Restructuring of Distribution Transformer Feeder With Micro Grid … Report/16EE07.pdf ·...

Restructuring of Distribution Transformer Feeder

With Micro Grid through Efficient Energy Audit

Intermediate Project Report – June 2016

Energy Efficiency Research Group

An International Energy Research Foundation

Since 2015

GREEN9

Restructuring of Distribution Transformer Feeder

With Micro Grid through Efficient Energy Audit

Intermediate Project Report – June 2016

Authors

Priyanka kumari, Sujan.K, Poojakumari and Neelakandan

Member, Energy Efficiency Research Group

Member, MGR Vision 10MW, Dr.M.G.R Educational and Research Institute

Dr. L. Ramesh

Chairman (BOT), Energy Efficiency Research Group

Director, MGR Vision 10MW and Professor, Dr.M.G.R Educ., & Research Inst.,

GREEN9 publication 16Ee07- June 2016

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would first like to thank our beloved founder-chancellor Thiru A.C. Shanmugam B.A., B.L.

and beloved president Er.A.C.S Arun Kumar, B.E. Secratory Thiru A. Ravi kumar and Vice

Chancellor Dr. Meer Musfthafa Hussian for all the encouragement and support extended to us

during the tenure of this project and also our years of studies in this university.

We thank our Head of Department Electrical & Electronics Engineering Er. E Sheeba Percis for

her espousal and for having instilled in us the confidence to complete our project on time.

We express my heartfelt thanks to our Project Supervisor, Addl. Dean Dr. L.Ramesh, who has

been actively involved and very influential from the start till the completion of our project.

We also thank our Project Co-ordinator Er. Chunchu Rambabu for his guidance, assistance and

cooperation that facilitated the successful conclusion of our project.

We would also like to thank N. Neelakandan (M.TECH, Power System) and Er. M. Mallika

Executive Engineer / Operation TNEB Koyambedu 230 KV Substation for their wonderful

guidance and support towards the completion of Project.

We would also like to thank all teaching and non-teaching staff of the Electrical and Electronics

Engineering Department for their constant support and encouragement given to us.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Ch. No. TITLE PAGE NO.

ABSTRACT

List of Abbreviations

List of Figures and List of Tables

01 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Global Perspective 1

1.2 Indian Prospective 2

1.3 Tamilnadu Prospective 6

1,4 Need For Energy Audit 7

02 LITERATURE REVIEW 9

2.1 Energy Audit Review 9

2.2 Micro Grid Review 13

03 DATA MONITORING 19

3.1 University Library Data 21

3.2 Sample Data of Single House 25

3.3 Over all Residential house data 29

04 RECOMMENDATION 34

4.1 Recommendation of University Library 37

4.2 General Issues and Recommendation For a House 41

4.3 Recommendation for 132 houses 63

05 DESIGN OF MICRO GRID 84

Description 84

Design Of Micro Grid Components 86

Layout With Micro Grid 89

06 CONCLUSION 93

REFERENCES 95

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE PG NO

1.1 Sources of Electricity in India by Installed Capacity 3

1.2 Comparison of Energy deficit and Peak defecit 5

1.3 Region –wise power deficit 5

1.4 Source wise Energy generation in Tamilnadu 6

2.1 Schematic diagram of the Bronsbergen 14

Holiday Park micro-grid in Europe

2.2 Main component of BCIT’s Micro grid 15

2.3 Topology of micro grid protection system 16

2.4 Flow Chart of fault Mitigation Technique 17

3.1 Current Vs Duration curve 20

3.2 Voltage Vs Duration curve 20

3.3 Layout Sketch of the Library 21

3.4 Daily Unit Consumption on the university library 21

3.5 No of Equipment fitted 22

3.6 Watt Hour Wastage 24

3.7 Single line diagram of Triple bed room house 25

3.8 ETAP Load flow Analysis chart for the single house 26

3.9 ETAP Single House existing current output 27

3.10 ETAP Single House Existing Power output 27

3.11 The number of equipments 28

3.12 Annual unit consumption by equipments 28

3.13 Existing layout of Bilroth Transformer 11kv/430V , 29

250KVA feeder

3.14 The expansion of the Network 18 30

3.15 Existing layout ETAP load flow output 31

3.16 ETAP Existing bus current output 32

3.17 ETAP Existing Sub bus current output 32

3.18 ETAP Existing bus voltage output 33

3.19 ETAP Existing Sub bus voltage output. 33

3.20 The number of equipments fitted in total houses. 34

3.21 Units Consumed per year 34

4.1 Wastage audit Saving Graph 36

4.2 Proposed Layout with Rearrangement 37

4.3 Saving graph on the monthly and yearly basis 37

4.4 Proposed lighting Recommendation 38

layout for the university library

4.5 Comparison of Unit Saved after Proposed System 38

4.6 Comparison of Unit Saved after Proposed Solar 39

System

4.7 Analog Energy Meter 40

4.8 Refrigerator Condition 41

4.9 12 years old water pumping motor 41

4.10 SYSKA LED T5 Tube Lights 44

4.11 Unit Consumed per year by Equipments 55

4.12 Unit Consumed per year by Equipments 55

4.13 Comparison of Unit Consumed 56

per year by Equipments

4.14 Electricity Bill paid by Consumers 56

4.15 Electricity Bill paid by Consumers 57

4.16 Comparison of Electricity Bill paid by Consumers 57

4.18 Proposed Single line diagram of Individual house 58

4.18 Proposed ETAP load flow analysis of Individual House 59

4.19 ETAP Proposed Power output graph 60

4.20 ETAP Proposed Current output graph 60

4.21 ETAP Current Comparison Graph 61

4.22 ETAP Power Comparison Graph 61

4.23 Unit Consumed by Equipments of 75

132 houses before recommendation

4.24 Unit Consumed by Equipments of 132 houses 75

4.25 Comparison of Unit Consumed by Equipments of 132 76

houses Unit Consumed before and after recommendation

4.26 Unit Electricity Bill paid per year by consumers of 76

132 houses

4.27 Unit Electricity Bill paid per year by consumers of 77

132 houses After Recommendation

4.28 Comparison of Electricity Bill paid per year by consumers

77

of132houses Comparison before and after recommendation

4.29 Layout with recommended OF 132 house connect to 78

BILROTH 11KV/430 V 250 KVA distribution

transformer

4.30 ETAP Load flow analysis of Proposed System 79

for 132 houses

4.31 ETAP Current output for bus 80

4.32 ETAP Current output for Sub Buses 80

4.33 ETAP Voltage output for Bus 80

4.34 ETAP Voltage output for Sub Buses 81

4.35 Comparison ETAP Current output of buses between 82

Existing and Recommended Layout

4.36 Comparison ETAP Voltage output 82

5.1 Comparison of Unit Consumed 88

5.2 Layout of Bilroth Distribution 89

Transformer Feeder with Micro grid

5.3 ETAP Load Flow Analysis Report 89

5.4 Current Comparison of Buses 90

5.5 Current Comparison of Sub Buses 90

5.6 Voltage Comparison of Buses 91

5.7 Current Comparison of Sub Buses 91

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO TITLE PG NO

1.1 Total install utility power generation capacity 3

1.2 Sector vise energy production 4

3.1 Room Index Value 22

3.2 ILER Assessment 22

3.3 Power Wastage Sample Data 23

4.1 Lighting Arrangement in house 43

4.2 Fan Calculation 63

4.3 Lighting Calculation 64

4.4 Recommendation for Fans 65

4.5 Lighting Calculation for Double Bed Room 66

4.6 Fan calculation for single bedroom 67

4.7 Lighting Calculation for single bedroom 68

4.8 Existing Air Conditioners 69

4.9 Air Conditioners Recommendation 70

4.10 Refrigerator Existing System 70

4.11 Recommendation for Refrigerator 71

4.12 Gyser Existing System 71

4.13 Recommendation for Gysers and Motors 72

4.15 Recommendation for Motors 73

5.1 Micro Grid Calculation 85

5.2 Micro grid Calculation for Networks 86

ABSTRACT

Energy saving is one of the major concerns in the present era. The project highlights the

necessity of Energy Audit in Residential houses in order to see the usage of energy.

The present study deals with the two sections. The first section deals with the energy

audit of University library that has been executed with formulated procedure and

proposed recommendation.

A 11KV/ 430 V 250 KVA Distribution Transformer Feeder is identified and detailed

Energy Audit was carried out for 10 houses connected to the feeder and preliminary

audit was carried out for 122 houses in the next section. Recommendations are

proposed further with Micro grid for reducing the dependency of at least 20% loads of

houses on Main Grid and for encouraging people to generate their own power. The

suggested implementation can improve the energy efficiency of Residential houses and

thereby reducing the energy wastage.

GREEN 9 Project Outcome Report –16EE07

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 GLOBAL PRESPECTIVE

World’s total Energy consumption [1] was 13,541 Mtoe , or 5.67 × 1020

joules,

equal to an average power consumption of 18.0 terawatts. From 2000–2012 coal

was the source of energy with the largest growth. The use of oil and natural gas

also had considerable growth, followed by hydro power and renewable energy. In

2012 approximately 22% of world energy was consumed in North America, 5%

was consumed South and Central America, 23% was consumed in Europe and

Eurasia, 3% was consumed in Africa, and 40% was consumed in the Asia Pacific

region. In 2013, world energy consumption by power source was oil 31.1%, coal

28.9%, natural gas 21.4%, biofuels and waste 10.2%, nuclear 4.8%, hydro 2.4%,

and 'other' (solar, wind, geothermal, heat, etc.) 1.2%. Oil, coal, and natural gas

were the most popular energy fuels.

India ranks third in the electricity production with 1,208,400 (GWh) as per 2014

following China and United States . India ranks 4th

with electricity consumption of

938,823,000 MWh/year as per 2014. Average power per capita is 101 watt in India

while in China and USA it is 458 watt/person and 1683 watt/person respectively.

Worldwide 1.3 billion people – a population equivalent to that of the entire OECD

continue to live without access to electricity. This is equivalent to 18% of the global

population and 22% of those living in developing countries.Many more suffer from

supply that is of poor quality. More than 95% of those living without electricity are

in countries in sub-Saharan Africa and developing Asia,and they are

predominantly in rural areas (around 80% of the world total). While still far from

complete, progress in providing electrification in urban areas has outpaced that in

rural areas two to one since 2000.

Global energy demand is set to grow by 37% by 2040 in our central scenario, but

the development path for a growing world population and economy is less energy-

intensive than it used to be. In our central scenario, growth in global demand slows

markedly, from above 2% per year over the last two decades to 1% per year after

1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne_of_oil_equivalent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terawatts


2025; this is a result both of price and policy effects, and a structural shift in the

global economy towards services and lighter industrial sectors. The global

distribution of energy demand changes more dramatically, with energy use

essentially flat in much of Europe, Japan, Korea and North America, and rising

consumption concentrated in the rest of Asia (60% of the global total), Africa, the

Middle East and Latin America. A landmark is reached in the early 2030s, when

China becomes the largest oil-consuming country, crossing paths with the United

States, where oil use falls back to levels not seen for decades. But, by this time, it

is India, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa that take over as

the engines of global energy demand growth. By 2040, the world’s energy supply

mix divides into four almost-equal parts: oil, gas, coal and low-carbon sources.

Resources are not a constraint over this period, but each of these four pillars faces

a distinct set of challenges. Policy choices and market developments that bring the

share of fossil fuels in primary energy demand down to just under three-quarters in

2040 are not enough to stem the rise in energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2)

emissions, which grow by one-fifth. This puts the world on a path consistent with a

long-term global average temperature increase of 3.6 °C. The Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change estimates that in order to limit this temperature increase

to 2 °C – the internationally agreed goal to avert the most severe and widespread

implications of climate change – the world cannot emit more than around 1 000

gigatonnes of CO2 from 2014 onwards. This entire budget will be used up by 2040

in our central scenario. Since emissions are not going to drop suddenly to zero

once this point is reached, it is clear that the 2 °C objective requires urgent action

to steer the energy system on to a safer path.

