Reservoir Characteristics and Gas Production Potential of Woodford Shale in the Southern...

Reservoir Characteristics and Gas Production Potential of

Woodford Shale in the Southern Midcontinent

Reservoir Characteristics and Gas Production Potential of

Woodford Shale in the Southern Midcontinent

John B. ComerIndiana Geological Survey

Indiana University

812-855-2687

[email protected]

John B. ComerIndiana Geological Survey

Indiana University

812-855-2687

[email protected]

IND

IAN

A G

EOLOGICAL SURVE

Y 1

837

IN

DIANA UNIVER

SI

TY

Mostly subsurface

Outcrop belt

Williston Basin

MichiganBasin

Appa

lach

ian

Bas

in

PermianBasin

Antler

Fo

r ela

nd

Bas

in

IllinoisBasin

AnadarkoBasin

Distribution of Devonian Black ShaleDistribution of Devonian Black Shale

Modified from Juergen Schieber, 2004Modified from Juergen Schieber, 2004

Woodford Lithofacies in theSouthern Midcontinent

Woodford Lithofacies in theSouthern Midcontinent

• Black shale• Siltstone• Dolostone• Chert• Sandstone• Mudstone

• Black shale• Siltstone• Dolostone• Chert• Sandstone• Mudstone

• Bypassed settings• Proximal and basin centers• Proximal and basin centers• Distal to open ocean• Proximal and locally derived• Local

• Bypassed settings• Proximal and basin centers• Proximal and basin centers• Distal to open ocean• Proximal and locally derived• Local

Log CharacteristicsTexas and New Mexico

Log CharacteristicsTexas and New Mexico

Reference log from Ellison (1950) Comer (1991) Fig. 7Reference log from Ellison (1950) Comer (1991) Fig. 7

Shell No. 5Pacific Royalty

Pan AmericanNo. 1 Walker Mobil No. 1918

Parks Unit 2

Shell No. 1Chriesman

Fractured Woodford Shale ReservoirsFractured Woodford Shale ReservoirsSoutheast Joiner City FieldCarter County, Oklahoma

California No. 1 Mullen, 29-5S-2W Comer (1992) location A21; Comer (1987) Fig. 5a

Southeast Joiner City FieldCarter County, Oklahoma

California No. 1 Mullen, 29-5S-2W Comer (1992) location A21; Comer (1987) Fig. 5a

0.2 mm0.2 mm1.0 mm1.0 mm

North Aylesworth FieldMarshall County, Oklahoma

Texaco 1-K Drummond, 11-6S-6E Comer (1992) location A33; Comer (1987) Fig. 5e

North Aylesworth FieldMarshall County, Oklahoma

Texaco 1-K Drummond, 11-6S-6E Comer (1992) location A33; Comer (1987) Fig. 5e

8,983 ft 5.5 % TOC8,983 ft 5.5 % TOC3,065 ft 7.8 % TOC3,065 ft 7.8 % TOC

Vertical fracturesfractures and stylolitesstylolites filled with bitumen Tension gashTension gash filled with chert Recrystallized RadiolariaRadiolaria

Vertical fracturesfractures and stylolitesstylolites filled with bitumen Tension gashTension gash filled with chert Recrystallized RadiolariaRadiolaria

Fractured Woodford, Anadarko BasinFractured Woodford, Anadarko BasinColumbia Fuel #1 Rainy Mountain, Kiowa County, Oklahoma, 23-6N-15W, 760 ft

Comer (1992) location A25; Comer (1987) Fig. 4a-d

8.1 % TOC 0.61 % Ro

Columbia Fuel #1 Rainy Mountain, Kiowa County, Oklahoma, 23-6N-15W, 760 ftComer (1992) location A25; Comer (1987) Fig. 4a-d

8.1 % TOC 0.61 % Ro

BitumenBitumenBitumenBitumen

Core diameter = 2 inches

CalciteCalciteCalciteCalcite

1 mm1 mm1 mm1 mm

1 cm1 cm

CalciteCalciteCalciteCalcite

Humble No. 43 Yarborough & Allen, Ward County, Texas, Section 66, E. J. Brady SurveyComer (1991) location C2, sample C2-5

