RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Functions Gas exchange Filters air Warms air Humidifies air Speech/sound Olfaction

Upper Respiratory Tract

All structures are lined with mucous membranes

1. Nose2. Nasal cavity

Space posterior to nose Divided by nasal septum

3. Nasal conchae Divides nasal cavity into

passageways, increases surface area

Warms, moistens, filters incoming air

4. Paranasal sinuses Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid,

maxillary Reduces weight of skull,

resonating chambers for speech

5. Pharynx Passageway for

food and air 3 parts

Nasopharynx Oropharynx laryngopharynx

6. Larynx Voice production Composed of 9 pieces of cartilage,

including: Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis Vocal folds Glottis Cricoid cartilage

Lower Respiratory Tract

1. Trachea• windpipe • lies anterior to esophagus• Divides into left & right

bronchi• C-rings support wall

2. Bronchiole Tree• Branched passages that

connects trachea to alveoli• As tubes branch:

Amt. Of cartilage decreases Pseudostratified to cuboidal

to simple squamous Smooth muscle increases

(bronchoconstriction- histamine, bronchodilation – epinephrine)

3. Lungs• Covered by

pleural membranes: Parietal, visceral

• Pleural cavity is filled with serous fluid

• Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures: Right has 3 lobes, left has 2

• Composed of over 300,000,000 alveoli

Lung Cancer

Causes

Cigarette smoking Radon poisoning Asbestos exposure

Asbestos

a naturally occurring fibrous Mg silicate mineral popular in manufacturing and industry due to its strength, chemical and thermal stability. Types include: chrysotile (which accounted for 95% of industrial use), amosite and crocidolite.

Exposure can lead to mesothelioma

Where is it found

Insulation materials Roofing Siding Floor tile Fireproof gloves Brake pads and lining

Asthma

Airways react by narrowing or obstructing when they are irritated= bronchoconstriction

Symptoms: wheezing coughing shortness of breath chest tightness

Provoking Factors

Allergens (dust, mites, pollen, etc) Cold air Dust Strong fumes Exercise Inhaled irritants Emotional upsets Smoke

Causes of Asthma

Unknown Could be:

Genetic Immune defenses environment

Pneumonia

Inflammation of the lung: bacterial or viral

may also be caused from infections that spread to the lungs through the bloodstream from other organs (50%: viral)

Streptococcus pneumoniae: most common bacterial form

Symptoms/treatment

Cough High Fever (104) Chest pain Shortness of breath

TUBERCULOSIS

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Characteristics

Disease affecting the lungs, circulatory system, other organs Primarily Lungs

14.6 million infected in 2004 Spread through air

Once it enters the respiratory tract it begins to replicate eventually spreading to other parts of the body

Because the bacteria that cause tuberculosis are transmitted through the air, the disease can be quite contagious.

To be at risk, you must be exposed to the organisms constantly, by living or working in close quarters with someone who has the active disease.

bacteria generally stay dormant after they invade the body; only 10% of people infected with TB will ever come down with the active disease.

Tuberculosis is characterized by white lesions or tubercles which replace alveoli with scar tissue

results in poor gas exchange between the lungs and the blood

Symptoms

Coughing Wheezing Chest pain Fever, chills Loss of appetite

Possibly death

TB skin test

Sleep Apnea

Responsible for Sudden infant death and snoring

Apneas are obstructive and decreases oxygen getting to lungs

Adults: stop breathing for 10-20 s Symptoms: Fatigue, headache,

depression and drawsiness