1.2 INDIAN PROSPECTIVE

The utility electricity sector in India had an installed capacity[2] of 302.833 GW as

of 30 April 2016. Renewable Power plants constituted 28% of total installed

capacity and Non-Renewable Power Plants constituted the remaining 72%. The

gross electricity generated by utilities is 1,106 TWh (1,106,000 GWh) and 166

TWh by captive power plants during the 2014–15 fiscal. The gross electricity

generation includes auxiliary power consumption of power generation plants. India

became the world's third largest producer of electricity in the year 2013 with 4.8%

global share in electricity generation surpassing Japan and Russia.

2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt#Gigawatt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWh

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GWh


Fig 1.1 : Sources of Electricity in India by Installed Capacity

During the year 2014-15, the per capita electricity generation in India was 1,010

kWh with total electricity consumption (utilities and non utilities) of 938.823 billion

or 746 kWh per capita electricity consumption. Electric energy consumption in

agriculture was recorded highest (18.45%) in 2014-15 among all countries. The

per capita electricity consumption is lower compared to many countries despite

cheaper electricity tariff in India.

Table 1.1 Total installed utility power generation capacity

The total installed utility power generation capacity as on 31 March 2015 with

sector wise & type wise break up is as given below

3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_consumption

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_pricing


Table 1.2 Sector wise Energy production

"Expanding access to energy means including 2.4 billion people: 1.4 billion that still

have no access to electricity (87% of whom live in the rural areas) and 1 billion that

only has access to unreliable electricity networks. Of the 1.4 billion people in the

world who have no access to electricity, India accounts for over 300 million. The

International Energy Agency estimates India will add between 600 GW to 1,200

GW of additional new power generation capacity before 2050. This added new

capacity is equivalent to the 740 GW of total power generation capacity of

European Union (EU-27) in 2005. The technologies and fuel sources India adopts,

as it adds this electricity generation capacity, may make significant impact to

global resource usage and environmental issues.

Demand trends

During the fiscal year 2014-15, the electricity generated in utility sector[3] is

1,030.785 billion KWh with a short fall of requirement by 38.138 billion KWh (-

3.6%) against the 5.1% deficit anticipated. The peak load met was 141,180 MW

with a short fall of requirement by 7,006 MW (-4.7%) against the 2.0% deficit

anticipated. In a May 2015 report, India's Central Electricity Authority anticipated,

for the 2015–16 fiscal year, a base load energy deficit and peaking shortage to be

2.1% and 2.6% respectively. Southern and North Eastern regions are anticipated

to face energy shortage up to 11.3%. The marginal deficit figures clearly reflect

that India would become electricity surplus during the 12th five-year plan period.

By the end of calendar year 2015, India has become power surplus country

despite lower power tariffs.

4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Energy_Agency

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_year


Fig1.2: Comparison of Energy deficit and Peak defecit

Fig 1.3: Region –wise power defecit

Despite an ambitious rural electrification programme[4], some 400 million Indians

lose electricity access during blackouts. While 80% of Indian villages have at least

an electricity line, just 52.5% of rural households have access to electricity. In

urban areas, the access to electricity is 93.1% in 2008. The overall electrification

rate in India is 64.5% while 35.5% of the population still live without access to

electricity.

The 17th electric power survey of India report claims:

Over 2010–11, India's industrial demand accounted for 35% of electrical power

requirement, domestic household use accounted for 28%, agriculture 21%,

commercial 9%, public lighting and other miscellaneous applications

accounted for the rest.

5

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_electrification


The electrical energy demand for 2016–17 is expected to be at least 1,392

Tera Watt Hours, with a peak electric demand of 218 GW. The electrical energy demand for 2021–22 is expected to be at least 1,915

Tera Watt Hours, with a peak electric demand of 298 GW.

1.3 TAMILNADU PROSPECTIVE

To satisfy the energy needs of the State, Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution

Corporation Limited has installed capacity of 11884.44 MW which includes State

projects, Central share and Independent Power. Other than this, the State has

installations in renewable energy sources like wind mill, solar, biomass and

cogeneration up to 8219.67 MW

Fig1.4: Source wise Energy generationin Tamilnadu

TNEB has a consumer base of about 20 million consumers. 100% rural

electrification has been achieved. The per capita consumption of Tamil Nadu is

1000 units.

To meet the ever-increasing energy demand in the coming years, TANGEDCO

has proposed new generation for the next 5 years. TANGEDCO has fully

exploited the hydroelectric potential available in the state. However, to balance

6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu

http://www.tangedco.gov.in/template1.php?tempno=&cid=0&subcid=167


the excess power available during off peak hours and to tide over the peak hour

shortage, a Pumped storage scheme in Kundah for 500 MW has been proposed.

Enviornment Concern

TANGEDCO has also proposed to establish small hydroelectric projects of

capacity less than 25 MW in the run of river scheme with total capacity of 110 MW.

1.4 NEED FOR ENERGY AUDIT

Energy audit means studying the energy consumption pattern in the utilities or

equipments by obtaining necessary data, analyse the same to identify the area

where wastage or losses occur and suggest methods to avoid wastage or loss and

also other consumption measures to ensure efficient use of energy.

Energy is the main input to the economic development . Demand for energy is

increasing day by day due to rapid industrial growth and improvement in the

standard of living of people and also due to population growth. To meet this

increasing demand we have to increase the generation of power by installing new

generating stations but increasing the generation of power without looking into the

aspect of energy conservation is like filling up the bucket, without arresting the

leakage.

One unit of Energy saved is equivalent to two units generated. Energy audit

for efficient use of energy i.e to see that energy is used in a productive manner

with least or no wastage. Energy Audit results in

Reduce the energy cost per unit of production

Minimise the global warming

Reduce the green house gas emission

Better usuage of natural sources

Optimal utilisation of Energy

Stages of Energy Audit

1. Preliminary Audit

2. Detailed Audit

7


Preliminary Audit focuses on major Energy supplies and demand of the Industry.

The scope of this audit is to highlight energy cost and to identify wastages in major

equipment processes . It sets priorities for optimising Energy Consumption.

Deailed Audit covers estimation of Energy input for different processes ,losses ,

collection of past data on production level and specific energy consumption.The

scope of this audit is to formulate a detailed plan on the basis of qualitative and

control evaluation, to reduce total energy consumption for the product

manufactured.It should aim at 8 to 10% savings.

Next Chapter we are going to deal with the literature review of Energy Audit and

Micro Grid.

Need for Energy Audit

Lower Energy Bills Energy Audit helps in increasing the efficiency of

home every month when you look at energy bill.

Better Health and saftey Home energy audit often detect poor indoor air

quality which can worsen allergies and lead to long health problem. In order

to improving ventilation, energy audit can identify potentially dangerous

situations such as carbon radon and carbon monoxide in your home.

Environmental impact Home energy audits are environmentlly- friendly.

When your home consumes less energy, you are reducing your carbon

footprint and helping to decrease unnecesary waste and pollution.

Energy Awareness Energy audit helps in creating awreness among

people regarding power usage and energy efficient devices.

Reduction of wastage Energy audit is necessary for reducing wastage of

Energy and for saving Energy to meet the the increasing demand of the

population

Remember – just like a vechile needs a checkup every now and then , so

does your home or commercial building. The effort, time and money put into

an energy audit will pay off in the end.

8


CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 ENERGY AUDIT REVIEW

A. REVIEW ON ENERGY CONSERVATION AND AUDIT

The paper[5] deals with the various area of application of Energy Conservation

with the suitable techniques that should be adopted for conservation of Energy.

Area of Energy Conservation includes various fields like generating stations,

Transmission lines , Distribution lines , Lighting Systems , Motors, Transformers

.Various techniques are discussed in the paper to conserve energy losses in the

fields mentioned above. Energy Conservation techniques in Transformer includes

Optimization of loading of transformer, By Improvisation in Design and Material of

Transformer and replacing by Energy Efficient Transformers.Energy Conservation

of Transmission line can be done by replacing solid conductors by stranded

conductors and by bundled conductors in HT Line. Reactive power Controllers or

reactive power compensating equipment’s such as Static VAR controllers are

used to control receiving end voltage of transmission lines. Energy can be

conserved in Distribution line by optimization of distribution system by proper

balancing of phase load , by reducing harmonics and by improving power factor .

In lighting System Energy can be conserved by optimum use of natural light,

replacement of incandescent lamps by Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL's) ,

conventional fluorescent lamp by energy efficient fluorescent lamp , use of

electronic ballast in the place of conventional ballast , Installation of separate

transformer for lighting , installation of servo stabilizer for lighting feeder and

control over energy consumption pattern.

Likewise power losses in Motors can be reduced by improving power supply

quality, optimal loading of motors , by proper selection of belts and gears , Use of

soft starter , by improving power factor and replacing conventional motors with

energy efficient motors.

9


B. ENERGY AUDIT: A CASE STUDY TO REDUCE LIGHTING COST

The paper[6] presents a physically based model and formulation for industrial load

management and the load which is mainly considered here is various lighting

loads that are used in the Industry. This paper starts with general introduction

about energy audit followed by Energy Saving on the lighting System in which

there is description about identification of several places during lighting audit of the

factory where the savings are easily guaranteed.

A Detailed Case Study of lighting used in the factory is done where observations

and Analysis of halogen Lamps, florescent tubes and mercury vapors lamps has

been done on the basis of the choke used in the lamp and unit consumption.

The Author recommended to use LED lamps in the place of Conventional

Indicating Lamp. Mathematical calcualtion of unit Consumed , Pay back period

Cost of unit is done in the paper.

10


C. Energy Auditing – A Walk-Through Survey

The paper[7] focuses on the importance of energy auditing by considering the

conventional lighting loads of an educational institution and replacing with energy

efficient lamps and comparing the results. An educational building is selected for

the energy auditing due to the fact that the number of people involved in an

educational building is huge and the possibility of energy conservation is more.

Lighting load is where most of the energy is wasted than consumed. In the

educational building, lighting load consumes more than 20% of the total electrical

energy consumption. Replacing the regular tube lights employing electromagnetic

ballast with Compact Florescent Lights (CFLs) and Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) is

discussed in the paper. The total tube light load of the building is around 61.63kW

employing 350 lamps.

Energy Consumption comparison between Tubelights, CFL and LEDs is shown

below after replacement of Tubelights by CFL and LEDs

Cost wise comparison between tube light, CFL and LED is also shown by the table

given below

11


The author recommended to replace the conventional tube lights with energy

saving CFLs or LEDs reduces the energy consumption drastically. In addition to

this the CO2 emission is also reduced when the tube lights are replaced.

Replacing a single tube light with a CFL will keep a half-ton of CO2 out of the

atmosphere over the life of the bulb.

D. The Impact of ETAP in Residential House Electrical Energy Audit

This paper[8] deals with the ETAP simulation and recommendations given after

Energy Audit conducted at one of the houses. According to the electrical energy

audit survey conducted at a home; the single line diagram is drawn by ETAP

simulation software.The figure shows that the single line diagram using ETAP

according to the layout of the house.

12


Daily Power Utilization, Equipments Wattage, Age Analysis and Tarriff analysis of

various equipments used in the house is also done in the paper . The layout of the

building is drawn in the ETAP simulation software through which the load analysis

is done. according to the load flow analysis the bus current and voltage drawn is

shown below in figure.

102

100

98

96

( % ) 94

92

VO

LTA

G

E

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

BUS

Author recommended to use LED in the place of CFL in the home and to to install

Distributed Generation i.e to use solar power to run basic electrical equipments.