Humble No. 43 Yarborough & Allen, Ward County, Texas, Section 66, E. J. Brady SurveyComer (1991) location C2, sample C2-5

0.2 mm0.2 mm

Fractured Woodford, Permian BasinFractured Woodford, Permian Basin

10.1 % TOC0.55 % Ro

Type II Kerogen

10.1 % TOC0.55 % Ro

Type II Kerogen

7175 ft7175 ft

Arbuckle Mountain Uplift outcrop, Murray County, Oklahoma, 1-2S-2EComer (1992) location OK26, Hwy 110 2 miles north of Dougherty; Comer (1987) Fig. 7a

Arbuckle Mountain Uplift outcrop, Murray County, Oklahoma, 1-2S-2EComer (1992) location OK26, Hwy 110 2 miles north of Dougherty; Comer (1987) Fig. 7a

ChertChertChertChertBlack ShaleBlack ShaleBlack ShaleBlack Shale


ChertChertChertChert


Interbedded Black Shale and Chert Lithofacies,Southern Oklahoma

Interbedded Black Shale and Chert Lithofacies,Southern Oklahoma

0.2 m0.2 m

Black Shale•Highly compacted•Flattened Tasmanites spores (T)•Amorphous Type II organic matter (AOM)•Little or no chert

Black Shale•Highly compacted•Flattened Tasmanites spores (T)•Amorphous Type II organic matter (AOM)•Little or no chert

Chert•Tasmanites spores (T) uncompacted or slightly flattened (early chert (CT) cementation)•Amorphous Type II Organic Matter (uncompacted)•Well indurated, brittle, and tightly sealed

Chert•Tasmanites spores (T) uncompacted or slightly flattened (early chert (CT) cementation)•Amorphous Type II Organic Matter (uncompacted)•Well indurated, brittle, and tightly sealed

0.2 mm0.2 mm 0.2 mm0.2 mm

Black Shale and Chert Petrology,Southern Oklahoma

Black Shale and Chert Petrology,Southern Oklahoma

Up to 35 % TOCUp to 35 % TOC Up to 6.4 % TOCUp to 6.4 % TOC

Comer (1992) location OK35 Arbuckle Mtn Uplift25-2S-1E; Comer (1987) Fig. 7c

Comer (1992) location OK35 Arbuckle Mtn Uplift25-2S-1E; Comer (1987) Fig. 7c

Comer (1992) location OK 55 Ouachita frontal zone4-2N-15E; Comer (1987) Fig. 7b

Comer (1992) location OK 55 Ouachita frontal zone4-2N-15E; Comer (1987) Fig. 7b

Chattanooga Shale, Ozark Uplift,Belle Vista, Benton County, Arkansas

Chattanooga Shale, Ozark Uplift,Belle Vista, Benton County, Arkansas

Boone Formation

St. Joe Member

(Mississippian)

Boone Formation

St. Joe Member

(Mississippian)

Chattanooga Shale

(Devonian)Chattanooga Shale

(Devonian)2.1 % TOC

1.11 % Ro

Mixed marine/terrestrial kerogen

2.1 % TOC

1.11 % Ro

Mixed marine/terrestrial kerogen

US 7112-20N-31W Comer (1992) location AR1

Comer (1992) location AR1

Black Shale – Sandstone Association, Ozark UpliftSylamore Sandstone Type Area, 21-15N-11W, Stone County,

Arkansas

Black Shale – Sandstone Association, Ozark UpliftSylamore Sandstone Type Area, 21-15N-11W, Stone County,

Arkansas

0.75 mm0.75 mm

0.2 mm0.2 mm

QuartzQuartz

PhosphatePhosphate

Black Shale3.5 % TOC (avg)0.83 % Ro (avg)

Black Shale3.5 % TOC (avg)0.83 % Ro (avg)

Black ShaleBlack ShaleOil ResidueOil Residue

Interbedded black shale and medium-grained supermature quartzarenite 8.5 ft thick; Quartz inherited from Middle Ordovician sandstones Comer (1992) location AR9

