Respiratory System_ANATOMY Handout

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Jean Flor C. CasauayUPCP Department of Pharmacy

Ph 112: AY 2014-2015

http://www.pdfonline.com/easypdf/?gad=CLjUiqcCEgjbNejkqKEugRjG27j-AyCw_-AP

Functions

• promotes gas exchange• helps regulate blood pH• contains receptors for the sense of smell• filters inspired air• filters inspired air• produces vocal sounds • excretes small amounts of water & heat


Structural Classification

Upper Respiratory System• nose, pharynx, & associated structures

Lower Respiratory SystemLower Respiratory System• larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs


Functional Classification

Conducting Zone• nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,

bronchioles, terminal bronchioles• Volume: 150mL• Volume: 150mL

Respiratory Zone• respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar

sacs, & alveoli• Volume: 5-6L


Terms

Otorhinolaryngology• diagnosis & treatment of diseases of the ears,

nose & throat

Pulmonologist• specialist in the diagnosis & treatment of

diseases of the lungs


1. NOSE

• External Nose– Bony framework– Cartilaginous framework– External nares or nostrilsExternal nares or nostrils

• Internal Nose– Lateral walls– Nasal cavity– Internal nares– Olfactory epithelium


External Nose


Functions of the Interior Structures of the External Nose

• warming, moistening, & filtering incoming air• detecting olfactory stimuli• modifying speech vibrations as they pass through the

large, hollow resonating chambers.large, hollow resonating chambers.


INTERNAL NOSE

Large cavity in the:• Anterior aspect of the skull• Lies inferior to the nasal bone• Lies superior to the mouth• Lies superior to the mouth

Composed of:• Lateral walls• Nasal cavity• Internal nares• Olfactory epithelium


Internal Nose

• lateral walls: ethmoid, maxillae, lacrimal, palatine, & inferior nasal conchae bones


Internal Nose

• nasal cavity: space within vestibule: anterior portion just inside the nostrilslined by skin containing coarse hairs that filter out large

dust particlesdust particles nasal septum: vertical partition that divides it into

right & left sides conchae: subdivide each side of it into a series of

groovelike passageways - the meatuses


Internal Nose

• internal nares or choanae: two openings posterior to the nasal cavities opening into the nasopharynx

• olfactory epithelium: olfactory receptors


Air enters the nostrils.

It passes through the vestibule.

It is warmed by blood in the capillaries as inhaled air whirls around the

conchae & meatuses.

Mucus moistens the air & traps dust particles.

The cilia move the mucus & trapped dust particles toward the pharynx.


2. Pharynx

• throat• funnel-shaped tube• starts at the internal nares & extends to the

level of the cricoid cartilagelevel of the cricoid cartilage• Location:

– Posterior to the nasal and oral cavities– Superior to the larynx– Anterior to the cervical vertebrae


Pharynx

functions: passageway for air &

food provides a resonating

chamber for speech chamber for speech sounds houses the tonsils


Nasopharynx

• superior portion• Has 5 openings in its wall:

– 2 internal nares– 2 openings that lead into auditory tubes– 2 openings that lead into auditory tubes– Opening into the oropharynx

• Posterior wall houses the pharyngeal tonsil


Nasopharynx

• Functions:– Receives air from the nasal cavity and receives

packages of dust-laden mucus– Cilia in the nasopharynx move the mucus down – Cilia in the nasopharynx move the mucus down

towards the most inferior part of the pharynx– Exchanges small amounts of air with the auditory

tubes to equalize air pressure between the pharynx and the middle ea


Oropharynx

• intermediate portion• Lies posterior to the oral cavity• Has only one opening; fauces (opening from

the mouth)the mouth)• Houses palatine & lingual tonsils• Function: a common passageway for air,food

and drink


Laryngopharynx

• Inferior portion ; hypopharynx

• Begins at the level of hyoid bone

• It opens into esophagus • It opens into esophagus inferiorly

• It opens into the larynx anteriorly

• functions: respiratory & digestive

functions


3. Larynx

• voice box• short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx

with the trachea• Lines in the middle • Lines in the middle

of the neck• Anterior to the C4-C6


3. Larynx

• The wall is composed of 9 cartilages: epiglottis, thyroid & cricoid cartilages arytenoid, cuneiform, & corniculate cartilages (in

pairs)pairs)