Compartive graph of unit consumption with and without DG is also shown by

author in the paper.

2.2 Micro Grid Review

A. Research on Micro-grid Control and Management System

This paper[9] summarizes several ways on coordination control in micro-grid and

introduces some domestic researches on micro-grid control strategies. It is written

on the basis of the achievements on micro-grid control in some developed

countries and current situations on domestic micro-grid control. Firstly, the paper

introduces the objects of micro- grid control study and describes the control

processes of each object thoroughly on different micro-grid control structures.

Then the paper states the researches among the world on micro-grid control

generally. In the end, the paper discusses the research orientation on micro-grid

control which based on the existing problems of micro-grid control and current

situations on regular grid.

Various strategy of Micro-gid Control is described in the paper like Master-Slave

control, Peer-to-peer control and The multi-agent control. Author also discussed

about the micro-grid laboratory and the construction of the demonstration projects

with their own characteristics in various countries like Europe, United States,

Canada, Japan etc.

13


Fig 2.1 Schematic diagram of the Bronsbergen Holiday Park micro-grid in

Europe

The Author concluded the paper with the discussion of unresolved issues related

to the Micro-grid like installation Cost , Reliability of the distributed power supply,

The power quality and The protection based on control of micro-grid.

B. Intelligent Micro Grid Research at BCIT

This paper[10] describes a major research initiative by British Columbia Institute of

Technology for the construction of an Intelligent Micro Grid on its campus in Burnaby,

BC, Canada. The British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT), is in the process of

designing and developing a scaled-down version of the Intelligent Grid, i.e. an

Intelligent Micro Grid to enable utility companies, technology providers and

researchers to work together to develop and facilitate the commercialization of

architectures, protocols, configurations and models of the evolving Intelligent Grid with

the intention of charting a “path from lab to field” for innovative and cost-effective

technologies and solutions for North America’s evolving Smart Electricity Grid. BCIT’s Intelligent Micro Grid is an RD&D (Research, Development and

Demonstration) platform where existing and future technologies in

telecommunication, smart metering, cogeneration and intelligent appliances are

employed to develop and qualify the most robust, cost-effective and scalable

solutions required to facilitate and nurture the evolution and the emergence of the

Smart Grid in one form or another. It enables high-tech companies, end customers

and researchers to work together to develop and qualify various system

architectures, configurations, interface protocols and grid designs to meet national

and global priorities for co-generation, efficient transmission and distribution of

14


electricity, load control, demand response, advanced metering and integration of

clean energy sources into the existing and future grids.

Fig 2.2 Main component of BCIT’s Microgrid

C. Study of Micro Grid Safety & Protection Strategies with

Control System Infrastructures

This paper [11] describes micro grid protection and safety concept with central

control and monitoring unit where multifunctional intelligent digital relay could be

used. This central control & monitoring infrastructure is used for adaptive relay

settings strategy for micro grid protection. Also operational safety design concept

and fault mitigation technique is proposed to ensure confidence in protection

system.

Author proposed the adaptive protection strategy of Micro-grid in which central

control unit communicate with all relays and distributed generators in the micro

grid to record their status as ON/OFF, their rated current and their fault current

contribution. Communicate with relay is required to update the operating current

and to detect the direction of the fault currents and thus mitigate the fault properly.

The control unit also records the status of utility grid as connected or micro grid is

islanded for adaptive protection.

15


Fig 2.3 Topology of micro grid protection system.

Author also a simple model of micro grid protection structure and fault mitigation

process which is shown in the figure below. In Fault Mitigation Technique process

starts with the fault determination by detecting change in bus bar voltage. Power

direction is measured and based on this fault location detected. The fault point is in

the utility grid if the power direction of the common connection point of utility grid

and point of micro grid is positive. The direction of bus bar pointing to the line sets

as power positive direction. According to the power directions of the lines

connected to bus bar, the system can determine whether there is a bus short-

circuit fault. The fault is a bus short circuit fault and breakers of each side of bus

trip, if the power directions of all micro source lines are negative directions. Based

on power direction inner fault, bus fault, line fault is determined. Once line fault is

detected fault area/zone is determined and then fault is removed by tripping signal

from relay.

16


Fig 2.4 Flow Chart of fault Mitigation Technique

Author concluded the paper with the brief description of proposed intelligent micro

grid protection system using digital relaying with central control and monitoring

infrastructure and its benefits over others.

The paper discussed in section 2.1 provides general recommendation for all

motors, transformers, lighting system without any mathematical calculation and

proposed recommendation. Paper 2.2 only deals with lighting audit where

necessary recommendation with calculation is given but here replacement of

existing lighting system is not done on the basis of required lux level of the area.

Paper 2.3 is an Energy auditing- Walk through survey paper which is again mainly

based on lighting system of the University in which recommendation, calculation,

cost wise comparison of CFL, LED and Tubelights is shown but specification

description of lighting brand and proper anlalysis of lighting equipments is not

done. Paper 2.4 deals with energy audit of residential house where

recommendation is given after load flow Analysis using E-TAP Software package.

In this paper Author is recommended to install solar panel but output is not shown

in simulation. Paper 2.5- 2.7 deals with the Micro-grid in which control system ,

protection strategies and charcteristics of Intelligent Micro-grid is discussed but

normally how micro grid restructurring can help the local residential consumers to

save power, to reduce tarrif and to generate their own electricity is not mentioned.

17


This project provides solution for all the above inferences. The Project is divided

into two stages i.e First stage is in which detailed Lighting Audit of University

Library and Substation is done while Second stage deals with Restructurring of

Distribution Transformer feeder with Micro Grid through efficient Energy Audit and

Management in which detailed audit of ten residential houses while preliminary

audit of remaining 122 houses is done which is connected to11KV/430 V , 250

KVA Distribution Transformer . Two types of recommendations are given i.e

general recommendation and recommendation with Micro-Grid which includes

both solar and Wind i.e implemented for 65 houses out of 132 using E-TAP

software and proper output is shown. Next Chapter deals with the Data Monitoring

Chapter.

18


Chapter 3

DATA MONITORING

The team consist of three bmembers named Priyanka Kumari ,Pooja Kumari

Sujan.K of B.TECH final year . Energy audit is conducted in 132 houses

connected to Bilroth Distribution transformer 11KV/430 V 250 KVA in

Madurvoyal Area of Chennai Deailed Audit is conducted in 10 houses and

preliminary audit is conducted in remaining 122 houses.

Data collection started from Jan 2016 by taking reading of voltage and current at

transformer end using clamp meter from morning 9’O Clock to night 9’O Clock .

This process continued for one week. It is done to know the peak load time. After

that auditing is done for many houses of the area for which procedures are given

below.

Data observation and Calculations are discussed in this section. This work

executed with our own procedure to start and end the audit process. The basic

structure of the data analysis and observation were taken on the basis of the

reference taken from this paper

Procedure For Audit

1. Record the phase-line and line-line voltage of the house,

2. Check the status of ear thing and measures earth voltage

3. Collect the Data with respect to data sheet format

4. Draw the single line diagram of the house

5. Collect the Energy meter tariff survey for past 5 years

6. Collect the data for daily load curve

7. Real time load data collection, voltage , current and P.F

8. Click the pictures of damage wiring etc

9. Collect the answer for survey questions.

10. Energy wastage Audit

11. Observation of Regular fault occur in a house

12. Observation of safety measures

13. Preparation of EA report with suitable recommendation.

19


140

120 A

mp

s) 100

80

(

Cu

rren

t

60

40

20

0

Duration

Fig 3.1 Current vs duration curve

The above figure shows the value of current in different intervals of time. From the

above figure it is clear that current will be peak between 10-11 A.M , 2-3 P.M and

5-6 P.M

230

229

(VO

LT) 228

227

volt

age

226

225

224

223

Duration

Fig 3.2 Voltage vs duration curve

The above figure shows the value of voltage at different intervals of time. From the above graph it is clear that voltage value is maximum between 7-8 P.M

20


3.1 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY DATA

Fig 3.3: Layout Sketch of the Library

Power Utilization Analysis: The usage of power across the library is presented in

the pi-chart. It shows that the lighting occupies 75% of the library. The representation

of total number of equipments used is shown in figure 3.2

Fig.3.4 : Daily Unit Consumption on the university library.

21


160

140

120

100

80

60 136

40 66

20 35

0

Light fittings Fans Desktops

Fig.3.5 No of Equipment fitted

3.1.1 Index level Calculation

Theoretical lux level and Room Index calculation [12-14] for the given area is

calculated using the specified formula given by Installed lux = total no of fitting * no of

lamps per fittings * L.D.L output of each lamp

Lux Level -LHS side of the library = 1074.34 lx/m^2

Lux Level -RHS side of the library = 1075.26 lx/m^2

Lux level - Central portion of the library = 1279.56 lx/m^2

3.1.2 Room Index : Room Index is given by Room Index = length * width / Mounting

height * (length+ width)

But here for this library we need to find the room index of both LHS and RHS side as

width of both side is different.

Room index of LHS side = 4 Room

index of RHS side =4.9 Room index

of central room = 1.17 Room index

of main central = 2.37

22


TABLE 3.1 Room Index Value

Room Index No.of

Value Measurement

Below one 9

Between (1 – 2) 16

Between ( 2-3) 25

Above 3 36

3.1.3 ILER (Installed Load Efficiency Ratio) Calculation: The procedure to

calculate ILER is presented below in steps

Step 1:- Measure the floor area of the interior

Step 2:- Calculate the room index Step3:- Determine total circuits watts of installation

Step 4:- Calculate watt per m^2

Step 5:- Ascertain the average maintained illuminate

Step 6:- Divide Step 5 by 4 to calculate actual lux / watt/ m^2

Step 7:- Obtain target lux/w/m^2

Step 8:- Calculate ILER (Divide step 6 by7)

The calculated value of ILER in all the area are presented below

Lux level required = 53

ILER = 0.28(LHS)

ILER = 0.28 (RHS)

ILER = 0.37(Counter room)

ILER = 0.5(Central room)

Table3. 2: ILER Assessment

ILER Assessment

0.75 or over Satisfactory or good

0.51- 0.74 Review Suggested

0.5 or less Urgent action required

23


With reference to the ILER ratio of all the rooms, it indicates that urgent action is

needed for LHS, RHS and counter room. There is a review suggested for central

room. This will help us to identify guarantee for strong recommendation.

3.1.4 Wastage Audit

The power wastage in the library is audited for the period of one month. The average

analysis for four days is presented in the table 3.3

Table 3.3 : Power Wastage Sample Data

TIMING DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4

10- 12 A.M 10 Fittings, 3 10 fittings, 4 14 fittings, 4 8 fittings

fans fans fans

12- 2 P.M 25 fittings, 14 17 fittings, 20 15 fittings , 18 20 fittings, 15 fans , 2 fans, 3 fans ( 3 fans

Desktop (sleep Desktop ( desktop sleep

mode) Sleep mode) mode)

2-4 P.M 16 fittings , 14 15 fittings, 10 14 fittings, 12 10 fittings, 6

fans , 2 fans, 2 fans ( 2 fans (4 Desktop (sleep Desktop Desktop sleep Desktops Sleep

mode) (Sleep mode) mode) mode)

4 6 P.M 30 fittings, 14 28 fittings, 30 fittings, 8 20 fittings, 5 fans , 3 5fans fans fans

Desktop (

sleep mode)

Fig.3.6 Watt Hour Wastage

24


3.2 SAMPLE DATA OF SINGLE HOUSE

Fig 3.7 Single line diagram of Triple bed room house

Above figure shows the single line diagram of Individual houses where 22 buses are

used. More number of loads are connected to fifth circuit breaker. All loads used in

the home are are shown by lumped load.

