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Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMPowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Robert J. Sullivan, Marist College

EXCHANGE OF GASES

The Respiratory System

Weird.

#1 First, a Review

• Function = job• Homeostasis = equilibrium for the body. Your body tries

to maintain a healthy balance of all things.• Stimulus/response = how your body reacts to situations

and messages that require action.

Easy. No heart attacks this time,

right?

Sure, Joe…no heart attacks. No other promises, though.

What is Human Respiration?

The human respiratory system allows one to obtain oxygen, eliminate carbon dioxide.

Breathing consists of two phases, inspiration and expiration Inspiration- the process of taking in air Expiration- the process of blowing out air

#2 Respiratory System Overview

Why do we need to breathe?If you say, “because we need oxygen to live,” then explainwhy we need oxygen.It’s because the sugar you eat (glucose) that serves as the primarysource of energy for your body really acts as a storage box of energy.To get that energy free from the glucose so that your cells can use it,your cells carry out a process called respiration that involves reactingglucose with oxygen to free up energy. You get the glucose from digesting food, and yep, you get the oxygen from breathing. THAT’s why you have to breathe to stay alive.

Glucose + O2 water (waste) + CO2 (waste) + ENERGY!Cellular Respiration

Human Respiratory System

Figure 10.1

Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract

Figure 10.2

Passageway for respiration Receptors for smell Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign

material Moistens and warms incoming air Resonating chambers for voice

Upper Respiratory Tract Functions

#4 FUNCTIONS of the Resp. Sys.

1. Gets oxygen from air for body’s cells (inhaling)

2. Gets rid of carbon dioxide waste from cells (exhaling)

3. Allows us to speak

Pretty important stuff for oursurvival & “advancement” as asociety, huh.

#5 How do we actually breathe?

What actually causes air to fill our lungs when we breathe in???

Well, you see, the contraction of the diaphragm muscle in the mid-torso causes an expansion of

volume in the lung cavities…this expansion creates a pressure gradient, or vacuum, that acts as a FORCE

pulling air into the lungs.

In “English,” the diaphragm muscle (in red) pullsdown on the lungs, making them bigger, which createsempty space (a vacuum) that air rushes in to fill. Whenwe exhale, the diaphragm just pushes up on the lungs,like when you squeeze a balloon to let the air out quicker.

Nose/Sinuses

#6 STRUCTURES of the Respiratory System

The respiratory system is laid out as a tract. A tract is a series of organs that are arranged one after another. The digestive tract is another example. Let’s start as air comes in while you inhale.

Be sure to label your sketch on the back of your notes as we go through these organs!1. Nose/sinuses – make air warm, moist, and clean (hairs/mucus).

Sinuses affect your voice.

The nose is just better at preparingair for your lungs than your mouthis. Breathing through your nose isusually just flat-out better.

#7 Structures, contd.Once cleaned & prepped by your nose, the air continues back towardyour throat.2. Pharynx – throat…both food and air pass. Epiglottis keeps you fromchoking on food/drinks.

3. Larynx – vocal cords: vibrate to make noise as you exhale. Incombination with the different shapes your tongue, lips, etc. can form,you have the ability to make hundreds of different sounds.

Place your Finger on your larynx and make thesesounds: s, z, p, b, f, v

#8 Structures, contd.Air continues on its journey to the lungs…

4. Trachea – windpipe. This is held open by rings of cartilage so thatit doesn’t collapse shut when you inhale. The trachea splits into two…

5. Bronchi/bronchioles – smaller passages that split heading into thelungs.

Well, now we’regetting closer toair’s finaldestination.

Components of the Lower Respiratory Tract

Figure 10.3

Functions: Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food

and air appropriately, assists in sound production Trachea: transports air to and from lungs Bronchi: branch into lungs Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange

Lower Respiratory Tract

#3 Resp. System Overview, Cont.

The respiratory system’s main job is to exchange gases inthe lungs.

The whole system… All your cells are doing…

#9 Structures, contd.Air is now finally inside the…

6. Lungs – spongy organs filled with alveoli—tiny air sacs that havetwo jobs:

a. stuff O2 into capillaries (where RBCs will carry it to body)b. allow CO2 into bronchioles (where it can be exhaled out)

bronchioles end as alveoli &are surrounded by capillaries

gas exchange between alveoliand capillaries

Organs in the Respiratory SystemSTRUCTURE FUNCTION

nose / nasal cavity  warms, moistens, & filters air as it is inhaled

pharynx (throat)  passageway for air, leads to trachea

larynx  the voice box, where vocal chords are located

trachea (windpipe) keeps the windpipe "open"

 trachea is lined with fine hairs called cilia which filter air before it reaches the lungs

bronchi  two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a lung

bronchioles a network of smaller branches leading from the

bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately to air sacs

alveoli  the functional respiratory units in the lung where gases are exchanged

Gas Exchange Between the Blood and Alveoli

Figure 10.8A

Respiratory Cycle

Figure 10.9

#10 Structures, contd.

And of course, since the organs make a tract, air just reverses throughthem as the diaphragm pushes and you exhale.

Every time you exhale,you release waste gases intothe air, or into a bubble, intoa trumpet, or whatever.

Plants love it though…ourwaste is their treasure!

Breathing (ventilation): air in to and out of lungs

External respiration: gas exchange between air and blood

Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and tissues

Cellular respiration: oxygen use to produce ATP, carbon dioxide as waste

REVIEW Four Respiration Processes

Amazing Facts

• The exhaling rate is faster in kids than in adults? • The trachea is made out of cartilage shaped rings?• The fastest recorded “ sneeze speed” is 165 km per hour? • It is healthier to breathe through your nose than your mouth,

because your nose hairs and mucus clean the air.