Restoring Ditched Salt Marshes: Acting Today, Preparing for the Next 100 years
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Transcript of Restoring Ditched Salt Marshes: Acting Today, Preparing for the Next 100 years
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Restoring Ditched Salt Marshes: Acting Today,
Preparing for the Next 100 years
S.C. Adamowicz, Ph.D.; US FWSB. Argow, Ph.D.; Wesley College
Z. Hughes, Ph.D.; Boston UniversityJ. Franklin, Dalhousie University
E. Hazelton, Utah State UniversityJ. Kramer, US FWS
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Overview
• Introduction• Concepts• Ditch types & history• Predicted Future Conditions• Previous Restoration Efforts• New Techniques
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Unditched Marshes:Nauset Marsh, MA
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Fisherman’s Island, VA
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Webhannet Marsh, Wells, ME
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Introduction• Salt marshes
– Are extensive ecosystems dominated by halophytic grasses
– Are a highly productive– Provide important ecosystem services
• Fish & wildlife habitat• Storm surge protection• Nutrient cycling• Flood attenuation• Shoreline protection• Marine fishery nurseries• C-sequestration
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Important Concepts
• Resilience• Salt marsh capital• Self-sustaining processes
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Ecosystems possessinghigh resilience can be pushed to extremes without reorganizing into a different form of stable state.
Systems lacking resilience can be “pushed” into an alternative stable state, of which there may be more than one.
Resilience
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Concepts cont
• Salt Marsh Capital
MSL
S. A
ltern
iflor
aGr
owth
zone
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Concepts cont
• Salt Marsh Capital
MSL
S. A
ltern
iflor
aGr
owth
zone
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Concepts cont• Self-sustaining ecosystem processes
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Ditching History
• Colonial Times• Public Works Administration• OMWM• Other misc (boat access, pipelines, etc)
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Colonial Ditching
• Purpose- salt hay production, pasturing• Characteristics –
– “step across” x 1 ft deep– Boundary ditches 3 ft deep– Spacing: “able to turn a horse” ~60 ft
• Methods of construction– Hand digging
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Recipe to make Manure.
Take the Soil and Mud, which you cutt up and throw out when you dig Ditches in a Salt Marsh, and put 20 Load of it in a heap. (John Adams, 1771) John Adams by John Trumbull;
wikitree.com
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Salt marsh haystack; M. J. Heade1863
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Public Works Ditching
• Purpose – mosquito control
• Characteristics- – 1- many feet deep– 1- many feet wide
• Methods: see subsequent slides
• Bourn & Cottam 1950By mid-century ~90% of salt marshes from Maine to Virginia had been ditched
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Botsford Spade
Photos Courtesy CT DEP: Paul Capitosto
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Hay knife CrewHay knife
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Westbrook method of piling peat
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Hammonasett State Park, CTClogged ditch
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Scavel Plow
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Ditch cleaning at Hammonasett
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Hammonasett State Park, CT
90 ft spacing
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Bombay Hook NWR
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Parker River NWR
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Prime Hook NWR
150 ft spacing
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Stewart B. McKinney NWR
100 ft spacing
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Rumstick Point, RI
90-130 ft spacing
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Stewart B. McKinney NWR
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Effects of Ditches: Drainage• Redfield 1972:“The general effect of ditching is to
reduce the natural drainage system by providing an alternate route for the flow of water.”
