147983137983150983141 G983137983154983154983161



















































10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155














































religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150










1


AMONG NATIVE PEOPLE

























1048625983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





Hello Mr wiss









Greetings Jane Doe








Tank you Richard

Hello Richard













in your efforts

Jane Doe

Greetings Jane




















Richard





1048626983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



Jane Doe







nation does too






mdashS983152983151983147983137983150983141 G983137983154983154983161



















































10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155














































religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150










1048625983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





Hello Mr wiss









Greetings Jane Doe








Tank you Richard

Hello Richard













in your efforts

Jane Doe

Greetings Jane




















Richard





1048626983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



Jane Doe







nation does too






mdashS983152983151983147983137983150983141 G983137983154983154983161



















































10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155














































religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150















in your efforts

Jane Doe

Greetings Jane




















Richard





1048626983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



Jane Doe







nation does too






mdashS983152983151983147983137983150983141 G983137983154983154983161



















































10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155














































religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150










1048626983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155



Jane Doe







nation does too






mdashS983152983151983147983137983150983141 G983137983154983154983161



















































10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155














































religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150













































10486261048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155














































religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150






















religionrdquo





















10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150










10486261048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155




BOARDING SCHOOLS











































W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150




















W983144983137983156 H983137983152983152983141983150983141983140 983156983151 983156983144983141 G983151983151983140 N983141983159983155983103













o the community











10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150










10486261048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





point o this book















S983151 I983155 T983144983141983154983141 983137 P983154983151983138983148983141983149983103











































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150







































































while doing that











1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150










1048627983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150













































10486271048626 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155







































































10486271048628 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





each local culture

































































10486271048630 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155






































































1048627983096 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155





































































1048628983088 R983141983155983139983157983145 983150983143 983156983144983141 G983151983155983152983141983148 983142983154983151983149 983156983144983141 C983151983159983138983151983161983155










the act that

































intimate contact34















C983154983151983155983155983139983157983148983156983157983154983137983148 S983156983151983154983161983156983141983148983148983145983150983143 983151983154

D983141983139983151983148983151983150983145983162983145983150983143 C983151983150983156983141983160983156983157983137983148983145983162983137983156983145983151983150













































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each local culture

































































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the act that

































intimate contact34















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the act that

































intimate contact34















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the act that

































intimate contact34















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the act that

































intimate contact34















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intimate contact34















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Resucuing the Gospel From the Cowboys By Richard Twiss - EXCERPT

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