Respiratory System

______________’s Big Book of Handouts

Transportation and Respiration Specific Learning outcomes B11-3-01: Design and execute an experiment to investigate an aspect of the transportation or respiratory system. (GLOs: C2, D1, E2) Examples: the effect of exercise on heart and/or respiratory rate; the effect of adrenalin on blood pressure; carbon dioxide production as an indicator of metabolism… B11-3-02: Compare the characteristics of blood components in terms of appearance, origin, numbers, relative size, and function in the

body. (GLO: D1) Include: plasma, erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets) B11-3-03: Compare and contrast the characteristics of different blood groups. (GLO: D1) Include: ABO and Rh factor B11-3-04: Predict the physiological consequences of blood transfusions involving different blood groups. (GLOs: D1, E2) B11-3-05: Describe the blood donation process and investigate related issues. (GLOs: B3, C4, C5, C6, C8) Examples: compatible blood groups, screening procedure, frequency of donation, use of donated blood products, blood-borne diseases… B11-3-06: Compare the structure and function of blood vessels. (GLOs: D1, E1) Examples: diameter, elasticity, muscle layers, valves, what they transport... B11-3-07: Identify the materials transported between cells and capillaries. (GLO: D1) Include: carbon dioxide, oxygen, hormones, nutrients, and nitrogenous wastes B11-3-08: Describe the cardiac cycle. (GLO: D1) Include: systole and diastole B11-3-09: Describe, in general terms, the nervous and chemical control of heartbeat. (GLOs: D1, E2) B11-3-10: Explain the meaning of blood pressure readings and identify the normal range. (GLOs: B3, D1) Include: given as a ratio of systolic over diastolic B11-3-11: Identify factors that affect blood pressure or cardiac function and describe their effects. (GLOs: B3, D1) Examples of factors: exercise, caffeine, nicotine, shock, beta blockers, diuretics, hormones, stress... Examples of effects: low blood pressure, high blood pressure, increased heart rate… B11-3-12: Explain how transport systems help to maintain homeostasis in the body. (GLOs: D1, E2) Include: transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, wastes, and hormones; help maintain fluid balance; regulate body temperature; and assist in the defence of the body against invading organisms B11-3-13: Distinguish between cellular respiration, internal respiration, and external respiration. (GLO: D1) B11-3-14: Identify major structures and functions of the human respiratory system from a diagram, model, or specimen. (GLO: D1) Include: lungs, pleura, nasal cavity, epiglottis, bronchi and bronchioles, alveoli, pulmonary capillaries, diaphragm, pharynx, larynx, trachea, uvula, ribs, and intercostal muscles B11-3-15: Describe how breathing is controlled to help maintain homeostasis in the human body. (GLOs: D1, E2) Include: chemoreceptor and medulla oblongata B11-3-16: Investigate and describe conditions/disorders associated with transportation and/or respiration in the human body. (GLOs:

B3, C6, D1) Examples: cardiovascular diseases... B11-3-17: Identify personal lifestyle choices that contribute to cardiovascular and respiratory wellness. (GLOs: B3, C4, D1) Examples: active lifestyle, not smoking…

1. trachea blue 2. left and right bronchi light blue 3. bronchi green 4. terminal bronchioles turquoise 5. respiratory bronchioles yellow-green 6. alveolar sac orange 7. alveoli yellow 8. blood vessels red 9. lung gray

Name: ____________________

Date: __________________

The Mechanics of Breathing

Use pg. 338-342 to answer these questions. 1. What principle does ventilation rely upon?

2. When we breathe, we use ____________________________________ to control air pressure inside our lungs. These structures are the ______________________, which are the muscles associated with the ______ cage (they are in between the ribs—this is what you eat when you go out for a meal of ribs!) and the ___________________, which is a _______________________ that separates the region of the lungs (the ___________ cavity) from the region of the stomach and liver (the ____________ cavity).

3. Draw figure 10.9 in the space below.

4. The thoracic cavity is a closed system. This means that it is enclosed and it has its own air pressure. This air pressure

changes when we breathe, allowing air to rush in or out depending on the pressure change in the thoracic cavity. Describe the process of inhalation with respects to muscle movement and volume/pressure changes.

B. _______________ The ___________ muscles relax, allowing the _____________ to return to its ________________________. The diaphragm relaxes and moves ___________. As the lungs _________________, air moves out.

A. ______________ The ___________ muscles contract, lifting the ____________ up and out. At the same time, the ___________ contracts and pulls ________________. As the lungs expand, air moves in.

