Respiratory System
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Transcript of Respiratory System
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Respiratory System
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INTRODUCTION
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Functions
• Provide for gas exchange• Intake of O2• Removal of CO2• Regulate blood pH• Sense of smell• Produces sounds• Filters, warms, moistens air• Water, heat balance
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3 Major Steps
Pulmonary Ventilation• Moving air in and out of lungsExternal Respiration• Gas exchange between alveoli and bloodInternal Respiration• Gas exchange between blood and body cells
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STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS
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Upper Respiratory
Nose (nares)• Warm, humidify, filter dust• Olfactory stimuli• Modify vocal soundsPharynx• 3 regions• Tonsils, adenoids here• Eustachian tubes
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Lower Respiratory
Larynx• “Voice box”• Thyroid cartilage• Epiglottis• Cricoid cartilage
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Lower Respiratory
Trachea • Windpipe• Lined with ciliated mucous membrane; traps
dust and moves it upward• C-shaped rings of cartilage keep airway open
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Lower Respiratory
Bronchi, Bronchioles • Bronchi contain cartilage rings• Primary (1° ) bronchi enter lungs• Secondary bronchi branch from 1°, one for
each lobe (3R, 2L)• Tertiary bronchi →→ terminal bronchi• Smaller airways have less cartilage, more
smooth muscle
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Lower Respiratory
Lungs• Right lung has 3 lobes, left has 2• Surrounded by pleural membrane• Tertiary bronchioles divide into terminal
bronchioles• These lead to respiratory bronchioles, which
lead to the alveoli
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Lower Respiratory
Alveoli• This is where gas exchange takes place• Surfactant cells secretes a substance that
keeps the alveoli from collapsing• Macrophages help fight infection
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Pulmonary Ventilation
Volume and pressure are inversely relatedInhalation:• Contraction of diaphragm lowers the muscle
and lung volume ↑• Alveolar pressure ↓• Air enters lungs to equalize pressure
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Pulmonary Ventilation
Exhalation:• Relaxation of the diaphragm raises the muscle
and lung volume ↓• Alveolar pressure ↑• Air rushes out
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Air Flow
Frequency (f): Breaths/min; normal = 12Tidal Volume (TV): volume moved in one normal
breath• Normal = approx. 500ml• About 70% reaches alveoli• 30% remains in airwayMinute Ventilation (MV): f x TV = 6000 ml/min
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Air Flow
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): volume of air that can be inhaled beyond TV
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): volume of air that can be exhaled beyond TV
Residual Volume (RV): air remaining in lungs after ERV
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Nature of Air
Mixture of gases – N2, O2, CO2, H2O, etc.Each gas exerts a partial pressureSum of partial pressures = atmospheric pressureEach gas diffuses down its pressure gradient• Example: O2 • In air, P = 105 mm Hg• In blood, P = 40 mm Hg
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Breathing ControlBrain Centers:• Medullary rhythmicity area• 2 areas in the ponsFactors:• Voluntary adjustment (cortical)• Chemoreceptors• Limbic system; emotion, anticipation• Body temperature• Pain, airway irritation (cough, sneeze)