25


Fig 3.8 ETAP Load flow Analysis chart for the single house

Above figure shows the ETAP load flow analysis of single line diagram of individual

house in which Bus 1 is having more current because heavy load is connected to this

bus.

26


Exist Amp

3.5

3

2.5

Am

p 2

1.5

1

0.5

0

Fig 3.9 ETAP Single House existing current output

Above shows the current value drawing different loads of Single house. It is clear

from above graph Load 8 , 10, 17, 19 , 48 are drawing more current .

2.5

2

1.5

K W

1 Exist kW

0.5

0

Load

1

Load

3

Load

5

Load

8

Load

10

Lo

ad1

2

Load

15

Lo

ad1

7 Lo

ad1

9 Lo

ad2

1 Lo

ad2

3

Load

25

Lo

ad2

7 Lo

ad2

9 Lo

ad3

1 Lo

ad3

3

Load

35

Load

48

Lo

ad5

0 Lo

ad5

2 Lo

ad5

4

Fig 3.10 ETAP Single House Exisiting Power output

Above graph shows the power consumed by different loads in which some of the

load such load 8 , 10, 17, 19 and 48 are consuming more power.

27


other

water motor kitchen 4% instr

Refrigerator 15%

light

4% 48% A/C

11%

fan 18%

Fig 3.11 The number of equipments

Above pie- chart shows the percentage of different equipments used in the house

in which light accounts maximum percentage.

usage in a year 2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0 light fan A/C Refrigerator water motor other kitchen

instr

Fig 3.12 annual unit consumption by equipments

Above graph shows annual unit consumption of different equipments used in the

house. It is clear from above graph AC is consuming more power followed by water

pumping motor , fans etc.

28


3.3 Over all Residential house data

Fig 3.13 Existing layout of Bilroth Transformer 11kv/430V , 250KVA feeder

Above figure shows the layout of all 132 houses connected to Distribution

Transformer . Total number of houses connected to the single pole is kept inside the

network .

Fig 3.14 The expansion of the Network 18

29


Fig 3.15 Existing layout ETAP load flow output

The above figure shows the ETAP load flow analysis report of layout of 132 houses

connected to the one Distribution Transformer. Above figure shows the value of

current , voltage , power and power factor.

30


500

450

400

350

300

250

A m p 200

150

100

50

0

Fig 3.16 ETAP Existing bus current output

The above figure shows the current output for different bus. It is clear from above

figure that some of the buses is having more current as compared to others . It is

because of more number of house connection to the one pole.

120

100

80

60

Amp

40

20

0

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.B

us…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

S.Bus…

Fig 3.17 ETAP Existing Sub bus current output

The above figure shows the current output for different Sub Buses. It is clear from

above figure that some of the buses is having more current as compared to others . It

is because of more number of loads connec tion to the one pole.

31


430

410

390

370 V

olt

350

330

310

290

270

250

bu

s 1

Bu

s 3

Bu

s5

Bu

s7

Bu

s9

Bu

s11

Bu

s13

Bu

s15

Bu

s17

Bu

s19

Bu

s21

Bu

s23

Bu

s25

Bu

s27

B

us

29

B

us

31

Bu

s33

B

us

35

Fig 3.18 ETAP Existing bus voltage output

The above figure shows the voltage output for

figure that voltage value decreases slightly

transformer increases.

different Buses. It is clear from above

as the distance of the bus from

420 410

400

390

380

370

360

Vo

lt 350

340

330

320

310

300

290

280

270

260

S.B

us1

.11

S.B

us2

.2

S.B

us1

5.1

S.B

us2

1.3

S.B

us2

2.3

S.B

us2

3.2

S.B

us2

4.1

S.B

us2

4.7

S.B

us2

4.1

4

S.B

us2

4.2

0

S.B

us2

6.6

S.B

us2

7.1

S.B

us2

8.2

7

S.B

us2

8.3

4

S.B

us3

0.1

S.B

us3

0.7

S.B

us3

1.2

S.B

us3

2.3

S.B

us3

3.4

S.B

us3

4.3

S.

Bu

s35

.3

Fig 3.19 ETAP Existing Sub bus voltage output

The above figure shows the voltage output for different Sub Buses. It is clear from

above figure that voltage value decreases slightly and then become constant.

32


Refrigerator

gysers 6%

AC 4%

6% motor

5%

fan Light 19% 60%

Fig 3.20 The number of equipments fitted in total houses

The above figure shows the percentage of Equipment present in total 132 houses. It

is clear from above figure that lighting alone accounts 60% followed by fan , AC,

Refrigerators etc.

1000000

900000

800000

/yea

r

700000

600000

con

sum

ed

500000

400000

Un

it

300000

200000

100000

0

Fig 3.21 Units Consumed per year

The above figure shows the unit consumed by different equipments of 132 houses. It

is clear from above figure that AC is consuming more unit as compared to other

equipments.

33


Chapter 4

RECOMMENDATION

The recommendations which are give after a audit can be take as a best suggestion

for the betterment of energy saving , especially the best suggestion you choose the

better result you get. Mostly recommendations are based on the average of both

particle and theoretical value. Auditing provide clear and reliable information on

potential investment and saving the electricity in long term benefits, by calculating net

present values cash flow and the resulting discounted saving over time. This

enhances considerably the quality and value of the recommendations.

Recommendations are divided into various categories on different basis that are

mentioned below.

Types of Recommendation

On the basis investment

A. Minimum Investment recommendation

B. Medium investment recommendation

C. Maximum investment recommendation

On the basis of benefits

A. Minimum Benefits recommendation

B. Maximum Benefit recommendation

On the basis of Quality

A. High Quality recommendation

B. Low Quality recommendation

34


Need for recommendation

An audit recommendation , which includes an analysis of your energy

consumption, will reveal how energy is used in your home.

Understanding where energy is being used will empower you to make

adjustments and improvements that will result in lower energy bills and/or

greater comfort.

Once the comfort and efficiency details of your home are revealed through an

energy assessment.

Recommendations for improving home performance can be formulated and

quantified to help you make decisions about which to pursue.

According to the definition in the ISO 50002 standard, an energy audit is a

systematic analysis of energy use and energy consumption within a defined

energy audit scope, in order to identify, quantify and report on the opportunities

for improved energy performance.

Therefore, an energy audit is an energy assessment. This evaluation analyses

energy flows in a building, processor system to reduce the amount of energy

input into the system whilst maintaining or improving human comfort, health

and safety. The level of detail of this evaluation determines the type of audit.

General Recommendations and Recommendations with Mic ro Grid are discussed

in the Project . General Recommendations includes Recommendations with and

without investment. Micro Grid Recommendation consist of Solar panel and Wind

mill design and implementations.

35


4.1 RECOMMENDTION OF UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

4.1.1 Recommendation without investment:

According to the layout of the library, we have recommended some of the best

saving tips by which electrical energy can be saved and tariff without an

investment by proper utilization and also reduce tariff in their bills. These are

the important tips to save energy in library.

• Unplug and switch off the entire electric device of appliance that is not in

used to reduce no – load losses.

• Clean the fittings regularly at least once in a week as a heavy cost of dust

can block 50 % of light output.

• Remove the cut covering used in the fitting by plain glass. It also reduce the

amount of light output

• Clean the fan blades regularly as heavy coat of dust in fan blades reduces

motor efficiency and output. The

• Light control may consist of a row of switches at the main circulation desk

provided that single switch is

• Connected to every single fitting. Adjustable window covering can be

provided so that direct sunlight does not reach the stack or other sensitive

materials.

Fig.4.1 Wastage audit Saving Graph

With reference to the figure 4.1 indicated that the library can save above 300 units

per month, if they maintain proper switching procedure.

37


4.1.2 Recommendation with Rearrangement:

Calculations of No. of fittings

required N= E* A/ F*UF*LLF

Where,

E= lux level required on working

plane A= Area of the room

F= Total flux (lumens) from all the lamps in one

fittings UF= utilization factor

N= 500 *1040.48 / 2800 *3*0.75*0.63 = 131 fittings

So total 131 fittings are required in the library

Total 136 fittings are available in the library; Hence 5 fittings are extra in the

library.

Unit used per day = 127.3

Fig.4.2 Proposed Layout with Rearrangement

Fig.4.3: Saving graph on the monthly and yearly basis.

Above shows the saving graph on monthly and yearly basis with rearrangement

of lighting equipments in the library. 38


4.1.3 Recommendation with Investments:

The lighting design is reworked for fixing of LED lighting and the proposed layout if

shown in figure 4.4. It represented by 120 number of light fitting, which are 16 light

set reductions when compared with the existing system.

No of LED light required (Type 15W square LED) = 120 Fitting *2 set light =240

Unit consumed by 240 LEDs = 3600watts = 28.8 units /day (Average

8hours/day)

Unit consumed /month = 720unit/month

Money invested in buying total LED = Rs 80,000

Money Saved / month by using LED in the place of CFL =Rs12652

Money will be repaid in approx 2 years

Fig.4.4 Proposed lighting Recommendation layout for the university library

Fig.4.5 Comparison of Unit Saved after Proposed System

Above figure shows the amount of unit consumed by existing lighting equipments

of Library and proposed system. It is clear from the above figure that proposed

system is consuming less energy as compared to the existing system.

39


4.1.4 Recommendation with On Grid Solar:The study on the library states that

the daily usage of library from 9is to 8pm. The study also reveals that the average

number of light used per day in the library is 90 to 100. It is recommended to

implement on-grid solar connected system to glow all the 100 LED light from 10am

to 5pm.

Total watts required = 100* 15 = 1500watts

The number of solar panel required = 12

Total cost of solar panel and control equipment= 12 *Rs 14700 = Rs

176400 The unit saved per day by solar implementation = 20 unit

Fig.4.6 Comparison of Unit Saved after Proposed Solar System

Above graph shows the comparison of unit consumed by lighting equipments for

exisiting Rearrangement, Proposed and solar. It is clear from above graph that unit

consumption is very less for proposed system.

40


4.2 GENERAL ISSUES AND RECOMMENDATION FOR INDIVIDUAL HOUSE 4.2.1 ISSUES:

1. The equipments were not switched off properly after regular use.

2. The deforstation of refrigerator is not done regularly and the refrigerator was

kept near to wall. Hot food and steel vessels was kept inside the refrigerator

that will consume more energy. Heavy loads were kept inside the fridge.

3. Condenser was not clean and maintained properly.

4. Blades of fan were not cleaned in most of the houses.

5. Water Pumping Motor was very old.

6. Wiring connection is not proper which is not safe.

7. No Proper window facilities were in that house.

8. Analog Energy Meter was present in the house

Fig 4.7 Energy Meter

Above figure shows the Energy meter used in the house

41


Fig 4.8 Refrigerator Condition

Fig 4.9 12 years old water pumping motor

42


4.2.2 Recommendation without investment

Turn lights off when it is not in used or leave a room-saving energy 0.5%. Keep the fridge at 40 degree F and the freezer at 0 degree F empty and

then turn off your fridge if you go on long vacation saving energy 0.5 to

0.6%.

Check the condenser coil,the evaporater coils, the blower wheel the filter,

the lubrication and the electrical contacts. Turn off central air conditioning 30 minute beforeleving your home it will

save 0.2% energy .Check your hot water temperature .If does not need to

be any higher than 140 degree F for washing purpose. Plug the basin or both when your run any hot water.Make sure hot water

tabs are always turned off properly. Use your dryer for consecutive loads, because the built up heat between

loads will use less energy.If you need to tumble dry, try a lower temperature

setting we consume 0.12%. Wash full load of machine-you will use your machine less often saving time,

and more efficient energy.