Comer (1987) Fig. 3a-c

Interbedded black shale and medium-grained supermature quartzarenite 8.5 ft thick; Quartz inherited from Middle Ordovician sandstones Comer (1992) location AR9

Comer (1987) Fig. 3a-c

Black Shale consists of zones of (1) amorphous marine Type II

kerogen (2) terrestrial Type III kerogen(3) mixed marine and terrestrial

kerogen

Black Shale consists of zones of (1) amorphous marine Type II

kerogen (2) terrestrial Type III kerogen(3) mixed marine and terrestrial

kerogen

Black Shale CharacteristicsBlack Shale Characteristics

• Parallel laminae• Abundant pyrite• Fine grain size• Black color• High radioactivity• Abundant organic

carbon• Amorphous (marine)

type II kerogen

• Parallel laminae• Abundant pyrite• Fine grain size• Black color• High radioactivity• Abundant organic

carbon• Amorphous (marine)

type II kerogen

3 mm3 mm

1 cm1 cm

Mobil No. 1918 Parks Unit 2, Midland County, Texas,Section 14, Block 40, C. F. O’Neal Survey

11,544 ft,3.1 % TOCComer (1991)location C1,sample C1-5

Mobil No. 1918 Parks Unit 2, Midland County, Texas,Section 14, Block 40, C. F. O’Neal Survey

11,544 ft,3.1 % TOCComer (1991)location C1,sample C1-5

11,555 ft4.2 % TOCComer (1991) location C1,sample C1-10, Fig. 4a

11,555 ft4.2 % TOCComer (1991) location C1,sample C1-10, Fig. 4a

1 cm1 cm

Shell A No. 1 Williamson, Gaines County, Texas,Section 110, Block H, D&WRR Survey, 13,064 ft

Shell A No. 1 Williamson, Gaines County, Texas,Section 110, Block H, D&WRR Survey, 13,064 ft

Siltstone CharacteristicsSiltstone Characteristics

Black ShaleBlack Shale

Bioturbated Siltstone

Bioturbated Siltstone

PyritePyrite

Comer (1991) location C11, sample C11-10Comer (1991) location C11, sample C11-10

Siltstone CharacteristicsSiltstone Characteristics

Shell A No. 1 Williamson, Gaines County, Texas,

Section 110, Block H, D&W RR Survey, 13,064 ft

Comer (1991) location C11, sample 11-10, Fig. 5h

Shell A No. 1 Williamson, Gaines County, Texas,

Section 110, Block H, D&W RR Survey, 13,064 ft

Comer (1991) location C11, sample 11-10, Fig. 5h

Siltstone Characteristics• Subequal random mixture of

detrital dolomite (48%) and quartz (52%)

• Median grain size is 0.05 mm (coarse silt) for both dolomite and quartz

• Dolomite is angular and abraded with random orientations and uniform texture

• Siltstone is dense and well indurated

Siltstone Characteristics• Subequal random mixture of

detrital dolomite (48%) and quartz (52%)

• Median grain size is 0.05 mm (coarse silt) for both dolomite and quartz

• Dolomite is angular and abraded with random orientations and uniform texture

• Siltstone is dense and well indurated 0.1 mm0.1 mm

3 mm3 mmHumble No. 1 A. E. State, Lea County, New Mexico,

16-15S-33E, 13,768 ftComer (1991) location C3, sample C3-5, Fig. 5e

Humble No. 1 A. E. State, Lea County, New Mexico,16-15S-33E, 13,768 ft

Comer (1991) location C3, sample C3-5, Fig. 5e

Siltstone Depositional ProcessesSiltstone Depositional Processes

Bouma SequenceBouma SequenceA (Graded)A (Graded)

B (Flat)B (Flat)C (Rippled)C (Rippled)

Scoured BaseScoured Base

Ripple wavelength ~ 1.5 cmRipple wavelength ~ 1.5 cm

Silt was deposited by bottom flowsSilt was deposited by bottom flows

Lithologic Variations, Texas and New MexicoModified from Comer (1991) Fig. 9

Lithologic Variations, Texas and New MexicoModified from Comer (1991) Fig. 9

Woodford Resource PotentialWoodford Resource Potential

MAJOR GEOLOGIC PROVINCES

N

O K .

