Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning...
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Transcript of Respondent Conditioning Ch 21. Conditioning Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning...
Respondent Conditioning
Ch 21
Conditioning
• Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning
• Pavlovian or respondent conditioning
B.F. Skinner
Ivan Pavlov
Does respondent conditioning play a role in magazine training?
• Remember operant level
• What did rat do when pellet dropped?
Terms
• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS or US)
• Unconditioned response (UCR or UR)
• Conditioned stimulus (CS)
• Conditioned response (CR)
US
• A stimulus that produces the unconditioned response without previous pairing with another stimulus
UR
• An unlearned response elicited by the presentation of an US.
CS
• A stimulus that acquires its eliciting properties through previous pairing with another stimulus.
CR
• A learned response elicited by the presentation of a conditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned Stimulus
UCS(food pellet)
An UCS elicits behavior without any learning history with regard to that stimulus.
Unconditioned Response
UCR(salivation)
An UCR is a reflex response elicited by an UCS. The food pellet elicits salivation.
UCS(food pellet)
Respondent Conditioning
UCR(salivation)
Following repeated pairings of the UCS and a neutral stimulus...
UCS(food pellet)
neutral stimulus (click of pellet
dispenser)
pairing
Respondent Conditioning
CR(salivation)
…the neutral stimulus, when presented alone, elicits the CR. The neutral stimulus is now a CS (no longer neutral) because of the conditioning history.
CS(click of pellet
dispenser)
Respondent Conditioning
• No aspect of the procedure depends on the organism’s behavior. Rat did not have to “do” anything.
• Procedure consists of presentation of stimuli– Presented according to a prearranged temporal
plan
• No response contingency (dependency)
Respondent Conditioning
?(salivation)
Following repeated pairings of the UCS and a ______ stimulus...
UCS(food pellet)
? stimulus (click of pellet
dispenser)
pairing
Respondent Conditioning
?(salivation)
…the neutral stimulus, when presented alone, elicits the ___. The neutral stimulus is now a ___ (no longer neutral) because of the conditioning history.
?(click of pellet
dispenser)
Respondent Conditioning
CR(salivation)
…the neutral stimulus, when presented alone, elicits the CR. The neutral stimulus is now a CS (no longer neutral) because of the conditioning history.
CS(click of pellet
dispenser)
Operant Conditioning
Behavior (Response) SR+
Peck disk Grain hopper access
Operant Conditioning
Behavior (Response) SR+
Peck disk Grain hopper access
ESSENTIAL that the reinforcer presentation depends on the organism’s response.
In operant conditioning, it is the occurrence of a response that causes reinforcement to be
delivered.(Reinforcement is contingent
upon the response)
In respondent conditioning, the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli are presented without
regard to the animal’s behavior.(no contingency)
In operant conditioning, must detect response in order to know when to deliver reinforcement
In respondent conditioning, must detect response to know whether
conditioning is taking place
Essential features of each procedure?
Special exercise helps highlight essential features:
-operantly condition vasoconstriction-respondently condition the lever press
Operantly condition peripheral vasoconstriction
• Efforts to operantly condition smooth muscle systems have not been very successful
• Procedure can be applied to any response system
Respondently condition the lever press
• No lever-pressing reflex in the rat’s lever pressing repertoire…
• No reinforcement for lever pressing
Respondent vs. Operant Conditioning
Feature Respondent conditioning
Operant conditioning
Procedure Stimuli precede response
Consequences follow response
Response occurrence
Non response necessary
Response is necessary
Parts of organism involved
Glands & smooth muscles
Striped muscles
Response control Involuntary Voluntary
Phobias?
• Long lasting, intense, irrational fear.
• Fear is produced by previously neutral stimuli.
What is fear?
• “Fears” darkness: Darkness is
– a learned aversive stimulus and
– a conditioned eliciting stimulus
• Responses – physiological and emotional – are conditioned responses to the eliciting stimulus.
Watson & Rayner
UCR(fear response)
Following repeated pairings of the UCS and a neutral stimulus...
UCS(Striking iron bar)
neutral stimulus (White rat)
pairing
Watson & Rayner
CR(fear response)
…the neutral stimulus, when presented alone, elicits the CR. The neutral stimulus is now a CS (no longer neutral) because of the conditioning history.
CS(White rat)
Higher Order Conditioning
• Establishing a conditioned stimulus by pairing a neutral stimulus with an already established conditioned stimulus.
Watson & Rayner
CR(fear response)
Following repeated pairings of the CS and a neutral stimulus...
CS(white rat)
neutral stimulus (Santa’s beard)
pairing
Watson & Rayner
CR(fear response)
…the neutral stimulus, when presented alone, elicits the CR. The neutral stimulus is now a CS (no longer neutral) because of the conditioning history.
CS(White rat)
CS(Santa’s beard)
Respondent Extinction
• Present the conditioned stimulus without pairing it with the unconditioned stimulus or with an already established conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned stimulus will lose its eliciting power.
Operant treatment of phobias
• Differential reinforcement
• Reinforced practice – reinforce approaching aversive and fear-evoking stimuli
• Also involves respondent extinction (repeated presentations of the CS without the UCS)
Systematic Desensitization
• Combining relaxation with a hierarchy of fear-producing stimuli arranged from the least to the most frightening– Can be in vivo or with imagination
Systematic Desensitization
• Develop hierarchy of fears
• Complete relaxation training
• Begin systematic desensitization
Hierarchy of Fears1. Thinking about basement2. On basement stairs3. Standing in basement4. Notice spider webs in basement5. See a dead spider 5 ft away6. See a live spider 5 ft away7. Etc8. Etc9. Ect10. Ect11. Ect12. Ect13. Spider crawling on hand
Relaxation Training
• Tense, then relax muscle groups
• Imagery – warm sun, calm ocean
• Practice
After mastery of relaxation…
• After training, begin Systematic Desensitization
• Raise finger during presentation of items from hierarchy if tension occurs and lower finger when there is a return to a relaxed state
• Repeat until relaxation is maintained throughout hierarchy