43


4.2.3 Recommendation with investment

A.Recommendation for lighting system for Single House

Table 4.1 Lighting Arrangement in house

TRIPLE BED ROOM

Room Present Required lumens Restructured

Arrangement arrangement

Bed Room 1 2 Tubelights (40 4971 lumen 3 LED Tubelights

watt) (16 watt each)

(2800*2 = 5600 4800 lumen

lumens)

Bed Room 2 2 Tubelights 3300 lumen 2 LED Tubelight (

( 5600 lumen) 3200 lumen)

Bed Room 3 2 Tubelight 4900 lumen 3 LED tubelight (


Hall 4 Tubelight 8200 lumen 5 LED Tubelight

(11200 lumen) ( 8000 lumen)

Kitchen 1 tubelight 3300 lumen 2 LED Tubelight

( 2800 lumen) 3200 lumen

Balcony 1 CFL ( 18 watt) 700 lumen 1 more CFL ( 18

200 lumen watt)

400 lumen

Cost Analysis of Triple Bed Room house

Money Invested for Restructuring = Rs 12000

Present lighting Arrangement Consumes = 1211.04 unit /

year Present Electricity Bill = Rs 7266.24 / year

Restructured Lighting Arrangement Consumes = 819.36 unit / year

Electricity Bill due to Restructured Arrangement = Rs 4916.16 Pay

Back Period = 5 year approx

44


PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

Fig 4.10 SYSKA LED T5 Tube Lights

SYSKA LED T5 Tube Lights are more efficint at power saving as compaired to the

regular tube lights. These simple and easy-to-install fixtures are an undoubted

champion for your regular lighting purposes.

Model Name: LED T5 TUBE LIGHTS

Model Number: SSK-RA1601-N

Input Power: 16W

Input Voltage: AC90~300V 50Hz

Color Temperature: 3000K-6500K

Size: 26.5x1200(L)

CRI: More than 80

Beam Angle: 120 deg

Lumens: 1600

Operating Temperature: (-20 deg to 60 deg centigrade)

COLOR:

White/Cool Day Ligh

APPLICATIONS:

Offices • Mall • Residential • Showrooms

FEATURES:

Elegant Look

Lower Consumption and Energy Saving

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION

Lumens 1600

Input Power 16W

Input Voltage 90-300V AC-50HZ

45


B. RECOMMENDATION FOR FAN

Existing fan Calculation

No. of Total Avg Usage Existing Unit Electricit House No. of hour by Fan Consumed/ y Bill Fans each house year

1 5 3 60 watt 864 unit Rs 5184

Unit Consumed per day by triple BHK fans = 2.4 unit/day

Unit Consumed per year by Triple BHK fans = 864 unit/yr

Electricity Bill paid per year by Triple BHK = Rs 5184

Proposed System for fan

No. of Total Avg Usage Recommended Unit Payback House No. of hour by Fan Consumed/ Period Fans each house year

1 5 3 Super fan 504 unit 2.9 year

(35 watt)

Unit Consumed per day by fans of Triple BHK House = 2 unit/day

Unit Consumed per year by fans of all Triple BHK House = 504

unit/year Electricity Bill paid per year by 3BHK houses = Rs 3024

Pay back Period = 2.9 year

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

Ceiling fans are the most neglected appliances when people think about reducing

electricity consumption in their house. Most people focus on lighting to fix their

high electricity bills, but fans consume a lot more than lights. To give a perspective

a regular (non BEE star rated) ceiling fan consumes 75 Watts as compared to a

regular (most inefficient) tubelight that consumes 55 Watts. Also a ceiling fan is

used during the day as well as night whereas a light is used only during the night.

In totality ceiling fans consumes more than twice or thrice the amount of electricity

as compare to lights. But most people ignore power consumption of ceiling fans

while buying them. BEE or Bureau of Energy Efficiency in India started rating

46


ceiling fans of 1200mm sweep (regular sized ceiling fans) a few years back and

since then the manufacturers have started coming out with efficient ceiling fans.

The basis of this ranking is the data from BEE (Bureau of Energy

Efficiency). BEE data contains power consumption and air delivery of a

Ceiling Fan and this information is self reported by the manufacturers. The

data is calculated in test conditions.

Service Value or (air delivery/power consumption) are ued for giving ranking

to various models of ceiling fans. The Ceiling Fan with the maximum value

of Service Value is given the highest ranking. Multiple models with the same

value are given the same rank.

The list below contains only the top ten ranked Ceiling Fans. List of all BEE

star rated Ceiling Fans are given below

47


Super fan

48


ORBIT GREEN BL 30

General

BrandOrbit

Product CodeHOMORBIT-MARS-BORBI55577FA8252EF

Model NameMars BL30

No of Blades3

Motor Speed370 RPM

SIZE48 INCHES

Sweep1200 mm

Number of Speed Settings 4

ColorWhite typeCeiling Fan

Power n

Power Consumption31 W

Addtional Features

Air Flow 210Cmm

C. Recommendation on refrigerator.

Existing

Number of Star Rating Power Unit Consumed/ year House Consumption

1 3 star 600 watt 1728 unit/year

Unit consumed per day = 4.8 unit/day

Unit consumed per year = 1728 unit/year

Electricity Bill paid per year = Rs 10368

Proposed

Number of Star Rating Power Unit Consumed/ year House Consumption


After recommendation

Unit consumed per day = 2.4 unit

Unit consume per year=864 unit/ year

Electricity bill= Rs 5184 49


Product Description

Fastest in Ice Making: Without putting extra load on the compressor, LG Direct

Cool Refrigerators make ice 20% faster with a specially designed patented ice

tray. So whenever you get an idea to surprise your loved ones with a chilled drink,

you’re ready without pressing any button. Anti bacterial gasket: This easy to

clean removable airtight gasket seals in the freshness and keeps out the bacteria

and dust particles accumulated in the door seal. It stops mould spores from

entering and spoiling the food inside, keeping it healthy and hygienic for longer

periods. Beauty & Care Box: Now your refrigerator gives you a separate corner to

store your entire medical and beauty products. Preserve their goodness and give

them a touch of freshness with this unique feature.

General feature

Capacity 215 L

BEE star rating 5

No of door 1

Door types single

Refrigerator features

Material Used for Shelves Toughened Glass

Colors Available Scarlet Paradise, Graphite Paradise, Marine Paradise

Large Bottle Shelf with Spill Guard is present

Freezer featureConvenience feature

Ice tray is present Door lock is present

50

http://compareindia.news18.com/glossary/material-used-for-shelves/209/13

http://compareindia.news18.com/glossary/colours-available/222/13

http://compareindia.news18.com/glossary/large-bottle-shelf-with-spill-guard/208/13


D. Recommendation on air conditioners

EXISTING

No of AC STAR RATED UNIT CONSUME PER YEAR

3 3 star rated(2000W) 2340 unit per year

Unit consume in one day= 24 unit/day

Unit consume per year= 8640 unit/yr

Electricity bill= Rs 51840

Proposed

No of AC Star rated Unit consume per year

3 5 star rated(1500w) 6480 unit/year

Unit consume per day = 18 unit/day

Unit consume per year=6480 unit/ yr

Electricity bill= Rs 38880

Product Description

Powerful AC with decent power consumption. Godrej presents to its user a great

way to love summers with its powerful AC of 1.5 ton capacity. The Split AC

effectively cools down the temperature of a large room or work place of up to 170

square feet area. Salient Features. The dehumidifier feature balances the humidity

level which is very useful for Indian climate. It features rotary compressor which

gives the AC long life. It performs in a very low noise level. Its Auto Air Swing

mode maximizes the circulation of air across the room effectively. Clean air to

breathe in featuring the auto clean mode, Godrej 1.5 Ton 5 Star GSC 18 FG 5

WMG Split AC fights the air borne bacteria and impurities to give you the gift of

fresh air. Besides its anti bacteria filter

the AC also features auto clean function which is very useful in optimising the life .

The turbo mode instantly lowers the room temperature making it possible for the

51


user to enter the room without waiting for long. However its sleek design and luxe

exterior makes it a perfect home decor item for your room or office space. It is

reliable after sales service. When you buy Godrej AC online you ensure worry free

air conditioning year after year. The AC offers 1 year of warranty on the main unit

and 5 years of warranty on its compressor.

General Features

Type Split AC

Capacity 1.5 Tonnes

Star Rating 5 Star

Compressor Rotary

Hot & Cold -

Panel Display LED

Power Specifications

Power 220 - 240 V

Supply –

Voltage

Power Single Phase

Supply –

Phase

Power 50 Hz

Supply –

Frequency

E. RECOMMENDATION ON MOTER

There is 1 house in which onemotor is there.

Existing

Number Type Power Age of Avg Unit Electricity of Consumption Motor Usage Consumed Bill Motor /hour

1 1 hp 860 watt 12 3 hour 900 Rs 5400

year unit/year

52


Proposed

House Avg Usage hour Unit Electricity Consumed/yr Bill

1 3 hour 157.68 Rs 946 /yr

Unit consumed per year = 157.68 unit/yr

Electricity Bill = Rs 946.08

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

Working Principle: Submersible,Cantilever,Centrifugal

Main applications: Slurry,Sewage

Driver: Electric motor

Power Specs: 380/415V 3phase; 220/240V

1phase; 50hz/60hz

Max.permissible fluid 80°C(176°F)

temperature:

Type of connection: Flange

Installation position: Vertical

Casing/Inner parts Cast iron,stainless steel / Cast

material: iron,stainless steel

Shaft seal type: Mechanical sealing

Free passage: 50% of caliber diameter

Maximum drive rating: 22KW(30HP)

Maximum caliber: 150mm(6inch)

Maximum discharge-side 0.2MPa(2bar)

pressure:

Maximum head: 20m(65.6ft)

Flow rate range: 20-180m3/h(88-792US.GPM)

53


PERFORMANCE DATA

MODEL CAPACITY HEAD EFFICIENCY MOTOR SPEED PUMP POWER HEIGHT

(M^3/h) M % KW (r/min) Mm

NL50-8 20-30 8-9 42 1.5 1450 1310

NL50A-

8

F. RECOMMENDATION FOR GYSEER

Existing



Electricity Bill= Rs 7560

Number of Gyser Power Consumption Age of Unit Consumed /

Geaser year

1 3500 watt 15 years 1260

Proposed

Type of Gyser Power Consumption Unit Electricity

Consumed/yr Bill

15L SWH Aqua 2000 watt 720 Rs 4320 Genie Geyser




54


PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

100 % Original Product with Brand Warranty | 2+5 Years Warranty

High Pressure Withstanding Capacity Suitable for High Rise Buildings

Incoloy 800 Element with Enamel Coating for Longer Life

Blue Sapphire Enamel Coating on Tank to Prevent from Rust and Corrosion

Preset Thermal Cutout with CE Mark

ELCB - Earthing Protection Device 16 Amp with CE Mark

Weather-proofing IPX4

Fire Retardant CFC-free PUF Insulation

Multi-function Safety Valve

Magnesium Anode Rod to Prevent Rust and Corrosion

ABS Material of Outer Body for Better Finish and Strength

5 Stars Rated

General

Brand Usha

Model SWH AQUA GENIE 15 L

Voltage 220-240V AC, 50Hz

Wattage 2000W

Capacity 15 L

Rated Water 0.8 Mpa

Pressure

Gross Weight 11.8 kg

55


10000 9000

con

sum

ed/y

r 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000

Un

it

3000 2000

1000 0

Fig 4.11 Unit Consumed per year by EquipmentsBefore recommendation

Above figure shows the unit consumed by equipments of individual house before

recommendation. In this it is clear that unit consumed by AC is around 8500

unit/year which is very high as compared to other equipments.