Parts and functionsEpiglottis• Large leaf-shaped piece of elastic cartilage• closes the glottis (vocal folds + rima glottidis)

Thyroid Cartilage (Adam’s apple)• Consists of two-fused hyaline cartilage that form the • Consists of two-fused hyaline cartilage that form the

anterior wall of the larynx• usually larger in males• Thyrohyoid membrane


Functions

Epiglottis: the leaf is the broad superior portion that is unattached and is free to move up and down like a trap door


FunctionsCricoid Cartilage• landmark for making an emergency airway

(tracheostomy)

• Cricotracheal ligament – attaches the cricoid cartilage to the first ring cartilage of tracheathe first ring cartilage of trachea

• Cricothyroid ligament- connects the thyroid cartilage to the cricoid cartilage


FunctionsArytenoid Cartilages• Triangular pieces of hyaline cartilage located at the

posterior, superior border of the cricoid cartilage• influence changes in position & tension of the vocal folds

(true vocal cords for speech)

Corniculate Cartilages• Horn-shaped pieces of elastic cartilge located at the apex

of each arytenoid cartilage• supporting structures for the epiglottis

Cuneiform Cartilages• support the vocal folds & lateral aspects of the epiglottis


Structures of Voice Production

• ventricular folds (false vocal cords)• vocal folds (true vocal cords) thicker & longer in males (androgens) → slow

vibrationvibration• rima vestibuli or rima glottidis space between the ventricular folds

• laryngeal sinus lateral expansion of the middle portion of the

laryngeal cavity


Laryngitis

• inflammation of the larynx• common causes: respiratory infectionirritants irritants

• hoarseness or loss of voice interfering with the contraction of the folds causing them to swell to the point where they

cannot vibrate freely


CA of the Larynx

• found almost exclusively in individuals who smoke

• hoarseness, pain on swallowing, or pain radiating to an earradiating to an ear

• treatment: radiation therapy &/or surgery


4. Trachea

• windpipe• tubular passageway for air• anterior to the esophagus• extends from the larynx to the superior border • extends from the larynx to the superior border

of T5• Composed of 16-20 incomplete horizontal

rings of hyaline cartilage that resemble the letter C


Trachea

• C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings slight expansion of the esophagus into the trachea

during swallowing semirigid support so that the tracheal wall does semirigid support so that the tracheal wall does

not collapse inward (inhalation) & obstruct the air passageway

• trachealis muscle & elastic connective tissue stabilize the open ends of the cartilage rings


TRACHEA

• Layers of the tracheal wall (deep to superficial):


Causes of Tracheal Obstruction

• rings of cartilage may collapse due to a crushing injury to the chest

• inflammation of the mucous membranemembrane

• vomit or a foreign object may be aspirated into it

• cancerous tumor may protrude into the airway


Management for tracheal obstructioN

1. tracheostomy• operation to make an opening into the

trachea• A skin incision is followed by a short • A skin incision is followed by a short

longitudinal incision into the trachea inferior to the cricoid cartilage.

• The patient can then breathe through a metal or plastic tracheal tube inserted through the incision.


Management for tracheal obstructioN

2.Intubation• tube is inserted into the mouth or nose &

passed inferiorly through the larynx & trachea• The firm wall of the tube pushes aside any • The firm wall of the tube pushes aside any

flexible obstruction, & the lumen of the tube provides a passageway for air;

• any mucus clogging the trachea can be suctioned out through the tube.


