Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

Place your hands on Place your hands on either side of you rib either side of you rib cage and breathe deeply cage and breathe deeply several times. Describe several times. Describe to me what you felt while to me what you felt while you breathe out and in.you breathe out and in.

You should feel you rib You should feel you rib cage moving up and cage moving up and expanding during expanding during inhalation and moving inhalation and moving down during and down during and returning to its initial size returning to its initial size during exhalation.during exhalation.

Your body needs a Your body needs a continuous supply of continuous supply of oxygen in order to oxygen in order to obtain energy from the obtain energy from the foods you eat.foods you eat.

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Breathing vs RespirationBreathing vs Respiration

RespirationRespiration is the entire is the entire process by which a body process by which a body obtains and uses oxygen obtains and uses oxygen and gets rid of carbon and gets rid of carbon dioxide and water.dioxide and water.

It is divided into 2 It is divided into 2 parts: Breathing parts: Breathing and Cellular and Cellular respiration.respiration.

BreathingBreathing

Breathing Breathing involves inhaling involves inhaling and exhaling.and exhaling.

Respiratory system- Respiratory system- Consist of the lungs, Consist of the lungs, throat and throat and passageways that passageways that lead to the lungs.lead to the lungs.

NoseNose

Your nose is the Your nose is the primary passageway primary passageway into and out of the into and out of the respiratory systemrespiratory system. .

PharynxPharynxThe upper portion of the throat. The upper portion of the throat. It is the It is the muscular tube located muscular tube located in the neck, lined with in the neck, lined with mucous membrane, that mucous membrane, that connects the nose and mouth connects the nose and mouth with the trachea (windpipe).with the trachea (windpipe).

Continued…Continued…

Air, food and drink Air, food and drink travels through the travels through the pharynx on the way pharynx on the way to the stomach.to the stomach.

Larynx (voice box): Larynx (voice box): the cartilaginous the cartilaginous box-shaped part of the respiratory box-shaped part of the respiratory tract between the level of the root of tract between the level of the root of the tongue and the top of the trachea. the tongue and the top of the trachea. It is the organ of voice production, It is the organ of voice production, containing the vocal cords. containing the vocal cords. 

TracheaTrachea-a windpipe. -a windpipe. It is the passageway It is the passageway for air traveling from for air traveling from the larynx to the lungs. the larynx to the lungs.

EpiglottisEpiglottis

a flap of cartilage situated at the a flap of cartilage situated at the base of the tongue that covers the base of the tongue that covers the opening to the air passages when opening to the air passages when swallowing, preventing food or swallowing, preventing food or liquids from entering the windpipe liquids from entering the windpipe tracheatrachea

Bronchi- The trachea Bronchi- The trachea splits into two tubes. One splits into two tubes. One goes to each lung and goes to each lung and branches into thousand branches into thousand of tiny tubes called of tiny tubes called bronchiolesbronchioles..

Bronchioles-Any of the Bronchioles-Any of the small, thin-walled small, thin-walled tubes that branch from tubes that branch from a bronchus and end in a bronchus and end in the alveolar sacs of the the alveolar sacs of the lung. lung.

AlveolusAlveolus

a tiny thin-walled air sac a tiny thin-walled air sac found in large numbers in found in large numbers in each lung, through which each lung, through which oxygen enters and carbon oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the blood.dioxide leaves the blood.

Lung- either of a pair of Lung- either of a pair of elastic, spongy organs elastic, spongy organs used in breathing and used in breathing and rrespirationespiration. Lungs are . Lungs are present in all mammals, present in all mammals, birds, and reptiles. birds, and reptiles. Most Most amphibians and a few species of amphibians and a few species of fish also have lungs.fish also have lungs.

A scanning electron A scanning electron micrograph reveals micrograph reveals the tiny sacs known the tiny sacs known as alveoli within a as alveoli within a section of human section of human lung tissue. Human lung tissue. Human beings have a thin beings have a thin layer of about 700 layer of about 700 million alveoli within million alveoli within their lungs. This their lungs. This layer is crucial in layer is crucial in the process called the process called respiration, respiration, exchanging oxygen exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide with the with the surrounding blood surrounding blood capillaries. capillaries.

How do you breathe?How do you breathe?

Breathing is done by rib muscles and the Breathing is done by rib muscles and the diaphragm.diaphragm.

Diaphragm is a dome Diaphragm is a dome shaped muscle shaped muscle underneath the underneath the lungs.lungs.