7000

6000

con

sum

ed

/yr

5000

4000

3000

Un

it

2000

1000

0

Fig 4.12 Unit Consumed per year by EquipmentsAfter Recommendation

Above figure shows the unit consumed by equipments of individual house after

recommendation. In this it is clear that unit consumed by AC is reduced 6200

unit/year likewise unit consumption by other equipments is also reduced.

56


10000

9000

/ye

ar

8000

7000

con

sum

ed

6000

5000

4000

3000

Un

it

2000

1000

0

Fig 4.13 Comparison of Unit Consumed per year by Equipments

Above figure shows the comparison of unit consumed by different equipments

before and after recommendation. It is clear from above graphing that unit

consumed by different equipments before recommendation is more as compared

to the proposed one.

Ele

ctri

city

Bill

60000

50000

40000

30000

20000

10000

Existing bill

0

Fig 4.14 Electricity Bill paid by Consumers Before recommendation

57


Above figure shows the electricity bill paid by consumer of individual house before

recommendation. In this it is clear that electricity bill paid by consumer for AC is

around Rs 5000 which is very high as compared to other equipments.

45000

40000

35000

Bill

30000

Ele

ctri

city

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0

Fig 4.15 Electricity Bill paid by Consumers After Recommendation

Above figure shows the electricity bill paid by consumer of individual house after

recommendation. In this it is clear that electricity bill paid by consumer for AC is

comedown to Rs 3700.

60000

50000

Bill

40000

Elec

tric

ity

30000

20000

10000

0

Fig 4.16 Comparison of Electricity Bill paid by Consumers

Above Figure shows the comparison of the electricity bill by the consumer and the difference is shown after the recommendation on the sample house.

58


Fig 4.17 Single line diagram with recommended data

Above figure shows the single line diagram of individual house with recommended data. and the load flown the bus and the network on the sample house.

59


Fig 4.18 Proposed ETAP load flow analysis of Individual House

Above figure shows about the distribution for the current and load flow on a sample house. and the load compensation from the mail junction and the output simulation data on a sample case.

60


recom kW

1.6

1.4

1.2

(kw

) 1

po

we

r 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

Fig 4.19 ETAP Proposed Power output graph

This shows the Etap power output for different loads connected to the buses from

this figure it is clear that some of the loads are consuming more power as

compared to others.

recomAmp

2.5

2

(Am

p)

1.5

Cu

rre

nt

1

0.5

0

Fig 4.20 ETAP Proposed Current output graph

This shows the Etap current output for different loads connected to the buses

from this figure it is clear that some of the loads are drawing more current as

compared to others.

61


Exist Amp recomAmp

3.5

3

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

Fig 4.21 ETAP CurrentComparison Graph

Above figure shown the comparison of current output before and after

recommendation

Exist kW recom kW

2.5

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

Load

1

Load

3

Load

5

Load

8

Load

10

Lo

ad1

2

Load

1

5

Load

1

7

Load

19

Lo

ad2

1 Lo

ad2

3

Load

25

Lo

ad2

7 Lo

ad2

9

Load

31

Load

33

Lo

ad3

5

Load

48

Lo

ad5

0

Load

52

Load

54

Fig 4.22 ETAP Power Comparison Graph

Above figure shown the comparison of power output before and after

recommendation

62


4.3 Recommendationfor 132 houses

4.3.1 RECOMMENDATION WITHOUT INVESTMENT

1. Clean fans blades periodically which improves the performance life of the fan

2. Keep refrigerator away from the wall to allow air to circulate around

the Refrigerator

3. Avoid frequent closing and opening of refrigerator door.

4. Allow heated food stuff to cool down to normal temperature before

Refrigerating

5. Defrost regularly to keep freezers working their best.

6. Thermostat control in refrigerators should be adjusted to optimum

level Depending upon climatic condition.

7. Use washing machine to its full capacity

8.Avoid using dryer in washing machine whenever possible

9. Always use nylon belt in grinders (which reduces the friction)

10. Avoid ironing one or two clothes daily and adopt large scale iron.

11. Turn off your computers when not in use, a computer that runs 24 hours a day

for instance, uses more power than an energy efficient refrigerator.

12. If your computer must be left on, turn off the monitor this device alone uses

more than half the systems energy.

13. Setting computers, Monitors, and copiers to use sleep mode when not in use

helps in cue energy costs by approximately 40%

14. Use solar water heater wherever possible.

15. Avoid water leakage in taps/joints.

16. Always insulate hot water pipes to reduce heat loss

63


B. RECOMMENDTION WITH INVESTMENT

4.3.1 Triple Bed Room

A. Existing fan Calculation

Total No of fans for 37 Triple Bed Room House = 5* 37 = 185

Unit Consumed per day by total 37 house fans = 88.8 unit

Unit Consumed per year by total 37 house fans = 31968 unit

Electricity Bill paid per year by 37 houses = Rs 159840

Recommendation for Fans

Table 4.2 Fan Calculation

S.NO No.of Total no of Types of 3 bed room house

Customers fans fans

Unit Unit Electricit Pay

demand Changed consumed/da consumed y Bill for Back

from each y /year yr Period

house

1. 10 2*10 = 20 Super fan 5.6 unit 2016 unit Rs 6

10080 years

2. 7 2* 7 = 14 Orbit 4.96 unit 1785.6 Rs 8928 8 years

greenBL 30 unit

3. 20 2 * 20 = 40 5 star rated 16 unit 5760 Rs 5 years

fans Unit 28800

After Recommendation

Unit Consumed per day by fans of all Triple Bed Room House = 79.84 unit/day

Unit Consumed per year by fans of all Triple Bed Room House = 28742.4 unit/year


64


B. Recommendation for Lighting

There are 20 triple bed room house where lighting arrangement is nice. So

Thereis need to Change 17 house lighting arrangement out of 37 Triple Bedroom

house. All Triple Bed

Table 4.3 Lighting Calculation

TRIPLE BED ROOM





(2800*2 = 5600 4800 lumen

lumens)

Bed Room 2 2 Tubelights 3300 lumen 2 LED Tubelight (


Bed Room 3 2 Tubelight 4900 lumen 3 LED tubelight (


Hall 4 Tubelight 8200 lumen 5 LED Tubelight

(11200 lumen) ( 8000 lumen)




200 lumen watt)

400 lm

Cost Analysis of Triple Bed Room house

Money spent earlier = Rs 35520


Present lighting Arrangement Consumes = 20379.6 unit / year Present Electricity Bill = Rs 101898 / year

Restructured Lighting Arrangement Consumes = 11260.8 unit / year Electricity Bill due to Restructured Arrangement = Rs 56304

Pay Back Period = 4 years approx

65


4.3.2 Double Bed Room

A. Existing fan Calculation

Total No of fans for 43 Double Bed Room House = 4* 43 = 172

Unit Consumed per day by total 37 house fans = 103.8 unit/day

Unit Consumed per year by total 37 house fans = 37152 unit/year


Table 4.4 Recommendation for Fans

S.NO No. of Total no of Types of 3 bed room house

Customers fans fans

demand Changed Unit Unit Electric Pay

from each consum consum ity Bill Back

house ed/day ed/year for yr Period

2. 8 1*8= 8 Superfan 2.8 unit 1008 Rs 6 years

unit 5040

3. 10 1* 10= 10 Orbit 3.1 unit 1116 Rs 7 years

greenBL unit 5580

30

4. 25 2 * 25 = 50 5 star 20 unit 7200 Rs 5 year

rated fans unit 36000

After Recommendation

Unit Consumed per day by fans of all Double Bed Room House = 75.82 unit/day

Unit Consumed per year by fans of all Double Bed Room House = 27295.2

unit/day


66



There are 23 Double bed room house where lighting arrangement is nice. So

There is Need to Change 20 house lighting arrangement out of 43

DoubleBedroom house.

Table 4.5 Lighting Calculation for Double Bed Room

DOUBLE BED ROOM





(2800*2 = 5600 4800 lumen

lumens)

Bed Room 2 2 Tube lights 3406 lumen 2 LED Tubelight (


Kitchen 1 tube light 3300 lumen 2 LED Tubelight



200 lumen watt)

400 lumen,

Bathroom 1 Tubelight ( 36 808 lumens 10 watt LED

watt) ( 800 lumens)

2600 lumens

Cost Analysis of Double Bed Room house




year Present Electricity Bill = Rs 95184 / year


Electricity Bill due to Restructured Arrangement = Rs 51696

Pay Back Period = 4.3 years

67


4.3.3 Single Bed Room House

There are total 52 single bed room houses . Out of which ten residential house

consumers became ready to change their two existing fans with two Super fans(

35 watt) and remaining 32 commercial consumers got ready to replace all their

existing fans with Orbit Green BL ( 31 watt) fans

Table 4.6 Fan Calculation for Single Bed Room

Existing Fans

TYPES No. of Total No. Average usage Unit Consumed/year

House of Fans hour by each

house

House H1- H10 30 8/30 5184 unit

H11- H20 20 10/20 4320 unit

S1- S22 22 12/22 5702.4 unit

Shops

S22-S32 20 14/20 6048 unit

Proposed Fans

TYPES No. of Total Avg Recommended Unit Payback

House No. of Usage Fan Consumed/ Period

Fans hour year

H1- 30 8/30 Not Ready to - -

House H10 Change

H11- 20 10/20 Super fan 2520 7 year

H20 (35 watt) unit/year

S1- S22 22 12/22 Orbit BL 30 2946.24 5 year

Shop unit/year

S22- 20 14/20 Orbit Green BL 3124.8 4.35 year

S32 30 (31Watt) unit/year

68


Unit Consumed per year by all fans of Single bed room house =21254.4 Electricity Bill= Rs 106272

Unit Consumed per year by all fans after recommendation of Single bed room house = 13775.04 Electricity Bill= Rs 68875.2


There are total 52 single bed room houses . Out of which only 20 houses are

single bed room domestic house Remaining 32 houses are shops .Table given

below deals with the existing and restructured arrangement of lighting system of

Residential house and Commercial Shops.

Table 4.7 Lighting Calculation for Single Bed Room

SINGLE BED ROOM

Room Present Required lumens Restructured Arrangement arrangement

Bed Room 1 2 Tubelights (40 4600 lumen 3 LED Tubelights (16 watt

watt) each)

(2800*2 = 5600 4800 lumen

lumens)

Hall 4 Tubelight 6355lumen 4 LED Tubelight (11200 lumen) ( 6400 lumen)



Balcony 1 CFL ( 18 watt) 600 lumen 1 more CFL ( 18 watt) 200 lumen 400 lumen,

Bathroom 1 Tubelight ( 36 885 lumens 10 watt LED

watt) ( 800 lumens)

2600 lumens

Cost Analysis of All Single Bed Room house




year Present Electricity Bill = Rs 80496 / year


Electricity Bill due to Restructured Arrangement = Rs 44352

Pay Back Period = 3.8 years approx 69


4.3.4 Air Conditioners

There are total 37 triple bed room houses. There are 20 single bed room housesbut Air Conditioners are present in 12 houses.

