Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.
-
Upload
sheryl-fox -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
0
Transcript of Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.
![Page 1: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Respiration
![Page 2: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter?
Aerobic vs. anaerobic
![Page 3: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic
Aerobic pathways
• Newer• Require O• Start in cytoplasm• Completed in
mitochondria
Anaerobic pathways
• Older• No O• In cytoplasm
![Page 4: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Food Sources
• Autotrophs (producers)
• Hetrotrophs (consumers)
• Both make ATP
![Page 5: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
CO2
H2O
Glucose
O2
ATP
ECOSYSTEM
Sunlight energy
Photosynthesis in chloroplasts
Cellular respiration in mitochondria
(for cellular work)
Heat energy
![Page 6: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Energy Consumption
![Page 7: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Why Breathe?
CO2
CO2
O2
O2Bloodstream
Muscle cells carrying out
Cellular Respiration
Breathing
Glucose O2
CO2 H2O ATP
Lungs
![Page 8: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Summary Equation for Aerobic Respiration
C6H12O6CO26 H2O ATPs
Glucose Oxygen gas Carbon dioxide
6
Water Energy
O2 6+ + +
![Page 9: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Electron Transfers
• Oxidation - lose electron
• Reduction - gain electron
C6H12O6 6 O2 6 CO2 6 H2O
Loss of hydrogen atoms (oxidation)
Gain of hydrogen atoms (reduction)
Energy
(ATP)Glucose
+ + +
![Page 10: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Coenzymes
• NAD+ and FAD
• NADH and FADH2
• Carry electrons and hydrogen
![Page 11: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Coenzymes
OH H O 2H
Reduction
Dehydrogenase
(carries2 electrons)
NAD 2H
2H 2e
NADH H
Oxidation
+
+
+
+
![Page 12: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ETC
H2O
NAD
NADH
ATP
H
H
Controlled release of energy for
synthesis of ATP
Electron transport chain
2 O2
2e
2e
1
2
![Page 13: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
NADH
NADH FADH2
GLYCOLYSIS
Glucose Pyruvate CITRIC ACID CYCLE
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
(Electron Transport and Chemiosmosis)
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Mitochondrion
and
High-energy electrons
carried by NADH
ATPATPATP
CO2 CO2
Cytoplasm
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Figure 6.6
Overview
![Page 14: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
• C6H12O6
Glucose
In-text figurePage 136
![Page 15: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Glycolysis
![Page 16: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Glycolysis
• Two stages
• Energy-requiring steps
– 2 ATP
– Transfers P group
• Energy-releasing steps
– Splits activated glucose
– Forms 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP and 2 NADH
![Page 17: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Glycolysis
NAD NADH H
Glucose2 Pyruvate
ATP2P2 ADP
22
2
2
+
+
![Page 18: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Figure 6.8_1
![Page 19: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Figure 6.8_2
![Page 20: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Figure 6.8_3
![Page 21: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
“Prep” Reaction
Pyruvate is oxidized • 2 C acetyl-CoA
• 3rd C released as CO2
• NAD+ -> NADH
![Page 22: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
“Prep” Reaction
CO2
Pyruvate
NAD NADH H
CoA
Acetyl CoA(acetyl coenzyme A)
Coenzyme A
Figure 6.8
![Page 23: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Citric Acid Cycle
CoACoA
CO2
NAD
NADHFAD
FADH2
ATP P
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
ADP
3
3
3 H
Acetyl CoA
2
![Page 24: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Citric Acid Cycle
• Loads e- and H onto NAD+ and FAD
• ATP by substrate-level Phos.
![Page 25: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
•1 turn yields:– 2 CO2
– 1 ATP,
– 3 NADH
– 1 FADH2
– Regenerates starting product
Citric Acid Cycle
and Steps and
CITRIC ACID CYCLE
Oxaloacetate
CoA
CoA
2 carbons enter cycle
Acetyl CoA
Citrate
leaves cycle
H
NAD
NADH
CO2
Alpha-ketoglutarate
leaves cycleCO2
ADP P
NAD
NADH H
ATP
Succinate
FAD
FADH2
Malate
H
NAD
NADH
Step
Acetyl CoA stokes the furnace.
Steps
NADH, ATP, and CO2 are generated during redox reactions.
Redox reactions generate FADH2 and NADH.
![Page 26: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Electron Transport
• Coenzymes deliver electrons• Pump H+ • Forms H+ gradient• H+ flows down gradient• Powers ATP formation (ATP
synthase)
![Page 27: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Figure 6.12a
![Page 28: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Importance of Oxygen
Intermembrane space
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondrial matrix
Protein complex
Electron flow
Electron carrier
NADH NAD+
FADH2 FAD
H2OATPADP
ATP synthase
H+ H+ H+
H+
H+H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
P
O2
Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis
.
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
+ 212
Figure 6.10
![Page 29: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Summary of Energy Harvest
(per molecule of glucose)• Glycolysis
– 2 ATP
• Citric acid and “prep” rxns– 2 ATP
• ETC
– 32 ATP formed
![Page 30: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
• 686 kcal of energy are released
• 7.5 kcal are conserved in each ATP
• When 36 ATP form, 270 kcal (36 X 7.5) are
captured in ATP
• Efficiency is 270 / 686 X 100 = 39 percent
• Most energy is lost as heat
FYI - Efficiency of Aerobic Respiration
![Page 31: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Poisons•Block the movement of electrons (cyanide, CO)
•Block the flow of H+ through ATP synthase (Oligomycin)
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+ H+ H+ H+
H+
H+
H+H+
O2
H2OP ATP
NADH NAD+
FADH2 FAD
Rotenone Cyanide, carbon monoxide
Oligomycin
DNP
ATPSynthase
2
ADP
Electron Transport Chain Chemiosmosis
12
Figure 6.11
![Page 32: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Anaerobic Pathways
• Less ATP
• Fermentation pathways
![Page 33: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Fermentation Pathways
• Bacteria – Lactobacillus (cheese)
• Animal cells
![Page 34: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Fermentation Pathways
• Glycolysis
• 2 ATP
• Regenerate NAD+
![Page 35: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Lactate Fermentation
• Muscle cells FAST ATP • Lactic acid builds up
2 Lactate
NAD NADH NADH NAD2 2 22
2 ATP2 ADP 22 Pyruvate
GLYCOLYSIS
P
Glucose
![Page 36: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Alcoholic Fermentation• Produces ethanol• Yeast
NAD NADH NADH NAD2 2 2 2
GLYCOLYSIS
2 ADP 2 P ATP
Glucose 2 Pyruvate
releasedCO2
2 Ethanol
22
Figure 6.13B
![Page 37: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Figure 6.16
![Page 38: Respiration. How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Aerobic vs. anaerobic.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649f145503460f94c2854a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Question of the Day
How does the insecticide rotenone work? Is it safe?