rESOUrCE BOOKlET - IB Documents PAST PAPERS - SUBJECT...2009/11/11 · Figure 7 Fact file on...
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8809-6303 11 pages N09/4/ECOSO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/T Wednesday 11 November 2009 (morning) ECOSYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES STANDARD LEVEL PAPER 2 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES • Do not open this booklet until instructed to do so. • This booklet contains all of the resources required to answer question 1. 2 hours RESOURCE BOOKLET © International Baccalaureate Organization 2009 88096303
Transcript of rESOUrCE BOOKlET - IB Documents PAST PAPERS - SUBJECT...2009/11/11 · Figure 7 Fact file on...
8809-6303 11 pages
N09/4/ECOSO/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/T
Wednesday 11 November 2009 (morning)
ECOSYSTEMS AND SOCIETIESSTANDArD lEvElPAPEr 2
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
• Do not open this booklet until instructed to do so.• This booklet contains all of the resources required to answer question 1.
2 hours
rESOUrCE BOOKlET
© International Baccalaureate Organization 2009
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Figure 1 World map showing the location of North York Moors, United Kingdom
NorthYorkMoorsNationalPark(NYMNP)
[Source:BasedonaUNmapoftheworld(http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/world.pdf).BypermissionoftheUNCartographicSection.]
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Figure 2 Map and fact file on North York Moors National Park (NYMNP)
Redgrouse(Lagopus lagopus)
Badger(Meles meles)
Conifer(e.g. Pinus sp.)
Bracken(Pteridium sp.)
Merlin(Falco columbarius)
Deer(Muntiacus reevesi)
Moorland is split up by river valleys that:
aremorefertile.•areusedforsheepfarming.•
Coastline of the park is:85kmlong.•rich in fossils, including•thoseofdinosaurs.
NYMNP became a national park in 1952 because it contained:
importantwildlifehabitats.•areasofnaturalbeauty.•archaeological sites from•Neolithictimes.industrial heritage sites•fromthehistoricminingofironore,limestoneandjet.
NYMNP:has an area of about•144000hectares.attractsmanyvisitorsbecause•itisclosetodenselypopulatedareasandeasilyaccessiblebyroad.
Plants and animals of NYMNP:
coniferforests•bracken•merlin(birdofprey)•deer•redgrouse•sheep•badger.•
Protected moorland ecosystems:arefoundmainlyonthehigherland.•have soils which are usually acidic•andoftenwaterlogged.supportlow-growingplants•e.g.heather.
[WearegratefulforthehelpoftheNorthYorkMoorsNationalParkAuthority,www.northyorkmoors.org.ukandreproducedcourtesyofwww.mikekipling.com/NYMNPA]
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Figure 3 Land use of the NYMNP
Moorland
Rivers
Key:N
Woodland
Farmland and villages
Larger towns
Scale:
10 km
[WearegratefulforthehelpoftheNorthYorkMoorsNationalParkAuthority,www.northyorkmoors.org.uk]
Land use type % of the NYMNP area
Moorland 34
Farmland–arable(crops) 22
Farmland–grass 20
Woodland–conifers 15
Woodland–broadleaved/mixed 7
Other 2
[WearegratefulforthehelpoftheNorthYorkMoorsNationalParkAuthority,www.northyorkmoors.org.uk]
Land ownership80%oftheNYMNPisownedbyprivateindividualsincludingfarmers.20%isownedbycommercialandgovernmentorganizations.
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Figure 4 The climate of the NYMNP
Higher land (over 250 m above sea level)
Lower land (sea level to 250 m altitude)
Annualprecipitation/mm 1015 762
Meansummertemperature/°C 12.7 15.0
Meanwintertemperature/°C 1.7 2.7
Numberofdaysofsnowcover/year >40 15–20
[WearegratefulforthehelpoftheNorthYorkMoorsNationalParkAuthority,www.northyorkmoors.org.uk]
Figure 5 Species numbers in the UK and in the NYMNP
Type of species Total number of species found in the UK
% of total UK species found in NYMNP
Mammals 48 68
Breedingbirds 210 59
Plants 1480 57
[WearegratefulforthehelpoftheNorthYorkMoorsNationalParkAuthority,www.northyorkmoors.org.uk]
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Figure 6 Demographics of the NYMNP and the UK
Figure 6(a)
Population changes in the 20th century of the NYMNP
21 000
22 000
23 000
24 000
25 000
26 000
27 000
1901 1931 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 200119211911 1941
26 063
24 921
23 698
22 736
23 179
24 59924 692
23 939
Year[WearegratefulforthehelpoftheNorthYorkMoorsNationalParkAuthority,www.northyorkmoors.org.uk]
Figure 6(b)Population changes in the 20th century in the UK
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
1901 1931 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 200119211911 1941
38.2
46
5055.8
52.755.5 55.5
58.8
Year[WearegratefulforthehelpoftheNorthYorkMoorsNationalParkAuthority,www.northyorkmoors.org.uk]
TherearenomajorcentresofindustryorlargecitiesintheNYMNP.Thenumberofpeopleworkingintheagricultureindustryandonthelandhasfallenoverthelast100years.
