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Transcript of Respiratory System Chapter 11. Objectives Identify the organs of the respiratory system Locate the...
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Respiratory SystemChapter 11
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Objectives Identify the organs of the respiratory system Locate the structures of the respiratory system Identify the functions of the respiratory
system Review some disorders of the respiratory
system Review some laboratory test and procedures
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Functions of the Respiratory System Breathing process Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Enable speech production
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How it works: Consist of a series of tubes that transport air
in an out of the lungs. Function is to supply oxygen to the body cells
and to transport carbon dioxide which is produced by the body cells into the atmosphere
There are two forms of respiration exchange
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1: External respiration Oxygen is inhaled (inhaled air is about 21%
oxygen) into the air sacs of the lungs It is then immediately passed into tiny
capillary blood vessels surrounding the air spaces
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External respiration contd: Simultaneously, carbon dioxide, ( a gas
produced when oxygen and food combine in cells) passes from the capillary blood vessels into the air spaces of the lungs to be exhaled.
Exhaled air contains 16% oxygen Mostly an involuntary activity
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2. Internal respiration Happens simultaneously as external
respiration Occurs between the individual body cells and
the tiny capillary blood vessels Involves an exchange of gases at the cells
with in all organs of the body Oxygen passes out of the blood stream into
tissue cells
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Cellular respiration: Further use of the body cells to use oxygen to
produce energy Release of carbon dioxide and water
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FYI:RR = respiratory rate
Respiratory rate is the rate per minute of inhaling and exhaling
A normal rate for an adult is 16 to 18 times a minute
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Structures of Respiratory System
upper respiratory tract nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx and
trachea lower respiratory tract
bronchial tree and lungs
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Respiratory tract divided into:
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Upper Respiratory tract: Nose: (nostrils or nares). When we inhale air enters the body through
the nose via the nasal nares Then passes trough the nasal cavity This cavity is lined with mucous membranes
and fine hairs called cilia that filter out foreign bodies and also warm and moisten the air
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Nose
nasal cavity nasal septum mucous membrane
mucus cilia olfactory receptors
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Upper respiratory contd: Pharynx (throat) After passing through the nasal cavity air
reaches the pharynx A 5 inch muscular tube that extends from the
base of the skull to the esophagus The airway that connects the mouth and nose
to the larynx
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Pharynx: Divided into three sections
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Pharynx contd: Nasopharynx: nearest the nasal cavity and
contain adenoids (masses of lymphatic tissue) If enlarged it can obstruct airway Equalize pressure on both sides of the
tympanic membrane.
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Pharynx Contd: Oropharynx: located behind the mouth Muscular soft palate that contains the uvula
and tonsils.
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Pharynx contd: Laryngopharynx: surrounds the opening of
the esophagus Also known as the hypo pharynx Serves as a common passageway for food
from the mouth and air from the nose Divided into two branches larynx and
esophagus
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Pharynx
Nasopharynx adenoids or pharyngeal tonsils
oropharynx palatine tonsils
laryngopharynx larynx
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Pharynx: Divided into three sections
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Larynx: Voice box Covered by the epiglottis which is a small flap of
cartilage that is attached to the roof of the tongue Connects the pharynx to the trachea (where air goes
down into the lungs) Contains the vocal cords and is surrounded by nine
cartilages for support Tension of the vocal cords determine the high or low
pitch of the voice
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Lower Respiratory Tract:
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Trachea: Wind pipe A 10 to 12 cm long tube Extends into the chest Serves as passageway for air into the bronchi Kept open by 16 to 20 C shaped rings made
of cartilage Some of the rings make up the thyroid
cartilage forming the Adams apple
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Bronchi Trachea branches into two tubes called
bronchi Bronchi = plural bronchus = singular Right is primary (main) and shorter than the
left Each bronchus enters the lung and subdivides
into smaller tubes The smallest is called bronchioles
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Bronchi contd: At the end of the bronchioles are clusters of
air sacs called alveoli Alveoli = plural alveolus = singular Each is lined with a layer of epithelium This very thin wall permits the exchange of
gasses between the alveoli and the capillaries
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Lungs: Located in the thoracic cavity Right lung has three lobes Left lung has two lobes Oxygen passes from the lungs into the capillaries
( network of tiny blood vessels) that surround the alveoli and distributes them to the cells
Carbon dioxide from the blood cells passes into the lungs for removal
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Right-3 lobes Left-2 lobes
Lungs
trachea
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Lungs contd: When oxygen is absorbed into the blood it
attaches to the hemoglobin and is released as needed.