5. Describe the process exhalation with respect muscle movement and volume/pressure changes.

6. Draw figure 10.10 in the space below. Include any numbers.

7. How is gas exchanged in the lungs? How does this have to do with concentration gradients?

8. When does the volume of your lungs increase (and thus lung capacity)?

9. Define the following: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, vital capacity and residual volume.

Name: ____________________________

Diseases of the Respiratory System Use pg. 343-348 of the red book to answer the following questions

Introduction

1. The respiratory system is one of the __________________________________ between the __________ environment and our _______________ environment.

2. What has an enormous impact on the health of our lungs and our entire bodies?

3. Disorders of the respiratory system can cause ________________________________ in our ability to ______________ and exchange _______________ for ____________________.

Lung Cancer 1. What is lung cancer?

2. Another name for a malignant tumor is ______________. What happens as it grows?

3. How do people die of lung cancer?

4. Most cases (____%) are caused by ________________________.

5. Cancer-causing agents are called ________________. Many are found in __________________. These substances ______________________________________, causing them to become _____________ or ______________________ (also known as __________________)

6. What is a major cause of lung cancer in non-smokers? How does this happen?

7. Describe another cause of lung cancer.

8. It can take __________ for lung cancer to develop. The ________________ of lung cancer has _________ symptoms. By the time symptoms appear, the cancer is ___________________________ __________________. Symptoms include ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________.

Healthy lung Cancerous lung

Fig. 10.14 of pg. 334

___________________ pneumonia

___________________ pneumonia

9. When is surgery used to treat lung cancer?

10. a) When is radiation used to treat cancer? b) How does it work? c) With what is radiation often used in combination? How? What are the side effects?

Pneumonia 1. Pneumonia is a ________________________ that causes the

_____________ in the lungs to _________ and _________________________. This ___________ their ability to __________________________, so the body cells become _______________________.

2. There are two types of pneumonia: __________ and ____________. ______________________ affects a ________ of the lung and _____________________ affects _______ throughout both lungs.

3. There are several causes of pneumonia, including ___________ by ________, __________, ____________, _________ and other ___________ _________, and some ______________. ________________ pneumonia is caused by an invasion of _____________ _________________.

4. __________ pneumonias tend to be ________________ than other forms of

pneumonia and usually last a ___________ period of time. a) What are mycoplasma? b) What is mycoplasma pneumonia?

Asthma

1. What is asthma? How is it characterized?

2. Asthma _____________ usually occur in ____________, or _______________. Although _________ are _____________, the underlying ______________ of the airways is _________.

3. Name and describe the 3 things that happen during an asthma attack.

4. Asthma attacks may start __________ as a result of _____________________________, or they may take __________, or even ________, to develop.

5. What are the most commonly reported triggers in Canada?

6. What are the 2 main types of medication prescribed to manage asthma?

7. For people with asthma, ___________ from the environment can cause a(n) _________ __________ that triggers an __________ __________. The _____________ include _________ from ___________ and ______________, which form in areas of _________ ____________. Another common particle is ___________. Each speck of _________ contains thousands of ______ ______.

8. How can we reduce exposure to dust mites?

9. Name four other things that can trigger asthma attacks (they’re all found on pg. 348!).

10. What is the most common strategy for preventing asthma attacks?

Obstructive Respiratory Disorders 11. What are obstructive respiratory disorders?

12. Name and describe two common obstructive respiratory disorder.

13. Describe the treatment for one type of obstructive respiratory disorder.

Within ... The Healing Powers of the Incredible Human Machine...Behold!!! 20 minutes Your blood pressure, pulse rate and the temperature of your hands and feet have returned to

normal. 8 hours Remaining nicotine in your bloodstream will have fallen to 6.25% of normal peak daily levels, a

93.25% reduction. 12 hours Your blood oxygen level will have increased to normal and carbon monoxide levels will have

dropped to normal. 24 hours Anxieties have peaked in intensity and within two weeks should return to near pre-cessation

levels. 48 hours Damaged nerve endings have started to re-grow and your sense of smell and taste are beginning

to return to normal. Cessation anger and irritability will have peaked. 72 hours Your entire body will test 100% nicotine-free and over 90% of all nicotine metabolites (the

chemicals it breaks down into) will now have passed from your body via your urine. Symptoms of chemical withdrawal have peaked in intensity, including restlessness. Lung bronchial tubes leading to air sacs (alveoli) are beginning to relax in recovering smokers. Breathing is becoming easier and the lung's functional abilities are starting to increase.