5. Bronchi

• The trachea divides into right & left primary bronchi right: more

vertical, shorter, vertical, shorter, & wider


Bronchi

• carina internal ridge at the

point where the trachea divides into right & left primary bronchiprimary bronchi Widening and distortion

usually indicates carcinoma


Trachea

Primary Bronchi

Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi

Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium


Am

ount

of C

artil

age

Am

ount

of S

moo

th M

uscl

e


Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi

Terminal Bronchioles

Bronchioles


ciliated simple columnar epithelium w/ some goblet cells (larger bronchioles)ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium w/ no goblet cells(smaller bronchioles)

nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

Am

ount

of C

artil

age

Am

ount

of S

moo

th M

uscl

e


BRONCHI

Structural changes in the bronchial tree:1. Type of epithelium in the mucous membrane2. Plates of cartilage gradually replace the

incomplete rings of cartilage in the primary incomplete rings of cartilage in the primary bronchi and finally disappear in the distal bronchioles

3. Amount of cartilage decreases, the amount of smooth muscle increases


6. Lungs

• paired cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity

• separated by the heart & other structures in the mediastinumthe mediastinum


Lungs

• right lung: thicker & broader shorter than the left lung superior, middle, & inferior lobes superior, middle, & inferior lobes

• left lung: about 10% smaller than the right lung superior & inferior lobes


Pleural Membrane

• Layers: parietal pleura: superficial; lines the wall of the

thoracic cavity visceral pleura: deep; covers the lungs themselves

• Pleural cavity– small space between the pleurae– contains a small amount of lubricating fluid

secreted by the membranes


terms

• pleurisy or pleuritis: inflammation of the pleural membrane

• pleural effusion: excess fluid accumulates in the pleural spacepleural space


Pneumothorax & Hemothorax

Pneumothorax (air)• causes: surgical opening of the chest, stab or gunshot

wound• may cause the lungs to collapse (atelectasis)

Hemothorax (blood)

Treatment: evacuation of air or blood from the pleural space


pneumothorax


Thoracentesis

• removal of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity• inserting a needle anteriorly through the 7th

intercostal space


Surface Anatomy of the Lungs

• base broad inferior portion concave & fits over the convex area of the diaphragm

• apex• apex narrow superior portion

• cardiac notch concavity in the left lung in which the heart lies



• costal surface surface of the lung lying

against the ribs matches the rounded

curvature of the ribs

• mediastinal (medial) surface contains the hilum: through

which bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, & nerves enter & exit



Fissures – divide each lung into lobes:• oblique fissure both lungs

• horizontal fissure• horizontal fissure right lung subdivides the superior lobe forming the middle

lobe


Lobe of the lungs

• Each lobe receives its own secondary bronchus.– Right primary bronchus give rise to superior, middle

and inferior secondary bronchi– Left primary bronchus give rise to superior and – Left primary bronchus give rise to superior and

inferior secondary bronchi

• Secondary bronchi give rise to tertiary bronchi. There are ten tertiary bronchi in each lung.


Bronchopulmonary Segment

• segment of lung tissue that each tertiary bronchus supplies

• Bronchial & pulmonary disorders (such as tumors or abscesses) that are localized in a bronchopulmonaryabscesses) that are localized in a bronchopulmonarysegment may be surgically removed w/o seriously disrupting the surrounding lung tissue.

• has many small compartments called lobules


lobule

• wrapped in elastic connective tissue• contains a lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, &

a branch from a terminal bronchioles• Terminal bronchioles subdivide into microcopic• Terminal bronchioles subdivide into microcopic

branches called respiratory bronchioles• Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into several

alveolar ducts


Alveoli & Alveolar Sac

• alveoli cup-shaped outpouching 300M, provides an immense surface area of 70m2

• alveolar sac 2 or more alveoli that share a common opening


Alveolar Wall

-consist of two types of alveolar epithelial cells: type I alveolar cells The predominant cells Main sites of gas exchange Main sites of gas exchange

type II alveolar cells Septal cells Found between type I alveolar cells Secretes alveolar fluid


Alveolar fluid

keeps the surface between the cells & the air moist contains, surfactant a complex mixture of phospholipids & lipoproteins a complex mixture of phospholipids & lipoproteins Lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid which

reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse


Alveolar Wall

• alveolar macrophages (dust cells)– Wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust

particles & other debris from the alveolar spaces


Respiratory Membrane

• Allows rapid diffusion of gases between the lungs and the blood

• Consists of 4 layers:– Alveolar wall – consists of type I and II alveolar – Alveolar wall – consists of type I and II alveolar

cells and alveolar macrophages– Epithelial basement membrane– Capillary basement membrane– Endothelial cells of the capillary


END


Respiratory System_ANATOMY Handout

Documents

Transcript of Respiratory System_ANATOMY Handout