y = -0.4671x + 146.96R2 = 0.5673 p<9E-6
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Ditch Length (m/ ha)
Cre
ek L
engt
h (m
/ha)
Linear (Creek length (m) /ha)
Adamowicz 2002
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Ditch Effects: Elevation & Sedimentation
• LeMay (2007) – Natural marsh: creeks fill first then sheet flow covers
the marsh– Ditched marsh: interior fills first & remains flooded
for longer period of time– Increased ditch length within a given area correlated
with decreased elevation– Reduced elevation and increased inundation did not more sedimentation• Ditched marshes were net erosive environments
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Ditch Effects: ElevationTotal elevation and accretion reduced at ditched sites
May-00Jul-00
Sep-00
Nov-00
Jan-01
Mar-01
May-01Jul-01
Sep-01
Nov-01
Jan-02
Mar-02
May-02Jul-02
Sep-0
2
Nov-02
Jan-03
Mar-03
May-03Jul-03
Sep-03
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Total Elevation Change vs Accretion of Non-Ditched Sites in Abscecon State Management Area, NJ
SET_NDFeldspar_NDSET_D
Chan
ge (c
m)
Erwin et al. unpublished data
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Ditch Effects: Biodiversity
• Corman (2011):
– natural creeks have higher species richness– No change in density BUT:
• Mummichogs preferred upper creeks but lower ditches
• Clarke et al. (1984):– Shorebirds, wading birds, terns, swallows & crows
deprived of foraging areas (inadequate foraging areas)
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OMWM: Open Marsh Water Management Ditches
• Open Marsh Water Management– Construct shallow ditches and pools to link fish
reservoirs to mosquito breeding areas– Keep fish on the marsh in between tides– Use natural control mechanisms (fish, water
regulation) to reduce mosquito production
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Wertheim NWR
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Parker River OMWM
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Prime Hook OMWM Site
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East Coast Sea Level Changes
• Sea Levels Onlinehttp://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends.html
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Mean Sea Level Trend8534720 Atlantic City, New Jersey
http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_station.shtml?stnid=8534720
The mean sea level trend is 3.99 millimeters/year with a 95% confidenceinterval of +/- 0.18 mm/yr based on monthly mean sea level data from 1911 to 2006 which is equivalent to a change of 1.31 feet in 100 years.
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Mean Sea Level Trend8557380 Lewes, Delaware
The mean sea level trend is 3.20 millimeters/year with a 95% confidence interval of +/- 0.28 mm/yr based on monthly mean sea level data from 1919 to 2006 which is equivalent to a change of 1.05 feet in 100 years.
http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_station.shtml?stnid=8557380
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Mean Sea Level Trend8443970 Boston, Massachusetts
The mean sea level trend is 2.63 millimeters/year with a 95% confidenceinterval of +/- 0.18 mm/yr based on monthly mean sea level data from 1921 to 2006 which is equivalent to a change of 0.86 feet in 100 years
http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_station.shtml?stnid=8443970
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Mean Sea Level Trend8418150 Portland, Maine
http://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/sltrends/sltrends_station.shtml?stnid=8418150
The mean sea level trend is 1.82 millimeters/year with a 95% confidenceinterval of +/- 0.17 mm/yr based on monthly mean sea level data from 1912 to 2006 which is equivalent to a change of 0.60 feet in 100 years.
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Summary: Future Conditions
• Different rates of SLR versus….