PopulationoftheUK/millions
PopulationoftheNYMNP
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Figure 6(c)
2001 population census statistics
NYMNP UK
%ofpopulationagedunder16years 16.7 20
%ofpopulationagedover16andunder60 63 64
%ofpopulationagedover60 20.1 15.8
Settlementswithapopulationofover3000people 0 1809
[WearegratefulforthehelpoftheNorthYorkMoorsNationalParkAuthority,www.northyorkmoors.org.uk]
Figure 6(d)
Population density in England and Wales
24–130
Key:Estimatednumberofpeopleperhectare
10–234–92–30–1
Scale:
[Source:ReproducedunderthetermsoftheClick-UseLicence.]
TheUK,whichincludesEnglandandWales,hadapopulationof58.8millionin2001andanoverallpopulationdensityof2.43peopleperhectarewhichisoneofthehighestintheworld,duetotheveryhighpopulationdensity(overonethirdofthetotalpopulation)insouth-eastEngland,withover8millioninGreaterLondon.
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Figure 7 Fact file on bracken and its control
• brackenisafernthatrapidlycolonizestemperateacidsoils,likethoseintheNYMNP• brackenoutcompetesallotherplants,producingamonoculture• itsleavesandsporesarepoisonoustomanyanimalsandtopeople• itishardtokillbecauseithasmanyundergroundstemswhichquicklygrowleavesagain,
evenwhengrowthabovegroundisdestroyed• methods of control of bracken include ploughing the land, cutting or crushing the
youngplants,grazingbycattleandsprayingherbicidestokilltheplants.
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Figure 8 Questions and answers on UK national parks
What is a national park in the UK?Anareaofcountrysidethat isbeautiful,spectacularandoftenhillyormountainouswithalowhumanpopulationdensity.
Where are they?
[Source:Crowncopyright.ReproducedbypermissionofOrdnanceSurveyandtheUKAssociationofNationalParkAuthorities.]
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When were they designated?Between1951and2009.
Who owns the land?National parks are not publicly-owned land in the UK but are specially protected in law.Unlikenationalparksinmostoftherestoftheworld,UKnationalparksarenotwildernessareas.
Do people live there?Yes.Unlikesomeothercountries,UKnationalparksdonotexcludepeoplelivingandworkingwithin them but there are strict regulations about new buildings and development within theparkboundaries.Farmingcontinueswithintheparksandtherearesmalltownsandvillages.
Who controls the national parks?Each national park has an organization called aNational ParkAuthority to help look after it.Bylaw,eachNationalParkAuthorityhasto:conserveandenhancethenaturalbeauty,wildlifeandculturalheritage;promoteopportunitiesfortheunderstandingandenjoymentofthespecialqualities of national parks by the public; support the economic and socialwell-being of localcommunities.
Who pays for the national parks?TheUKtaxpayersandvariousgrantsfrombodiessuchastheEuropeanUnion.
Figure 9 Fact file on national parks of the world
• morethan6500designatednationalparksandprotectedareasworldwide• cover12%oftheEarth’ssurface(accordingtotheInternationalUnionfortheConservation
ofNature–IUCN)• morethan100nationalparksinEurope• usually in undeveloped areas with examples of biodiversity or unusual
geologicalfeatures• in1864, thefirstnationalpark–YosemiteValley,California (USA)–was set asideby
AbrahamLincoln• the2003UnitedNationsListofProtectedAreaswasacomprehensivelistofalltheworld’s
knownprotectedareasandlisted102000sitescovering18.8millionsqkm.
