RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Respiratory system Molecules of oxygen and carbon dioxide are passively...
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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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Respiratory system Molecules of oxygen
and carbon dioxide are passively exchanged, by diffusion, between the gaseous external environment and the blood.
This exchange process occurs in the alveolar region of the lungs
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Respiratory Control Ventilation occurs under the control of the
autonomic nervous system from parts of the brain stem, the medulla oblongata and the pons.
This area of the brain forms the respiration regulatory center, a series of interconnected brain cells within the lower and middle brain stem which coordinate respiratory movements.
This section is especially sensitive during infancy, and the neurons can be destroyed if the infant is dropped and/or shaken violently. The result can be death due to "shaken baby syndrome”
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Control of Breathing
Breathing is regulated by the rhythmicity center in the medulla of brain
Medulla stimulates inspiratory muscles (diaphragm & external intercostal muscles)
rhytmicity center
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Control of Breathing
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Human Respiration
Works together with the circulatory system Exchange of gases between atmosphere,
blood, and cells If respiratory system and/or circulatory
system fails, death will occur Cells need O2 for work; release CO2 as a
waste product Accumulation of excess CO2 is toxic to
cells and MUST be removed
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Respiratory SystemIntakes oxygenReleases carbon dioxide waste
Circulatory system Transports
gases in blood between lungs and cells
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Respiratory Structures and Organs
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Respiratory Structures and Organs Nose – made of cartilage and bone and
is designed to warm, moisten, and filter air as it comes into the system
Pharynx – (throat) conducts food and air; exchanges air with Eustachian tube to equalize pressure
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Respiratory Structures and Organs Larynx – (voice box)
connects the pharynx and the trachea; made of cartilage; contains vocal cords
Epiglottis – flap of tissue that covers trachea; ensures food travels down the esophagus
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Trachea – (windpipe) tubular passage way for air; carries air to the lungs
Bronchi – pair of tubes that branch from trachea and enter lungs; have cartilage plates; lining is ciliated & secretes mucus
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
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Respiratory Structures and Organs Bronchioles – tiny tubes lacking
cartilage and cilia; possess smooth muscle
bronchiolesmooth muscle
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Respiratory Structures and Organs Alveoli – cup shaped structures at
the end of the bronchioles that resemble bunches of grapes; are in direct contact with capillaries (gas exchange);
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Alveoli
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Lungs – paired, cone-shaped organs that are surrounded by a pleural membrane, made of elastic tissue, and divided into lobes
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Mechanics of Breathing
Inhaling (active process) – Air moves in. Why??Gases move from an area of high pressure
to low pressureDuring inspiration – diaphragm pulls down
and lungs expandWhen lungs expand, it INCREASES the
VOLUME, which DECREASES the PRESSURE inside lungs
Lung pressure is lower than outside pressure, so air moves in
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Mechanics of Breathing
Exhaling (passive process) – breathing outDiaphragm and muscles relaxVolume in lungs and chest cavity
decreases, so now pressure inside increases
Air moves out because pressure inside is HIGHER than OUTSIDE atmosphere
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Respiration
What is respiration?External respiration – exchange of
O2 and CO2 between respiratory surfaces and the blood (breathing)
Internal respiration – exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood and cells
Cellular respiration – process by which cells use O2 to produce ATP
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External Respiration
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and blood
Partial pressure of O2 higher in alveoli than blood so O2 diffuses into blood
Partial pressure of CO2 higher in blood than alveoli, so CO2 moves into alveoli in opposite direction and gets exhaled out
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Internal Respiration
Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues
Pressure of O2 higher in blood than tissues so O2 gets release into tissues.
Pressure of CO2 higher in tissue than in blood so CO2 diffused in opposite direction into blood.
CO2 Is a waste product O2 Is used in cellular respiration
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Gas Exchange
Earth’s atmosphere is about 78% Nitrogen and about 21% O2
What happens to the air when we inhale?
300 million alveoli in a healthy lung Hemoglobin can hold four O2 molecules
GAS INHALED EXHALED
O2 20.71% 14.6%
CO2 .004% 4.0%
H2O 1.25% 5.9%
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Gas Transport in Blood
Carbon dioxide70% as bicarbonate ion (HCO3
-) dissolved in plasma
23% bound to hemoglobin7% as CO2 dissolved in plasma
Oxygen99% bound to hemoglobin1% as O2 dissolved in plasma
Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs because CO binds to hemoglobin more readily than O2
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Lung Defense systems Airway epithelial cells can secrete a variety of
molecules that aid in lung defense. Secretory mmunoglobulins (IgA), collectins (including Surfactant A and D), defensins and other peptides and proteases, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species are all generated by airway epithelial cells.
These secretions can act directly as antimicrobials to help keep the airway free of infection. Airway epithelial cells also secrete a variety of chemokines and cytokines that recruit the traditional immune cells and others to site of infections.
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Respiratory during pregnancy The respiratory system lies dormant in the human
fetus during pregnancy. At birth, the respiratory system becomes fully functional upon exposure to air, although some lung development and growth continues throughout childhood.
The lungs of pre-term infants may not function well because the lack of surfactant leads to increased surface tension within the alveoli. Thus, many alveoli collapse such that no gas exchange can occur within some or most regions of an infant's lungs, a condition termed respiratory distress syndrome.
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Infectious respiratory diseases Infectious, environmental and other
"diseases" (e.g., pneumonia, tuberculosis, asbestosis, particulate pollutants)
Coughing is of major importance, as it is the body's main method to remove dust, mucus, saliva, and other debris from the lungs.
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Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder
characterized by abnormal pauses in breathing or instances of abnormally low breathing, during sleep.
Each pause in breathing, called an apnea, can last from a few seconds to minutes, and may occur 5 to 30 times or more an hour
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Respiratory System Disorders Asthma – muscles of
bronchioles constrict, drastically reducing ventilation
Emphysema – destruction of alveoli
Tuberculosis – highly contagious bacterial infection
Lung cancer – 90% of lung cancer victims have a history of smoking
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Facts about ETS Smoking causes 20% (or 1 in 5) of all
deaths in the United States each year. In 1988, the U.S. Surgeon General
reported that nicotine is just as addictive as heroin and cocaine. A "hit" of nicotine reaches the brain in seven seconds, twice as fast as heroin injected into the vein.
There are over 19 known carcinogens in cigarette smoke.
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After quitting smoking
At 20 minutes after quitting:Blood pressure decreasesPulse rate dropsBody temperature of hands and feet
increases.
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After quitting smoking
At 8 hours:Carbon monoxide level in blood drops to
normalOxygen level in blood increases to normal
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After quitting smoking
At 24 hours: Chance of a heart attack decreases
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After quitting smoking
At 48 hours:nerve endings begin regrow
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After quitting smoking
Between 2 weeks and 3 months:Circulation improvesWalking becomes easierLung function increasesThe worst of nicotine withdrawal symptoms
subside within the first month. Following that, the focus shifts to learning how to decipher and reprogram the psychological tugs or urges to smoke that we've all built up over the years.
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After quitting smoking
At One Year Smoke-Free:Your excess risk of coronary heart disease
is decreased to half that of a smoker after one year.
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In class exercise
How is it that cigarette smoke can be linked to an increased incidence of many kinds of cancers?
Explain reason(s) why a person who has never smoked a day in their life can get lung cancer?
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