– Marsh capital– Sediment supply– Growth rate (increased CO2 increased Growth rate)
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Effects of Previous Management Efforts
• Ditch plugging• Ditch filling• OMWM/closed systems
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-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
150 5 10 15 20 30 40 45 50 52
Groundwater ResultsMoody Normal Transect
bd
a
b,cb,c b,c,d
b,c
c,de
ePluggedDitch
OpenDitch
Distance (m)
Dept
h to
gro
undw
ater
(cm
)
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Peat Study Site Locations(Age of plugs)
Granite Point 10
Moody 10
Parker River A 15Parker River B2 6
Westbrook 16
Hammonasset State Park 24+
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Ditch Plugging 2005: Groundwater Levels
HM MO PKR A PKR B2
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Average groundwater depths 2005***
OpenPlugged
Grou
ndw
ater
dep
th cm
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Groundwater 2009: Creek, Ditch, Plugged Ditch
2006 HR 2006 MO 2009 HR 2009 MO 2010 HR 2010 MO
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
Average groundwater depths***
CreekOpenPlugged
Grou
ndw
ater
dep
th cm
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Soil Bulk Density 2009
HR MO PKR_A PKR_B2 WB0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Average bulk density
CreekOpenPlugged
g/cm
3
*********
SignificantTreatment Effectsp<0.01 -0.001
**
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% Organic Matter 2009
HR MO PKR_A PKR_B2 WB0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% Organic matter
CreekOpenPlugged
% O
M
*** *** *****
Significant Treatment Effectp<0.01 - 0.001
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Soil Pore Water 2009: H2S
HR MO PKR A PKR B2 WB0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Average pore water H2S***
CreekOpenPlugged
Conc
entr
ation
H2S
uM
Treatment Effectp<0.001
Seliskar et al. 2004
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Perc
ent C
over
Average Percent Cover of Species Contributing Most to Dissimilarities Between Plugged and Open Ditched Sites 2005
Plugged
Ditched
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Creek vs. Moody Open, Plugged 2009 SIMPER Results
HR Creek MO Open MO Plugged0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Average of Spa_pateAverage of Spa_alteAverage of Bare GroundAverage of WaterAverage of Dis_spicAverage of Pla_mariAverage of Puc_mariAverage of Tri_mari
% C
over
Species accounting for differences between groups
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Creek vs. PKR B2 Open, Plugged 2009 SIMPER Results
HR Creek PKR_B2 Open PKR_B2 Plugged0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Average of Spa_pateAverage of Spa_alteAverage of WaterAverage of Dis_spicAverage of Jun_GerAverage of Gla_mari
% C
over
Species accounting for differences between groups
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New Restoration Approaches & Techniques
• Objectives– Restore marshes in ways that increase resilience to
sea level rise• Remove sediment sinks• Increase marsh accretion• Increase marsh capital
– Be self-sustaining– Easily used at multiple sites– Remove ditch hydrology/ replace tidal channel
hydrology
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Dike Removal
• Objectives– Restore tidal flow– Increase sedimentation– Increase site elevation – Increase plant
productivity– Increase marsh capital
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Mousam River Dike Removal Feb 15, 2011
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Other Dikes
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Furbish Rd, Wells, ME
Patriots’ Day Storm 2007
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Ditch Remediation & Tidal Channel Restoration
• New Techniques Need to:– Be self-sustaining– Easily used at multiple sites– Remove ditch hydrology/ replace tidal channel
hydrology
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Thin Layer Deposition at Gateway NP
Sediment from adjacent channel Planted following Spring
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Ditch Remediation
Project Area 1a
Project Area 1b
No change
Ditch 6: roll
Ditch 1: roll
Ditch 4: roll
Ditch 2: meander
Ditch 5: meander
Ditch 8: roll
No change
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Mow & Roll
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Cut salt grass in ditch
Sediment trapSeed trapRooting medium
Objective: Fill ditch with living roots, incorporate into surrounding peat
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Expected Results
• Increase sedimentation within ditches• Increase sedimentation on adjacent marsh
surface• Increase number and density of plants
growing within ditches• Increase sheet flow
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Tidal Channel Restoration
• Imperative to link tidal channel restoration to prevent waterlogging the site (recall Redfield quote)…not enough just to remove ditches
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Ditches are not Creeks
Hughes unpublished data
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Self-similarity of Natural Channels
Stratford, CT Mandelbrot Diagram
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Average Contractor Channel Designs
Created Channel Mandelbrot Diagram
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Call in the Numbers Guys
Jonathan FranklinEric Hazelton
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Modeling Natural Tidal Channels
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GIS to Python Model
Purpose: Provide channel design parameters to contractors
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Final Goal
Increase Resilience• Increase marsh capital• Restore natural hydrology• Increase biotic diversity
Harbor Rd., Wells, ME
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Thank you• Brit Argow• Zoe Hughes
• R5 LMRD Funds• NAWCA grant to DU
– Ray Whittemore– Craig Ferris
• Jordan Kramer• Jonathan Franklin• Eric Hazelton