When the diaphragm contracts and When the diaphragm contracts and moves down, it increases the chest moves down, it increases the chest cavity’s volume. At the same time, cavity’s volume. At the same time, some of your rib muscles contract some of your rib muscles contract and lift your rib cage, causing it to and lift your rib cage, causing it to expand. Air is sucked in.expand. Air is sucked in.

What happens to the oxygen?What happens to the oxygen?

The oxygen is absorbed by the The oxygen is absorbed by the red blood cells. red blood cells.

It is transported by the blood to It is transported by the blood to the different areas of the body.the different areas of the body.

The oxygen diffuses inside the The oxygen diffuses inside the cells.cells.

The oxygen is used to The oxygen is used to release energy stored in release energy stored in molecules of carbohydrates, molecules of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.fats and proteins.

When the molecules are When the molecules are broken down they release a broken down they release a by-product called carbon by-product called carbon dioxide and water.dioxide and water.

The carbon dioxide The carbon dioxide leave the cells and leave the cells and return to the return to the bloodstream.bloodstream.

The carbon dioxide is The carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs and carried to the lungs and is exhaled.is exhaled.

Disorders of the respiratory systemDisorders of the respiratory system

Bronchitis-inflammation of the Bronchitis-inflammation of the mucous membrane in the airways mucous membrane in the airways ((bronchial tubesbronchial tubes) of the lungs, ) of the lungs, resulting from infection or irritation resulting from infection or irritation and causing breathing problems and causing breathing problems and severe coughing.and severe coughing.

Asthma- a disease of the Asthma- a disease of the respiratory system, sometimes respiratory system, sometimes caused by allergies, with caused by allergies, with symptoms including coughing, symptoms including coughing, sudden difficulty in breathing, sudden difficulty in breathing, and a tight feeling in the chestand a tight feeling in the chest

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PneumoniaPneumonia- -   an an inflammation of one or both inflammation of one or both lungs, usually caused by lungs, usually caused by infection from a bacterium infection from a bacterium or virus or, less commonly, or virus or, less commonly, by a chemical or physical by a chemical or physical irritant.irritant.

StreptococcusStreptococcus bacteria are responsible for bacteria are responsible for infections such as strep throat, scarlet fever, infections such as strep throat, scarlet fever, and some types of pneumonia. and some types of pneumonia.

Streptococcus bacteria are responsible for infections such as strep throat, scarlet fever, and some types of pneumonia.

EmphysemaEmphysema- a chronic - a chronic medical disorder of the medical disorder of the lungs in which the air lungs in which the air sacs are dilated or sacs are dilated or enlarged and lack enlarged and lack flexibility, resulting in flexibility, resulting in breathing impairment breathing impairment and sometimes infection.and sometimes infection.

This picture shows the effects of This picture shows the effects of emphysema (caused by smoking) on lung emphysema (caused by smoking) on lung tissue. tissue.

This dissection of This dissection of human lung tissue human lung tissue shows light-colored shows light-colored cancerous tissue in cancerous tissue in the center of the the center of the photograph. At photograph. At bottom center lies bottom center lies the heart. While the heart. While normal lung tissue normal lung tissue is light pink in color, is light pink in color, the tissue the tissue surrounding the surrounding the cancer is black and cancer is black and airless, the result of airless, the result of a tarlike residue left a tarlike residue left by cigarette smoke. by cigarette smoke.

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20 minutes after quitting: Your blood 20 minutes after quitting: Your blood pressure drops to a level close to that before pressure drops to a level close to that before the last cigarette. The temperature of your the last cigarette. The temperature of your hands and feet increases to normal. hands and feet increases to normal. (US Surgeon General's Report,1988, pp. 39, (US Surgeon General's Report,1988, pp. 39, 202) 202)

When Smokers Quit - What Are the Benefits When Smokers Quit - What Are the Benefits Over Time? Over Time?

8 hours after quitting: The carbon monoxide 8 hours after quitting: The carbon monoxide level in your blood drops to normal. level in your blood drops to normal. (US Surgeon General's Report,1988, p. 202) (US Surgeon General's Report,1988, p. 202)

24 hours after quitting: Your 24 hours after quitting: Your chance of a heart attack decreases. chance of a heart attack decreases.