A R K .

0 100 Miles

0 160 Km

O k la h o m aC ity

L ittleR o ck

Northern Oklahoma PlatformNemeha Uplift

Ozark Uplift

Arkoma Basin

CentralOklahomaPlatformAnadarko

Basin

OuachitaTectonic Belt

ArbuckleMtn. Uplift

Wichita Mtn.Uplift

Hollis Basin

Marietta-Ardmore

Basin

Gulf Coastal Plain

MississippiEmbayment

>6

4 - 6

2 - 4

<2

TOC

N

O K .

A R K .

0 100 Miles

0 160 Km

0.35 - 0.60 Early oil generation

0.60 - 1.50 Oil window

1.50 - 2.00 Wet gas and condensate generation2.00 - 5.00 Gas generation

EXPLANATIONUnits = %Ro

THERMAL MATURITY

Catagenesis

Metagenesis

{{

N

O K .

A R K .

0 100 Miles

0 160 Km

Modified from Comer (2005)Modified from Comer (2005)

Probable success - highly fractured

Possible success - sparsely fractuedor deepLocal success - conventional reservoirlithologies or local fractures

Poor success - metamorphic or outcrop

EXPLANATION

Woodford or equivalent absent

N

O K .

A R K .

0 100 Miles

0 160 Km


TOTAL RESOURCE POTENTIALTotal Estimated Oil-in-Place 130 x 109 bblTotal Estimated Gas-In-Place 600 x 1012 ft3


60 x 109 bbl4.4 x 1012 ft3

60 x 109 bbl4.4 x 1012 ft3

600 x 1012 ft3600 x 1012 ft3

70 x 109 bbl0.24 x 1012 ft3

70 x 109 bbl0.24 x 1012 ft3

In-Place Estimates Based On Hydrogen Mass BalanceIn-Place Estimates Based On Hydrogen Mass Balance

Modified from Comer

(2005)

Modified from Comer

(2005)

MAJOR GEOLOGIC PROVINCES

N ewM ex ico

Tex a s

N .M .

T X .

0 50 Miles

0 80 Km

N

C a rlsb a d

M id la n d

ME X IC O

NorthwesternShelf

EasternShelfCentral

BasinPlatform

DiabloPlatform

MidlandBasin

DelawareBasin

Val VerdeBasin

Pecos Arch

OuachitaTectonic Belt

TOC

>6

4 - 6

2 - 4

N ewM ex ico

Tex a s

N .M .

T X .

0 50 Miles

0 80 Km

N

C a rlsb a d

M id la n d

ME X IC O

THERMAL MATURITY

0.35 - 0.60 Early oil generation

0.60 - 1.50 Oil window

1.50 - 2.00 Wet gas and condensate generation

2.00 - 5.00 Gas generation

EXPLANATIONUnits = %Ro

Cata-genesis

Meta-genesis

{

N ewM ex ico

Tex a s

N .M .

T X .

0 50 Miles

0 80 Km

N

C a rlsb ad

M id la n d

ME X IC O


Modified from Comer (2005)Modified from Comer (2005)

PRODUCTION POTENTIAL

Probable success - highly fractured

Possible success - sparsely fracturedor deepLocal success - conventional reservoirlithologies or local fractures

Poor success - source beds absent

EXPLANATION

Woodford or equivalent absent

N ewM ex ico

Tex a s

N .M .

T X .