Table 4.8 Existing Air Conditioners

T No. of 1 No. A.C 2 No. 3 No. Total Avg Unit Consumed/

R A.C A.C A.C House Usage year

I (hour)

P 23 5 6 2 13 4 hour 184000

L 14 8 3 - 11 6 hour 168000

E

25

4

6

3

13

9 hour

162000

BED

ROOM

D No. of A.C 1 No. A.C 2 No. Total Avg Usage Unit Consumed/

O A.C House (hour) year

U

B 36 10 13 23 7 181440

L

28

12

8

20

10

201600

E

BED

ROOM

S No. of AC No. of House Avg Uasage Unit

I (Hour) Consumed/year N

G 12 20 5 43200

L

E

BED

ROOM

Hence from the Above Table It is clear that 53 Airconditioners from 116 houses are using AC for average of 10 hour per day . So It is replaced by 5 star rated

Godrej Split AC of 1.5 tonn which is consuming 1380 watt

70


Table 4.9 Air Conditioners Recommendation

Types of AC Unit Consumed/year Electricity Bill/ year

Existing AC 363600 unit/year Rs 1818000

5 star rated Godrej Split 263304 unit/year Rs 1316520

AC

Invested Money = Rs 1908000 Payback Period = 3.8 year

Total Unit Consumed /year before recommendation = 940240 unit

Electricity Bill =Rs 4701200

Total Unit Consumed /year after recommendation = 839944 unit

Electricity Bill =Rs 4199720

4.3.5 Refrigerator

Existing System

Table 4.10 Refrigerator Existing System

Number of House Star Rating Power Consumption Unit Consumed/ year



50 NIL 950 watt 136800 unit/year

Proposed System

All Non Star Rated Refrigerators are replaced by 5 star rated LG Refrigerators of

200 watt

71


Table 4.11Recommendation for Refrigerator

Types of AC Unit Consumed/ year Electricity Bill

Non Star Rated 136800 unit/year Rs 684000

5 Star Rated 28800 unit/year Rs 144000

Money Invested = Rs 900000 Payback Period = 1.7 year

Total Unit consumed/ year before recommendation = 259488 unit/year

Electricity Bill = Rs 1297440

Total Unit consumed per year after recommendation = 151488 unit /year


4.3.6 Geyser

There are 132 houses out of which Geysers are there in 90 houses only

Table 4.10 Gyser Existing System

Number of House Power Consumption Age of Unit Consumed /

Geaser year

40 3500 watt 15 years 50400

27 3200watt 12 years 31104

23 3000 watt 10 years 24840

Since 40 geysers are around 15 years old. So these 40 geysers are replaced

40Usha 15L SWH Aqua Genie Geyser of 2000 watt.

72


Table 4.11 Recommendation fot Gysers

Types of Geyser Unit Consumed/ year Electricity Bill

Existing Geyser 50400 unit/year Rs 252000

15L SWH Aqua Genie 28800 unit/year Rs 144000 Geyser

Money Invested = Rs 380000 Pay back period = 3.5 year

Total Unit consumed /year before recommendation = 106344


Total Unit consumed /year after recommendation = 84744


4.3.7 Motor

Table 4.12 Existing Motors

Types Numbers Types Power Age Avg Unit Electricit

y

of Consumptio

n of Usage Consumed Bill

Motor Motor hour

33 1 KW 5 year 4 hour 7200 unit Rs 36000

Fl ats 1.5 HP /year

H1- H30 1 HP 730 watt 4 year 2 hour 15768 Rs 78840

unit/year

H31-H55 1HP 860 watt 10 2 hour 15480 Rs 77400

House year unit/year

H56-H99 1 HP 860watt 12 1.5 20433.6 Rs

year hour unit/year 102168

There are five Apartments in which there are 33 flats and remaining 99

houses. Types of Motors used in the houses and Apartments are given

below in the Table


Following are issues associated with overaged motor

Resistive power will decrease, Shaft get worn-out,Coil will become weak,

Efficiency will decrease,Overheating,Sudden stopping of motor, Noise Production

,Draw Heavy Current and Bearing problems. Calculation

Rated Current should be drawn by motor is given by formula

I= p/1.73*v * cos@

=860/1.73*240*0.8

= 860/332.16 =2.5 Amps

But due to more age it is drawing 5 amps .

There are thirty three flats and thirty houses where 2-4 years motors are used but

in remaining 69 houses , 10-12 years old motors are installed for which we need to

recommend water pumping motor. 7 motors of 2 HP are recommended to install

for 69 houses means 1 motor for 10 houses each

Proposed System

Table 4.13 Recomendation for Motors

House Avg Usage hour Unit Electricity

Consumed/yr Bill

H1-H10 3 hour 1576.8 unit/yr Rs 78840

H11-H20 3 hour 1576.8 unit/yr Rs 78840

H21-H30 3 hour 1576.8 unit/yr Rs 78840

H31-H40 3 hour 1576.8 unit/yr Rs 78840

H41-H50 3 hour 1576.8 unit/yr Rs 78840

H51-H60 3 hour 1576.8 unit/yr Rs 78840

H61-H69 3 hour 1576.8 unit/yr Rs 70956

74


All the 69 motors installed in 69 houses are recommended to sell. All 69 motors

are sold at Rs 1000 each.

Money got after selling motors = Rs 69000

Invested money in buying seven 2 HP Submerged Motors = Rs 112000

Invested money in buying 700 ft PVC water pipe for water supply = Rs 105000

Total Money Invested = Rs 217000

Annual Profit =Rs 69000+ Rs 97236

= Rs 116236

Payback Period = 1.8year

75


1000000

900000

800000

Co

nsu

me

d/y

ear

700000

600000

500000

400000

Un

it

300000

200000

100000

0

Fig 4.23 Unit Consumed by Equipments of 132 houses before recommendation

Above figure shows the unit consumed by equipments of 132 houses before recommendation and it is clear from above figure that A/C is consuming more than 90000 units per year

900000

800000

/ye

ar

700000

600000

Co

nsu

me

d

500000

400000

300000

Um

it

200000

100000

0

Fig 4.24 Unit Consumed by Equipments of 132 houses

Above figure shows the unit consumed by equipments of 132 houses after recommendation and it is clear from above figure that A/Cconsumption is reduced to 80000 units per year

76


2000000

1800000

year

1600000

1400000

/

Co

nsu

me

d

1200000

1000000

800000

600000

Un

it

400000

200000

0

Fig 4.25 Comparison of Unit Consumed by Equipments of 132 housesUnit Consumed before and after recommendation

Above figure shows the comparison of unit consumed by the equipments before

and after recommendation in which it is clear that unit consumption is reduced to

good extend

5000000 4500000

Bill

4000000 3500000

3000000

Ele

ctri

city

2500000 2000000 1500000

1000000 500000 0

Fig 4.26 Unit Electricity Bill paid per year by consumers of 132 houses

This figure shows that electricity bill paid by consumers for different equipments of 132 houses in which the consumer is paying more money for A/C

77


4500000

4000000

Bill

3500000

3000000

Elec

tric

ity 2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

0

Fig 4.26 Unit Electricity Bill paid per year by consumers of 132 houses After Recommendation

This figure shows that electricity bill paid by consumers for different equipments of

132 houses after recommendation which the consumer is paying lesser money for

A/C

5000000

4500000

4000000

Bill

3500000

3000000

Ele

ctri

city

2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

0

Fig 4.27 Comparison of Electricity Bill paid per year by consumers of 132

housesComparison before and after recommendation

Above figure shows that the difference on the electricity bill before and after recommendation where the consumer has a better benefited and saving on the electricity bill .

78


Fig 4.28 Layout with recommended OF 132 houseconnect to BILROTH 11KV/430 V 250 KVA distribution transformer

Above figure shows the layout of 132 houses with recommended data. Number of houses connected to the pole is kept inside the network

79


Fig 4.29 ETAP Load flow analysis of Proposed System for 132 houses

Above figure shows the loadflow analysis report of layout of 132 houses in which some of the buses is having more current it is becuse of more number of houses connected to that particular bus.

80


450

400

350

300

Cu

rre

nt

250

200

150

100

50

0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39

Fig 4.30 ETAP Current output for bus

The above figure shows the Etap current output for all the buses and from the above figure it is clear that current value decreases after 25th bus.

90

80

70

60

Cu

rre

nt

50

40

30

20

10

0

S.B

us1

.11

S.B

us2

.2

S.B

us1

5.1

S.B

us2

1.3

S.B

us2

2.3

S.B

us2

3.2

S.B

us2

4.1

S.B

us2

4.7

S.

Bu

s24

.14 S.

Bu

s24

.20

S.B

us2

6.6

S.B

us2

7.1

S.B

us2

8.2

7

S.B

us2

8.3

4

S.B

us3

0.1

S.B

us3

0.7

S.B

us3

1.2

S.B

us3

2.3

S.B

us3

3.4

S.B

us3

4.3

S.

Bu

s35.

3

Fig 4.31 ETAP Current output for Sub Buses

The above figure shows the Etap current output for all the sub buses and from the above figure it is clear that current value decreases after 30th bus.

81


420

400

380 V

olt

age

360

340

320

300

bu

s 1

Bu

s 3

Bu

s5

Bu

s7

Bu

s9

Bu

s1

1

Bu

s1

3

Bu

s1

5

Bu

s1

7

Bu

s1

9

Bu

s2

1

Bu

s2

3

Bu

s2

5

Bu

s2

7

Bu

s

29

B

us

31

B

us3

3

Bu

s

35

Fig 4.32 ETAP Voltage output for Bus

Above figure shows the Etap voltage output for all buses. output voltage value decreases as the distance of the bus from transformer increases.

420

400

380

Vo

ltag

e

360

340

320

300

S.B

us1

.11

S.B

us2

.2

S.B

us1

5.1

S.B

us2

1.3

S.B

us2

2.3

S.B

us2

3.2

S.B

us2

4.1

S.B

us2

4.7

S.B

us2

4.1

4

S.B

us2

4.2

0

S.B

us2

6.6

S.B

us2

7.1

S.B

us2

8.2

7

S.B

us2

8.3

4

S.B

us3

0.1

S.B

us3

0.7

S.B

us3

1.2

S.B

us3

2.3

S.B

us3

3.4

S.B

us3

4.3

S.

Bu

s35

.3

Fig 4.33 ETAP Voltage output for Sub Buses

Above figure shows the Etap voltage output for all sub buses. output voltage value decreases as the distance of the bus from transformer increases.

82


500

450

400

350 C

urr

en

t 300

250

200

150

100

50

0

bu

s 1

Bu

s 3

Bu

s5

Bu

s7

Bu

s9

Bu

s1

1

Bu

s1

3

Bu

s1

5

Bu

s1

7

Bu

s1

9

Bu

s2

1

Bu

s2

3

Bu

s2

5

Bu

s2

7

Bu

s

29

B

us

31

B

us3

3

Bu

s

35

Fig 4.34 Comparison ETAP Current output of buses between Existing and Recommended Layout

This figure shows the comparison between Etap current output of busses between

existing and recommended layout recommended current is less that the existing

output.

430

410

390

370

Vo

ltag

e

350

330

310

290

270

250

bu

s 1

Bu

s 3

Bus

5

Bus

7

Bu

s9

Bu

s11

Bu

s13

Bu

s15

Bu

s17

Bu

s19

Bu

s21

Bu

s23

Bu

s25

Bu

s27

B

us

29

B

us

31

Bu

s33

Bu

s 3

5

Fig 4.35 Comparison ETAP Voltage output of buses between Existing and Recommended Layout

This figure shows the comparison between Etap voltage output of busses between

existing and recommended layout recommended voltage is higher than the

existing output.

83


CHAPTER 5

DESIGN OF MICRO GRID

5.1 Description

A micro grid is a local energy grid with control capability, which means it can

disconnect from the traditional grid and operate autonomously. The grid connects

homes, businesses and other buildings to central power sources, which allow us

to use appliances, heating/cooling systems and electronics. But this

interconnectedness means that when part of the grid needs to be repaired A micro

grid generally operates while connected to the grid, but importantly, it can break off

and operate on its own using local energy generation in times of crisis like storms

or power outages, or for other reasons. A micro grid can be powered by distributed

generators, batteries, and/or renewable resources like solar panels. Depending on

how it’s fuelled and how its requirements are managed, a micro grid might run

indefinite A micro grid connects to the grid at a point of common coupling that

maintains voltage at the same level as the main grid unless there is some sort of

problem on the grid or other reason to disconnect. A switch can separate the micro

grid from the main grid automatically or manually, and it then functions as an

island. A micro grid not only provides backup for the grid in case of emergencies,

but can also be used to cut costs, or connect to a local resource that is too small or

unreliable for traditional grid use. A micro grid allows communities to be more

energy independent and, in some cases, more environmentally friendly.