Each lung is covered by a membrane called pleura
The outer layer (near the ribs) parietal pleura The inner layer (closet to the lungs) visceral
pleura
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Lungs contd: A serous fluid ( thin, watery lubricating fluid)
moistens the pleura This facilitates movement between the pleuras
and prevent friction Lungs extend from the collar bone to the
diaphragm
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Lungs contd: Diaphragm: is a muscular partition that
separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity
This muscles aids in the process of breathing Breathing is the process of inhalation and
exhalation
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Lungs contd: Inhalation: (inspiration) the diaphragm
contracts and descends causing enlargement of the thoracic cavity area
This allows air to flow into the lungs to equalize the pressure
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Inhalation Breathing in Body gets oxygen from the air Rib muscles contract to pull ribs up and out Diaphragm muscle contracts to pull down the
lungs Tissue expands to force (pull) in air.
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Lungs contd: Exhalation: (expiration) when the lungs are
full, the diaphragm relaxes and elevates making the thoracic cavity smaller
This increases the air pressure in the thorax Air is then expelled out of the lungs to
equalize the pressure
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Exhalation Breathing out Get rid of carbon dioxide Rib muscles relax Diaphragm muscle relaxes Tissue returns to resting position and forces
(pushes) air out
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http://users.tpg.com.au/users/amcgann/body/respiratory.html
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Respiratory Root Words: Adenoid/o Adenoids Alveol/o Alveolus, air sac Atel/o Imperfect, incomplete Bronch/o Bronchus Bronchi/o Bronchial tubes Epiglott/o Epiglottis Laryng/o Larynx Nas/o, rhin/o Nose
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Root words contd: Ox/o, Ox/i oxygen Pharyng/o throat Pleur/o Pleura Pneum/o Lung, air Pulmon/o Lung Spir/o To breathe Thorac/o Chest Tonsill/o Tonsils Trache/o Trachea
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Respiratory Prefixes: An-, a- Without, absent Endo- Within Inter- Between Intra- Within
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Respiratory suffixes: -ar, -ary Pertaining to -capnia Carbon dioxide -centesis Surgical puncture with
needle to aspirate fluid -ectasis Stretching or expansion -gram Record -graphy Process of recording -itis Inflammation
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Suffixes contd: -ostomy creation of an artificial
opening -oxia oxygen -pnea breathing -scope instrument used to examine -scopy visual examination -stenosis narrowing or contracting -thorax chest
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Suffixes contd: -ptysis spitting -sphyxia pulse -osmia smell
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A few lung disorders: Lung abscess: a localized collection of pus in
a cavity formed by the disintegration of tissue
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Asthma Spasm and narrowing of bronchi, leading to
bronchial airway obstruction
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Bronchitis Inflammation of one or more bronchi
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Coryza Profuse discharge from the mucous
membrane of the nose
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Deviated septum Defect in the wall between the nostrils that
cause partial or complete obstruction
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Epistaxis Hemorrhage from the nose; nose bleed
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Hiatal hernia Protrusion of part of the stomach into the
chest through the esophageal hiatus defect of the diaphragm
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Pleural effusion Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which
compresses the underlying potion of the lung causing dyspnea
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Emphysema: Destruction of alveolar walls
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Lung cancer Leading cause of cancer death for men and
women
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Respiratory general terms Anoxia - without oxygen Apnea- temporary cessation of breathing Aphonia- absence of voice Bifurcation- a division into two branches Bronchospasm- sporadic contraction of the
bronchi muscle Dysphonia- difficulty in speaking
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Contd: Cyanosis- a bluish discoloration of skin and
mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood
Eupnea- normal breathing Hemoptysis- coughing up of blood from the
lungs Hyperventilation- increased rate and depth of
respiration
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Contd: Hypoxia- insufficient oxygen Orthopnea- difficult breathing except in
upright position Rales, rhonchi- abnormal respiratory sound
heard on auscultation Sputum- matter ejected from the trachea,
bronchi, and lungs through the mouth
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Diagnostic and instruments used: Auscultation- listening to the lungs through a
stethoscope Percussion- short sharp blows to the body
with the fingers Bronchoscopy- lung examination using a
bronchoscope Endotracheal catheter- an airway catheter
inserted into the trachea during surgery
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Contd: Oximetry- measurement of the oxygen
saturation of arterial blood Peak expiratory flow rate- measurement of
how fast a person can exhale using a small hand held device
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Medical procedures and tests: Blood gases- blood drawn to check oxygen,
carbon dioxide, and other gases in the blood Bronchodilator- an agent used to dilate the
bronchi CPR- cardiopulmonary resuscitation IPPB- intermittent positive pressure breathing Larngectomy- excision of the larynx
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Contd: Lavage of sinuses- the irrigation or washing
out of sinuses Lobectomy- excision of a lobe of the lung Mantoux- TB skin test PPD- purified protein derivative (TB test) Pulmonary function- test to assess ventilator
status
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Contd: Rhinoplasty- plastic surgery of the nose Scan- an image or picture produced using
radioactive isotopes Thoracentesis- surgical puncture of the chest
wall into the parietal cavity to remove fluid Tracheotomy- incision of the trachea through
the skin and muscles of the neck
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Bronchoscopy
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Tracheotomy
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The End!