0 50 Miles

0 80 Km

N

C arlsb ad

M id lan d

ME X IC O



35 x 109 bbl0.11 x 1012 ft3

35 x 109 bbl0.11 x 1012 ft3

220 x 1012 ft3220 x 1012 ft3

84 x 109 bbl9.0 x 1012 ft3

84 x 109 bbl9.0 x 1012 ft3

In-Place Estimates Based On Hydrogen Mass BalanceIn-Place Estimates Based On Hydrogen Mass BalanceWoodford Resource PotentialWoodford Resource Potential

Modified from Comer

(2005)

Modified from Comer

(2005)

ConclusionsConclusions• Unconventional gas discoveries in Woodford Shale are likely in

both the Anadarko and Permian Basins and adjacent provinces where– Woodford Shale is thermally mature– Fractures are common– Competent lithofacies (chert, siltstone, dolostone,

sandstone, silty black shale) are abundant• Areas having greatest gas production potential and most

prospective lithologies are the– Anadarko Basin in Oklahoma (siltstone and silty black shale)– Arkoma Basin in Oklahoma and Arkansas (silty black shale)– Frontal zone of Ouachita fold belt in Oklahoma (chert)– Delaware Basin in Texas and New Mexico (siltstone and silty

black shale)– Val Verde and Midland Basins in Texas (siltstone and silty

black shale)

• Unconventional gas discoveries in Woodford Shale are likely in both the Anadarko and Permian Basins and adjacent provinces where– Woodford Shale is thermally mature– Fractures are common– Competent lithofacies (chert, siltstone, dolostone,

sandstone, silty black shale) are abundant• Areas having greatest gas production potential and most

prospective lithologies are the– Anadarko Basin in Oklahoma (siltstone and silty black shale)– Arkoma Basin in Oklahoma and Arkansas (silty black shale)– Frontal zone of Ouachita fold belt in Oklahoma (chert)– Delaware Basin in Texas and New Mexico (siltstone and silty

black shale)– Val Verde and Midland Basins in Texas (siltstone and silty

black shale)

Key ReferencesKey References• Comer, J. B., 1991, Stratigraphic analysis of the Upper Devonian

Woodford Formation, Permian Basin, West Texas and southeastern New Mexico: Austin, Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations 201, 63 p.

• Comer, J. B., 1992, Organic geochemistry and paleogeography of Upper Devonian formations in Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas, in K. S. Johnson, and B. J. Cardott, eds., Source Rocks in the Southern Midcontinent, 1990 Symposium: Norman, Oklahoma, Oklahoma Geological Survey, Circular 93, p. 70-93.

• Comer, J. B., 2005, Facies distribution and hydrocarbon production potential of Woodford Shale in the southern Midcontinent, in B. J. Cardott, ed., Unconventional Energy Resources in the Southern Midcontinent, 2004 Symposium: Norman, Oklahoma, Oklahoma Geological Survey, Circular 110, p. 51-62.

• Comer, J. B., and H. H. Hinch, 1987, Recognizing and quantifying expulsion of oil from the Woodford Formation and age-equivalent rocks in Oklahoma and Arkansas: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 71, p. 844-858.

• Ellison, S. P., 1950, Subsurface Woodford black shale, west Texas and southeast New Mexico: Austin, Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations 7, 20 p.

• Comer, J. B., 1991, Stratigraphic analysis of the Upper Devonian Woodford Formation, Permian Basin, West Texas and southeastern New Mexico: Austin, Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations 201, 63 p.

• Comer, J. B., 1992, Organic geochemistry and paleogeography of Upper Devonian formations in Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas, in K. S. Johnson, and B. J. Cardott, eds., Source Rocks in the Southern Midcontinent, 1990 Symposium: Norman, Oklahoma, Oklahoma Geological Survey, Circular 93, p. 70-93.

• Comer, J. B., 2005, Facies distribution and hydrocarbon production potential of Woodford Shale in the southern Midcontinent, in B. J. Cardott, ed., Unconventional Energy Resources in the Southern Midcontinent, 2004 Symposium: Norman, Oklahoma, Oklahoma Geological Survey, Circular 110, p. 51-62.

• Comer, J. B., and H. H. Hinch, 1987, Recognizing and quantifying expulsion of oil from the Woodford Formation and age-equivalent rocks in Oklahoma and Arkansas: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 71, p. 844-858.

• Ellison, S. P., 1950, Subsurface Woodford black shale, west Texas and southeast New Mexico: Austin, Texas, Bureau of Economic Geology, Report of Investigations 7, 20 p.

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