Distributed power systems can be used to provide high-value energy, capacity,

and ancillary services such as voltage regulation, power quality improvement, and

system-wide emergency power. In such scenarios, distributed energy resources

can supplement as well as strengthen the entire electric power system. A micro

grid differs from conventional power plants: Power is generated at distribution

voltage level and can be directly provided to the utility distribution system Capacity

of generators is much smaller than in conventional plants. They are usually

installed closer to the customers so that electric/heat loads can be efficiently

served with proper voltage and frequency and negligible losses. They are ideal for

providing electric power to remote locations.. They can be treated as a controlled

entity within the power system. They meet the electrical/heat requirements locally:

consumers can receive uninterruptable power, reduced

84


feeder losses, improved local reliability, and local voltage support. They reduce

environmental pollution by utilizing low-carbon technology.

We have proposed installation of micro grid consist of solar panel and wind mills

for 81 houses which are present in the same street. We chose this area for micro

grid installation because this particular street consist of cluster of residential

houses.

85


5.2 DESIGN OF MICRO GRID COMPONENTES

Table 5.1 Micro Grid Calculation

Types of house Number of house Customer requested load for

micro grid Single bed room 20 1960 watt

Double bed room 30 4920 watt

Triple bed room 25 5750 watt

Total 75 12360 watt

Micro grid design ( Theoretical Calculation)

Total connected load to micro grid is = 12.63 KW

Load Connected to the PV module = 8.84 kw( 70% of total load)

If we use 9 hours per day then = 79.56 kwh

Total pv panel energy need = 85.23*1.3 = 103.428 Kwh (110799 wh)

Panel generation factor for Chennai = 5.7 = 110799 /5.7 = 18145.263 watt hour

Case 1: if we use 100 w panel then=181.45 panels required Case 2:if we use 200 w panel then=92 panels are required Case 3:if we use 300 w panel then=61 panels are required Case 4:if we use 400 w panel then= 46panels are required

Theoretically for generation of 85.23 kwh of power we need 92 solar panels of 200 watts

Total power to be generated from the wind turbine is = 3790 w

We need to install 4 wind turbine of 1 kw each

Battery required 120 kwh, so we will use battery of 20 kwh in 6 numbers.

Inverter required for 45 numbers for 200 watt each

Enough space is not present in that area where we are going to install microgrid.

So we are recommending for separate solar panels for a different set of houses.

86


Table 5.2 Micro grid Calculation for Networks

Number of Total Total Total PV Total Watt Number of

House Consumption Consumption Panel Peak Rating PV panels

( 9 hour/day) Energy needed for required

Needed PV module

11 (N6-N7) 2200 watt 19800watt 257400 4515.78 23

hour/day

26(N9-N10) 3636 watt 32724watthou

r 42541.2 7463.36 38

/day

8(N-18)

1378 watt

12402 watt-

16122.6

2828.52

15

hour/day

4(N-14) 556 watt 5004 watt- 6505.2 1141.26 6

hour/day

10(N16- 1052 watt 9468 watt- 12308.4 2159.36 10

N17) hour/day

Remaining 12 houses are supplied power from wind turbine which require 3.7 kw of power

Inverters and Batteries are present in all 51 houses out of 59 houses where we are

supplying with solar panels but only 8 houses(N-18) will not have inverters and

batteries . So we need to give installation of batteries and inverters on small scale

So for 8 houses we need 7 inverters of 200 watt each and 6.75 kwhr of battery ,

we will use 3kwhr in 2 numbers here

Cost Analysis

Cost of solar panel = Rs 8280000

Cost of wind turbine = Rs100000

Cost of battery= Rs 199950

Cost of inverters = Rs 7000

Total installation Cost = Rs 8586950

Subsidy on 1 KWp solar panel = Rs 20,000

Cost of solar panel after subsidy = Rs 8115600

Total installation Cost= Rs 8422550

87


Existing Unit Consumed per year =119124unit/year


After Recommendation of Micro Grid

Unit Consumed per year = 73656 unit/yr


120000

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

0 Unit consume before unit consume after

implimentation microgrid implimention microgrid

Fig 5.1 Comparison of Unit Consumed Unit Consumed per year

88


5.3 LAYOUT WITH MICRO GRID

Fig 5.2 Layout of Bilroth Distribution Transformer Feeder with Micro grid

Above figure shows the Layout of Distribution Transformer Feeder with Micro grid

in which power is supplied to 71 houses with the renewable sources such as 59

with solar panel and 12 with wind turbines

89


Fig 5.3 ETAP Load Flow Analysis Report

Above figure shows the ETAP Load flow analysis report of layout of 132 houses

connected with Micro Grid. From this figure it is clear that output current is reduced

for some buses as compared to the existing and recommended layout buses.

Voltage magnification is shown clearly for most of the buses.

90


Exist Amp Recommendation Amp MG Amp

250

200

150

A M P

100

50

0 Bus21 Bus22 Bus23 Bus24 Bus25 Bus26 Bus27 Bus28 Bus Bus Bus33 bus Bus

31 32 34 35

Fig 5.4 ETAP Current Comparison of Buses

Above figure shows the comparison of current output for the buses( Bus 21- Bus

35) where Micro Grid is connected . From the above figure it is clear that that

current is decreased to some extent after the Micro Grid implementation.

Exist Amp Recommendation Amp MG Amp

120

100

AM

P 80

60

40

20

0

S.B

us2

1.1

S.B

us2

1.6

S.B

us2

2.5

S.B

us2

3.3

S.B

us2

4.1

S.B

us2

4.6

S.

Bu

s24

.11

S.B

us2

4.1

7 S.B

us2

6.2

S.B

us2

6.7

S.B

us2

7.1

S.

Bu

s28

.26

S.B

us2

8.3

2

S.B

us2

9.1

S.B

us3

0.3

S.B

us3

0.8

S.B

us3

1.2

S.B

us3

2.2

S.B

us3

3.2

S.B

us3

3.7

S.B

us3

4.6

S.

Bu

s35.

4

Fig 5.5 ETAP Current Comparison of Sub Buses

Above figure shows the comparison of current output for the Sub Buses( Bus 21.1-

Bus 35.4) where Micro Grid is connected . From the above figure it is clear that

that current is decreased to some extent after the Micro Grid implementation.

91


EXT.Volt Output Recommendation.Volt Output MG Volt

380 370

360

350

340

330

320

310

300

290

280

270

Fig 5.6 ETAP Voltage Comparison of Buses

Above figure shows the comparison of ETAP output voltage for the buses ( Bus

21- Bus 35) in which Micro Grid is connected. It is very clear from the above figure

that voltage is magnified for the buses after Micro Grid implementation

EXT.Volt Output Recommendation.Volt Output MG Volt output

380 370

360

350

340

330

320

310

300

290

280

270

S.B

us2

1.1

S.

Bu

s21

.5

S . B u s 2 2 . 3 S . B u s 2 2 . 7 S . B u s 2 3 . 4 S . B u s 2 4 . 1 S . B u s 2 4 . 5

S.B

us2

4.9

S.B

us2

4.1

4

S . B u s 2 4 . 1 8 S . B u s 2 6 . 2 S . B u s 2 6 . 6 S . B u s 2 6 . 1 0 S . B u s 2 7 . 3 S . B u s 2 8 . 2 7 S . B u s 2 8 . 3 2 S . B u s 2 8 . 3 6 S . B u s 3 0 . 1 S . B u s 3 0 . 5

S.B

us3

0.9

S.B

us3

1.2

S . B u s 3 2 . 1 S . B u s 3 2 . 5 S . B u s 3 3 . 4 S . B u s 3 4 . 1 S . B u s 3 4 . 6 S . B u s 3 5 . 3

S.B

us3

5.7

Fig 5.7 ETAP Current Comparison of Sub Buses

Above figure shows the comparison of ETAP output voltage for the Sub Buses ( S.

Bus 21- Bus 35) in which Micro Grid is connected. It is very clear from the above

figure that voltage is magnified for the buses after Micro Grid implementation

92


CONCLUSION

Based on the Project following conclusions are made

There is an increase in Voltage Potential with the introduction of Micro grid

The consumers are benefitted through quality of Power such as current,

Power factors

The cost of solar panel/Wind mill will brought back to consumers through

payback period.

The supply frequency and reliability of power will be more with

implementation of micro grid.

By practicing energy conservation measures by the consumers. They may

be benefitted towards making lesser payment of current consumption

charges.

Introduction of micro grid in the existing system will bring much relief to the

Utility

After Implementation of micro grid unit consumed per year will come

down to 61% (saving of 39% amount)

93


PUBLICATION DETAILS

1. Awanish kumar, M.bharat kumar singh, priyanka kumari and pooja

kumari, 2015 “Electrical energy audit in residential house”, smart

grid technologies, procedia tech volume 21,pg 625-630. 2. Neelakandan Nagarajan, Priyanka Kumari, Sujan Kuppuswamy, Pooja

Kumari, Alok K Mishra and Ramesh L (Dr. MGR University),

1C1CA 2015, “Power Wastage Audit & Recommendation of

Conservation Measures at University Library” 3. Priyanka Kumari, Sujan Kuppuswamy, Pooja Kumari “ Lighting

Audit and necessary measures at distribution power substation.

94


Reference

1.BP Global “Statistical Review of World Energy”, Workbook , London, 2013

2.CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY “Energy Conservation is Energy

Generation” Printed By: Shri Ganesh Associates APRIL, 2015

3.Deepak Mishra “What is the actual demand of electricity unit per day per person in India?

“Written 14 Dec 2015

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-actual-demand-of-electricity-unit-per-day-per-

person-in-India

4. Vijay Modi “Improving Electricity Services in Rural India Working” Papers

Series Center on Globalization and Sustainable Development CGSD Working

Paper No. 30 December 2005

5. Ms.Shradha Chandrakant Deshmukh*, Ms.Varsha Arjun Patil “ ENERGY

CONSERVATION AND AUDIT” International Journal of Scientific and Research

Publications, Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2013 ISSN 2250-3153

6. Malkiat Singh, Gurpreet Singh, Harmandeep Singh “ ENERGY AUDIT: A

CASE STUDY TO REDUCE LIGHTING COST” Asian Journal Of Computer

Science And Information Technology 2: 5 (2012) 119 – 122.

7. Ramya.L.N1, M.A.Femina2 “Energy Auditing – A Walk-Through Survey

International Journal of Advanced Research” in Electrical,Electronics and

Instrumentation Engineering Vol. 3, Special Issue 2, April 2014

8. Awanish kumara*, Shashi Ranjana,M.Bharath Kumar Singha, Priyanka Kumaria, L.Rameshb “Electrical Energy Audit in Residential House SMART GRID

Technologies”, August 6-8, 2015

9. Hu Jingwei, Zhang Tieyan, Du Shipeng, Zhao Yan “Research on Micro-grid

Control and Management System” Advanced Science and Technology Letters

Vol.73 (FGCN 2014), pp.36-43

95

http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview

https://www.quora.com/profile/Deepak-Mishra-78

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-actual-demand-of-electricity-unit-per-day-per-person-in-India/answer/Deepak-Mishra-78

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-actual-demand-of-electricity-unit-per-day-per-person-in-India




10. Hassan Farhangi, PhD, PEng, “SM-IEEE Intelligent Micro Grid Research” at

BCIT 2007

11. Nikos Hatziargyriou,Hiroshi Asano, Reza Iravani, and Chris Marnay “IEEE

power & energy magazine” july/august 2007

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