5 - 8 days The "average" ex-smoker will encounter an "average" of three cue induced crave episodes per day, however, it is unlikely that any single episode will last longer than 3 minutes. Keep a clock handy and time them.

10 days 10 days - The "average ex-user" is down to encountering less than two crave episodes per day, each less than 3 minutes.

10 days to 2 weeks

Recovery has likely progressed to the point where your addiction is no longer doing the talking. Blood circulation in your gums and teeth are now similar to that of a non-user.

2 to 4 weeks Cessation related anger, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, impatience, insomnia, restlessness and depression have ended. If still experiencing any of these symptoms get evaluated by your physician.

21 days Brain acetylcholine receptor counts that were up-regulated in response to nicotine's presence have now down-regulated and receptor binding has returned to levels seen in the brains of non-smokers.

2 weeks to 3 months

Your heart attack risk has started to drop. Your lung function is beginning to improve.

3 weeks to 3 months

Your circulation has improved substantially. Walking has become easier. Your chronic cough, if any, has likely disappeared. (If not, see your doctor - chronic cough can be a sign of lung cancer)

1 to 9 months Any smoking related sinus congestion, fatigue or shortness of breath have decreased. Cilia have re-grown in your lungs, thereby increasing their ability to handle mucus, keep your lungs clean and reduce infections. Your body's overall energy has increased.

1 year Your excess risk of coronary heart disease, heart attack and stroke have dropped to less than half that of a smoker.

5 to 15 years Your risk of stroke has declined to that of a non-smoker. 10 years Your risk of being diagnosed with lung cancer is between 30% and 50% of that for a continuing

smoker (2005 study). Risk of death from lung cancer has declined by almost half if you were an average smoker (one pack per day). Your risk of pancreatic cancer has declined to that of a never-smoker (2011 study), while risk of cancer of the mouth, throat and esophagus has also declined. Your risk of developing diabetes is now similar to that of a never-smoker (2012 study).

13 years Your risk of smoking induced tooth loss has declined to that of a never-smoker (2006 study). 15 years Your risk of coronary heart disease is now that of a person who has never smoked. 20 years Female excess risk of death from all smoking related causes, including lung disease and cancer,

has now reduced to that of a never-smoker (2008 study). Risk of pancreatic cancer reduced to that of a never-smoker (2011 study).

The effects of Smoking

Smoking causes about 340,000 deaths per year in the United States alone, nearly 1000 deaths per day. Heavy smokers increase their chances of contracting lung cancer by a factor of 20, and some 94,000 of them will die from it this year. The other 226,000 smoking deaths are from a combination of smoking-induced emphysema, chronic bronchitis, heart disease, and a variety of other cancers including cancer in the mouth, larynx, esophagus, pancreas, bladder, and kidney. Recently, researchers at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences reported that women who smoke more than a pack a day are

50% less fertile than non-smokers. Women who smoke heavily during pregnancy have twice the rate of miscarriages. When they carry their babies to term, the babies weigh, on average, about half a pound less than those of non-smoking women. Children of women who smoked heavily during pregnancy also show impairment in average achievement test scores during early childhood. A 1985 congressional study estimated that smoking cost American society $65 billion yearly, or $10 million per hour. This figure refers only to dollars spent on health-care services related to smoking and lost job productivity and wages. The human cost is incalculable. Let us explore briefly the effects of tobacco smoke on the human respiratory tract. As smoke is inhaled through the nose, trachea, and bronchi, toxic substances such as nicotine and sulphur dioxide paralyze the cilia lining the respiratory tract; a single cigarette can inactivate them for a full hour. Since these ciliary sweepers remove inhaled particles, smoking poisons them just when they are most needed. The visible portion of cigarette smoke consists of billions of microscopic carbon particles. Adhering to them are a wide variety of toxic compounds, a dozen or more of which are carcinogenic (cancer causing). With the cilia out of action, the particles stick to the walls of the respiratory tract or enter the lungs. Thus, smokers encounter a higher risk of cancer in all areas of the respiratory tract touched by smoke. A second line of defense is the present in the respiratory tract of large numbers of amoeba-like white blood cells (macrophages), which engulf foreign particles and bacteria. Cigarette smoke also impairs these cells, allowing still more bacteria, dust, and smoke particles into the lungs. In response to the irritation of cigarette smoke, the respiratory tract increases production of mucus, a third method of trapping foreign particles, but without the cilia to sweep it along, the mucus builds up and can obstruct the airways; the familiar “smoker’s cough” is an attempt to clear the airways. Microscopic smoke particles find a secure lodging place in the tiny, moist alveoli deep within the lungs. There they accumulate over the years until the lungs of a heavy smoker are literally blackened. The longer the delicate tissue of the lungs is exposed to carcinogens on the trapped particles, the greater the chance of cancer developing.

