Residues in Honey
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Transcript of Residues in Honey
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG TIERHYGIENE • Bienen
Dr. Wolfgang RitterCVUA Freiburg/Animal Health
National and International Reference Laboratory
Apimondia Standing Commission for Bee Pathology
Residues in HoneyResidues in Honey
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
Residues in HoneyResidues in Honey
• Pollution
• Bee management
• Honey processing and storage
• Control of Disease
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
PollutionPollution
• Industry
• Traffic
• Household
• Agriculture (Pesticides)
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
Bee managementBee management
• Wax moth control: (Paradiclorinebenzol)
• Bee repellents (Phenol)
• Paintings (Heavy metals)
• (Control of Bee diseases)
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
Honey Processing and StorageHoney Processing and Storage
• Processing(reduction of water content)– ashes – yeast
• Container – heavy metals– remains
• Storage in warehouses– overheating– odours
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
Treatment of DiseasesTreatment of Diseases
Treatment with Medicaments• Nosemosis
• Chalkbrood
• American Foulbrood
• European Foulbrood
• Varroosis
• Acariosis
• Tropilaelaps infestation
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
MedicamentsMedicaments
• National laws
• EU regulations
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
MaximMaximumum Residue LimitsResidue Limits (EU Regulation 2377/90EEC(EU Regulation 2377/90EEC))
MRL means:
Maximum concentration of residue resulting from the use of veterinary medical product, which may be accepted by the EU Community to be legally permitted or recognized acceptable in or on food.
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
MaximMaximumum Residue LimitsResidue Limits (EU Reg. 2377/90EEC(EU Reg. 2377/90EEC))
• Annex I fixed residue limits
– Amitraz (Apivar) 200µg/kg
– Coumphos (Perizin/Checkmite) 100 µg/kg
• Annex III provisional residue limites
– Cymiazole (Apitol) 1000µg/kg
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
MaximMaximumum Residue LimitsResidue Limits (EU Regulation 2377/90EEC(EU Regulation 2377/90EEC))
• Annex II no residue limits necessary
– Fluvalinate (Apistan)
– Flumethrin (Bayvarol)
– Formic acid
– Lactic Acid
– Menthol
– Thymol
– Eucalyptol
– Campher
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
MaximMaximumum Residue LimitsResidue Limits (EU Regulation 2377/90EEC(EU Regulation 2377/90EEC))
• Annex IV no safe maximal limits possible (prohibited for use)
– Chloramphenicol– Nitrofurans
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
MaximMaximumum Residue LimitsResidue Limits (EU Regulation 2377/90EEC(EU Regulation 2377/90EEC))
No residue limits for antibiotic in honey fixedNo residue limits for antibiotic in honey fixed
Residues of antibiotic in honeyResidues of antibiotic in honeynot acceptednot accepted
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
RResidues in Honeyesidues in Honey
NosemosisAntibiotic
• Fumagillin (Fumidil)– no registered product in EU (Funagillin not registered!)
– no residues allowed in EU
– rarely found as residue
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
RResidues in Honeyesidues in Honey
American and European FoulbroodSulfonamide
• Sulfonamide (Sulfathiazol)– no registered product
– resistence found in some areas
– no residues alowed in the EU
– up to 3,2 ppm in imported honeys
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
RResidues in Honeyesidues in Honey
American and European FoulbroodAntibiotic
• Terramycin/ Streptomycin/Tylosine– no registered product in EU
– no residues alowed in the EU ( 20ppb under discussion for Streptomycin)
– often found as residue
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
RResidues in Honeyesidues in Honey
Varroosissynthetic Acaricides• Coumapos (Perizin, Neoron)
– registered product in EU (Perizin, Checkmite?)– resistance found in Italy? (treatment with Neoron)– residues up to 100µg/kg (100 ppb) allowed– residues up to 20 ppb (Perizin) in legal treatments
and up to 500 ppb (Neoron) in illegal treatments
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
RResidues in Honeyesidues in Honey
Varroosissynthetic Acaricides• Bromopropylate
– no registered product in EU (FolbexVA since 8 years not registered))
– no residues allowed in the EU– rarely found as residue
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
RResidues in Honeyesidues in Honey
Varroosissynthetic Acaricide• Amitraz
– registered product in France (Apivar)– many illegal products in use – residues up to 200µg/kg (200 ppb) allowed– resistance found in some areas– rarely found as residue from legal use– often residues from illegal use (metabolites)
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
RResidues in Honeyesidues in Honey
Varroosissynthetic Acaricide• Tau-fluvalinate
– registered product in the EU (Apistan)– often illegal use (Klartan)– resistance in many areas– no EU residue limits– rarely found as residue from legal use– high residues from illegal use
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
RResidues in Honeyesidues in Honey
Varroosissynthetic Acaricide• Flumetrine– registered product in the EU (Bayvarol)– resistance in many areas (use of Klartan)– no EU residue limits– never found as residue from legal use
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
RResidues in Honeyesidues in Honey
Varroosisnatural Substances (allowed in organic beekeeping)
Formic acid– registered in EU– no residue limit in EU (Germany 600 ppm)– rarely found as residue
Lactic acid– registered in EU– no residue limit in EU– rarely found as residue
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
RResidues in Honeyesidues in Honey
Varroosisnatural Substances (allowed in organic beekeeping)
Oxalic acid– registration on the way– no residue limit in EU– rarely found as residue
Thymol– registered product (Apilifevar)– many illegal products– no residue limit in EU– sometimes found as residue (illegal overdose)
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
Where Where Residues?Residues?
HoneyFoodwater-soluble
WaxCosmeticsfat-soluble
PropolisMedicaments
fat-soluble
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
Enrichment of lipophile Enrichment of lipophile substances into wax substances into wax
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
RResidues in Waxesidues in Wax
400 samples from the German market (Wallner 2001)
• 60% with residues
• 20% Bromopropylate (Folbex) (<5ppm)
• 47% Coumaphos (Perizin, Asuntol) (some >10 ppm)
• 22 % Fluvalinate (Apistan, Klartan) (some up to < 5ppm, seldom up to 15ppm)
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
Residues in PropolisResidues in Propolis
Results of 22 samples from German market (Wallner,2001)
• 5% Bromopropylate (Folbex) (4ppm)
• 9% Coumaphos (Perizin, Asuntol)(6ppm)
• 31 % Fluvalinate (Apistan, Klartan) (>8ppm)
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
Where we are?Where we are?
• Europe– In tests half of honeys offended against regulations
(different antibiotic)
– Chinese honey banned from market (Chloramphenicol)
• Canada– Recall of products (Chloramphenicol, Nitrofuran)
• Australia– Recall of honey (Nitrofurans)
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
Food Control of HoneyFood Control of Honey
Exporting Country
National
Food Control Authority
Beekeeper
Trade
Laboratories of Beekeepers Ass.
Packer
Private Laboratories
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health
Field ServiceField Service
Laboratory ServiceLaboratory Service
Preventive
Diagnosis of diseases
Prevention of diseases
Direct
Food control
Control of diseases
Optimal
Consumer protection
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Dr. Wolfgang Ritter • • CVUA-FREIBURG Animal Health • Bee health