(US Surgeon General's (US Surgeon General's Report,1988, p. 202)Report,1988, p. 202)

2 weeks to 3 months after quitting: 2 weeks to 3 months after quitting: Your circulation improves and your Your circulation improves and your lung function increases up to 30%. lung function increases up to 30%. (US Surgeon General's Report, (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, pp.193,194,196,285,323) 1990, pp.193,194,196,285,323)

1 to 9 months after quitting: Coughing, sinus 1 to 9 months after quitting: Coughing, sinus congestion, fatigue, and shortness of breath congestion, fatigue, and shortness of breath decrease; cilia (tiny hair like structures that move decrease; cilia (tiny hair like structures that move mucus out of the lungs) regain normal function in mucus out of the lungs) regain normal function in the lungs, increasing the ability to handle mucus, the lungs, increasing the ability to handle mucus, clean the lungs, and reduce infection. clean the lungs, and reduce infection. (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, pp. 304, 307, (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, pp. 304, 307, 319, 322) 319, 322) 1 year after quitting: The excess risk of coronary 1 year after quitting: The excess risk of coronary heart disease is half that of a smoker's. heart disease is half that of a smoker's. (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p. vi) (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p. vi)

5 years after quitting: Your stroke risk is 5 years after quitting: Your stroke risk is reduced to that of a nonsmoker 5-15 years after reduced to that of a nonsmoker 5-15 years after quitting. quitting. (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p.79) (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p.79) 10 years after quitting: The lung cancer death 10 years after quitting: The lung cancer death rate is about half that of a continuing smoker's. rate is about half that of a continuing smoker's. The risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, The risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas esophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas decrease. decrease. (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p.110, 147, (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p.110, 147, 152, 155, 159,172)152, 155, 159,172)

15 years after quitting: 15 years after quitting: The risk of coronary The risk of coronary heart disease is that of heart disease is that of a nonsmoker's. a nonsmoker's. (US Surgeon General's (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p.79)Report, 1990, p.79)

20 minutes after quitting: Your blood pressure drops to a level close to that 20 minutes after quitting: Your blood pressure drops to a level close to that before the last cigarette. The temperature of your hands and feet increases to before the last cigarette. The temperature of your hands and feet increases to normal. normal. (US Surgeon General's Report,1988, pp. 39, 202) (US Surgeon General's Report,1988, pp. 39, 202) When Smokers Quit - What Are the Benefits Over Time? When Smokers Quit - What Are the Benefits Over Time? 8 hours after quitting: The carbon monoxide level in your blood drops to normal. 8 hours after quitting: The carbon monoxide level in your blood drops to normal. (US Surgeon General's Report,1988, p. 202) (US Surgeon General's Report,1988, p. 202) 24 hours after quitting: Your chance of a heart attack decreases. 24 hours after quitting: Your chance of a heart attack decreases. (US Surgeon General's Report,1988, p. 202)(US Surgeon General's Report,1988, p. 202)2 weeks to 3 months after quitting: Your circulation improves and your lung 2 weeks to 3 months after quitting: Your circulation improves and your lung function increases up to 30%. function increases up to 30%. (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, pp.193,194,196,285,323) (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, pp.193,194,196,285,323) 1 to 9 months after quitting: Coughing, sinus congestion, fatigue, and shortness 1 to 9 months after quitting: Coughing, sinus congestion, fatigue, and shortness of breath decrease; cilia (tiny hair like structures that move mucus out of the of breath decrease; cilia (tiny hair like structures that move mucus out of the lungs) regain normal function in the lungs, increasing the ability to handle mucus, lungs) regain normal function in the lungs, increasing the ability to handle mucus, clean the lungs, and reduce infection. clean the lungs, and reduce infection. (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, pp. 304, 307, 319, 322) (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, pp. 304, 307, 319, 322) 1 year after quitting: The excess risk of coronary heart disease is half that of a 1 year after quitting: The excess risk of coronary heart disease is half that of a smoker's. smoker's. (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p. vi) (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p. vi) 5 years after quitting: Your stroke risk is reduced to that of a nonsmoker 5-15 5 years after quitting: Your stroke risk is reduced to that of a nonsmoker 5-15 years after quitting. years after quitting. (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p.79) (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p.79) 10 years after quitting: The lung cancer death rate is about half that of a 10 years after quitting: The lung cancer death rate is about half that of a continuing smoker's. The risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus, bladder, continuing smoker's. The risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus, bladder, kidney, and pancreas decrease. kidney, and pancreas decrease. (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p.110, 147, 152, 155, 159,172)(US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p.110, 147, 152, 155, 159,172)15 years after quitting: The risk of coronary heart disease is that of a 15 years after quitting: The risk of coronary heart disease is that of a nonsmoker's. nonsmoker's. (US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p.79)(US Surgeon General's Report, 1990, p.79)