Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH...
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Transcript of Respiratory System. Primary Function – Gas Exchange Secondary Functions – Speech – pH...
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Respiratory System
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Respiratory System
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• Primary Function
– Gas Exchange
• Secondary Functions
– Speech
– pH regulation of internal environment
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• Anatomical Divisions
– Conducting pathways
– Respiratory regions
• sites of gas exchange
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• Conducting Pathways
– Upper respiratory tract
• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx
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• Nasal Cavity
– Functions
• warms air
• humidifies air
• filters air
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–Features of Nasal Cavity
•Conchae
•Ciliated epithelial mucosa
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• Nasal cavity communicates with nasal sinuses
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• Pharynx
(refer to digestive system notes)
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• Pharynx
– Functions
• food and air pathways
• resonating chamber for voice
• swallowing
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– 3 divisions
• Nasopharynx
• Oropharynx
• Laryngopharynx
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• Structural features of pharynx
– Lined with a stratified squamous epithelium
– Skeletal muscle in wall
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• Additional structural features
– Eustachian tube opening
– uvula
– tonsils
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• Lower Respiratory Tract
– Larynx
– Trachea
– Bronchi
– Bronchioles
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• Larynx
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• Larynx
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• Structure of the Larynx
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• Structure of the Larynx
– Cartilages
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_
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Epiglottis
_
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Epiglottis
Arytenoid
_
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Epiglottis
ArytenoidCorniculate
_
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Epiglottis
ArytenoidCorniculate
Cricoid_
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Epiglottis
ArytenoidCorniculate
CricoidThyroid
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Epiglottis
ArytenoidCorniculate
CricoidThyroid
Cuneiform
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• Structure of the Larynx
– Cartilages
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• Structure of the Larynx
– Cartilages &
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• Structure of the Larynx
– Cartilages & ligaments
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• Structure of the Larynx
– Cartilages & ligaments
– Muscles
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• Structure of the Larynx
– Cartilages & ligaments
– Muscles &
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• Structure of the Larynx
– Cartilages & ligaments
– Muscles & bone
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• Structure of the Larynx
– Cartilages & ligaments
– Muscles & bone
– Lined with a mucous membrane
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goblet cell cilia mucus
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• Other Features of Larynx
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• Other Features of Larynx
–Ventricular folds (‘false vocal folds’)
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• Other Features of Larynx
–Ventricular folds (‘false vocal folds’)
– Vocal folds
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• Other Features of Larynx
–Ventricular folds (‘false vocal folds’)
– Vocal folds
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• Other Features of Larynx
–Ventricular folds (‘false vocal folds’)
– Vocal folds
– Glottis
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• Primary Function of the Larynx
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• Primary Function of the Larynx
– Sound production
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• Primary Function of the Larynx
– Sound production
--------------------------------------------------
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Cricothyroid Muscle
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Cricothyroid Muscle
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• Primary Function of the Larynx
– Sound production
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• Secondary Functions of the Larynx
– Prevents food & drink from entering lower respiratory tract
•ventricular folds and vocal folds
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• Secondary Functions of the Larynx
– Prevents food & drink from entering lower respiratory tract
•ventricular folds and vocal folds
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• Secondary Functions of the Larynx
– Prevents food & drink from entering lower respiratory tract
•ventricular folds and vocal folds
•epiglottis
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• Trachea (‘Windpipe’)– General
features• 1 inch diameter
• 4-5 inches long – 1st inch in neck
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– Composed of 15-20 “C” rings
– Rings linked by annular ligaments
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• Bronchi
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• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
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• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
– Primary
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• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
– Primary
• to lungs
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• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
– Primary
• to lungs
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• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
– Primary
• to lungs
– Secondary
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• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
– Primary
• to lungs
– Secondary
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• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
– Primary
• to lungs
– Secondary (lobar)
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• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
– Primary
• to lungs
– Secondary (lobar)
• to lobes of lungs
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• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
– Primary
• to lungs
– Secondary (lobar)
• to lobes of lungs
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• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
– Primary
• to lungs
– Secondary (lobar)
• to lobes of lungs
– Tertiary
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• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
– Primary
• to lungs
– Secondary (lobar)
• to lobes of lungs
– Tertiary (segmental)
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• Bronchi (singular: bronchus)
– Primary
• to lungs
– Secondary (lobar)
• to lobes of lungs
– Tertiary (segmental)
• to bronchopulmonary segments of lungs
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• Bronchioles
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• Bronchioles
– Branch off of tertiary bronchi
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• Bronchioles
– Branch off of tertiary bronchi
– Less than 1 mm in diameter
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• Bronchioles
– Branch off of tertiary bronchi
– Less than 1 mm in diameter
– Smooth muscle in walls
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• Bronchioles
– Branch off of tertiary bronchi
– Less than 1 mm in diameter
– Smooth muscle in walls
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• Bronchioles
– Branch off of tertiary bronchi
– Less than 1 mm in diameter
– Smooth muscle in walls
• exhibit bronchoconstriction
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• Bronchioles
– Branch off of tertiary bronchi
– Less than 1 mm in diameter
– Smooth muscle in walls
• exhibit bronchoconstriction & bronchodilation
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• Terminal Bronchioles
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• Terminal Bronchiole
– Last bronchioles before alveoli
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• Terminal Bronchioles
– Last bronchioles before alveoli
– Deliver air to lung lobules
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Review:
• Anatomical Divisions of Respiratory System
– Conducting pathways
– Respiratory regions: sites of gas exchange
•respiratory bronchioles
•alveoli
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• Respiratory Bronchioles
– have alveoli
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• Alveoli
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• Alveoli (singular: alveolus)
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• Alveoli (singular: alveolus)
–Sites of gas exchange
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• Alveoli (singular: alveolus)
–Sites of gas exchange
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• Alveoli (singular: alveolus)
–Sites of gas exchange
–Form the respiratory membrane with alveolar capillaries
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• Alveoli (singular: alveolus)
–Sites of gas exchange
–Form the respiratory membrane with alveolar capillaries
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• Alveoli (singular: alveolus)
–Sites of gas exchange
–Form the respiratory membrane with alveolar capillaries
–Secrete surfactant
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• Structure of Lungs
–
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• Structure of Lungs
– Alveoli
– Bronchi and Bronchioles
– Reticular CT with lots of elastic fibers
– Blood vessels and nerves
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• Pleural Cavities
• Pleural membranes
– Visceral pleura
– Parietal pleura
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• Pulmonary Ventilation
– Movement of air into and out of the alveoli
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• Pulmonary ventilation can be explained by:
1. Boyle’s law: P ~ 1/V2. And the basic concept
that a given volume of air will move from a region of high air pressure into a region of low air pressure
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• Ventilation Steps
– Inspiration (quiet or forced)
– Expiration (quiet or forced)
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–Muscles of quiet inspiration
•Diaphragm
•External intercostals
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• Why does air enter the lungs when these muscles contract?
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–Muscles of forced inspiration
–Pect. Minor
– Serratus anterior
– Sternocleidomastoid
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–Muscles of quiet expiration
•None!
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–Muscles of forced expiration
–Internal intercostals
–Abdominal muscles
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• Asthma Video
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• Gas Exchange Video
• Bronchoscopy
• Respiration Video