Smoking can also cause chronic bronchitis. This persistent lung infection is characterized by cough, swelling of the lining of the respiratory tract, an increase in mucus production, and a decrease in the number and activity of cilia. The result: a decrease in the airflow to the alveoli. Toxins in cigarette smoke, such as nitrogen oxides and sulphur dioxide, may cause the body to produce substances that reduce the elasticity and increase the brittleness of lung tissue. As the brittle alveoli rupture, the lung gradually loses its normal sponge-like-appearance, and more closely resembles blackened Swiss cheese. This condition is called emphysema. The loss of the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs, leads to oxygen deprivation of all body tissues. The emphysema victim’s breathing is laboured, and grows increasingly worse until death. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema kill about 50, 000 persons yearly in the USA, and smoking is the leading contributing factor to each. Meanwhile, carbon monoxide, present in high levels in cigarette smoke, is eagerly taken up by the red blood cells in place of oxygen. This inactivates the haemoglobin and reduces the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity, placing a strain on the heart. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema compound this difficulty by restricting the amount of oxygen that enters the lungs and by destroying the alveoli

where oxygen enters the bloodstream. As a result, smokers are 70% more likely than non-smokers to die of heart disease. Although the reasons are not fully understood, reduced oxygen in the blood supplying the heart muscle is undoubtedly a major contributor. The carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke may also contribute to the increased incidence of stillbirths in pregnant women who smoke, the lower birth weight of their babies, and the learning impairment in early childhood of children born to heavy smokers.

Evidence is accumulating rapidly that “passive smoking” (which occurs when non-smokers are forced to breathe air polluted by cigarette smoke) causes real hazards as well as emotional and physical discomfort. Several studies have concluded that infants whose mothers smoke are more likely to suffer from bronchitis and pneumonia. Another study revealed decreased lung capacity in children whose mothers smoked, and abnormally thickened and stiffened heart walls were found in 11- and 12-year-old boys whose parents smoked. People suffering from angina (heart pain) have been found to experience chest pain significantly more readily after sitting in a smoke-filled room. The New England Journal of Medicine reported a study of 2100 non-smokers who were chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. These individuals showed impaired lung function similar to people smoking 1 to 10 cigarettes daily. A 1985 EPA study singled out “passive” tobacco smoke as the major cause of cancer caused by airborne carcinogens. He study estimates that passive smoking is responsible for between 500 and 5000 deaths of non-smokers each year. A 1986 National Academy of Sciences study concluded that non-smoking spouses of smokers face a 30% higher risk of lung cancer. Recently, after analyzing 11 different studies, researchers at the University of California at San Francisco concluded that non-smokers who liver with smokers also increase their risk of heart attack by 30%. There is hope for smokers who stop before irreversible lung damage has occurred. Healing begins immediately after smoking stops, and the chances of a heart attack or lung cancer gradually drop. After about 10 smoke-free years, former smokers’ risks of lung cancer and heart attacks approach those of people who never smoked.

A) Smoking causes ______________ death/year.

Lung cancer is increased by a factor of __________ by heavy smokers &

___________ deaths will occur.

Cancers that can be caused by smoking include :

________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

Women who are heavy smokers are __________ % less fertile than non-smokers and

have ______________ the rate of miscarriages than non-smokers.

Children-babies of smokers-are on average ___________ lbs less than normal and on

I.Q tests are _____________ than normal.

B) List the effects of nicotine & sulphur dioxide on the cilia in the respiratory tract. C) How does smoking affect the MACROPHAGES in the respiratory tract? D) How does smoking affect production of MUCUS in respiratory tract? E) Why do lungs of smokers become black & what are the consequences? F) Describe the cause and effect of CHRONIC BRONCHITIS.

G) Describe the cause and effect of EMPHYSEMA. H) Describe the effect of CO (carbon monoxide) on the respiratory system. I) What is the effect of CO (carbon monoxide) on pregnant women? J) What is a common phrase for “passive smoking”? K) List several conditions in children whose mother or father have smoked in their presence. L) Passive smoking is responsible for __________ to __________ deaths of non-

smokers each year.

Non-smoking spouses of smokers, face a _________% higher risk of lung cancer.

Non smokers who live with smokers also increase their risk of a heart attack by

_______%

Healing begins _________________ after smoking stops.

After _____________ smoke free years, former smokers’ risks of lung cancer &

heart attacks approach those of people who never smoked.