Reserve Components - Total Force U.S. Army Civil Affairs U.S. Army Civil Affairs Corps William R....

Reserve Components - Total Force

U.S. Army Civil Affairs

U.S. Army Civil Affairs Corps

William R. Berkman

2004 / 2005

2

William R. BerkmanMajor General (Retired)

Army of the United States

Chief, Army Reserve, DA 1979-1986

Military Executive, Reserve Forces Policy Board, OSD 1987-1992

President EmeritusThe Civil Affairs Association

Honorary Chief of Civil Affairs, U.S. Army Civil Affairs Corps (ARS)

3

MILITARY PERSONNEL

• Active

• Reserve Components (Selected Reserve Units)

• Individual Ready Reserve

4

ACTIVE COMPONENTS BY SERVICE(Thousands)

Army 480

Navy 376

Marine Corps 175

Air Force 359

TOTAL: 1,500 (approx.)

5

SELECTED RESERVE BY SERVICE(Thousands)

Army National Guard 350 (29%)

Army Reserve 206 (17%)

Naval Reserve 87 (16%)

Marine Reserve 40 (15%)

Air National Guard 106 (18%)

Air Force Reserve 72 (12%)

TOTAL: 870

6

INDIVIDUAL READY RESERVE (IRR)

Consists of vast majority of enlisted members who

after completing active or selected reserve enlistment

period have a remaining service obligation of 4 years in

the IRR (without a training obligation).

The IRR represents a manpower pool of previously

trained individuals available for recall to active service if

needed.

THE TOTAL FORCE POLICY

8

“An integral part of the central purpose of this

Department – to build and maintain the necessary forces to

deter war and to defend our country – is the Total Force

Policy as it pertains to the Guard and Reserve.”

Total Force Policy – 1

Memorandum from Secretary of Defenseto Secretaries of the Military Departments, Chairman,

Joint Chiefs of Staff et al, August 23, 1973

SUBJECT: “READINESS OF THE SELECTED RESERVE”

9Total Force Policy – 2

“It must be clearly understood that implicit in the Total Force

Policy… is the fact that the Guard and Reserve forces will be used as

the initial and primary augmentation of the Active Forces.”

“Total Force is no longer a ‘concept.’ It is now the Total Force

Policy which integrates the Active, Guard and Reserve Forces into a

homogeneous whole.”

J.R. Schlesinger

10

Department of Defense Policy and Guidance: “The Guard and Reserve in the Total Force”

September 1975

“The ‘Total Force’ includes all the resources available to

perform the various national defense missions. It includes U.S.

active and reserve (National Guard and Reserve) component

forces, civilians, and – in planning for contingency operations –

appropriate forces of our allies.”

“Total Force planning is not new for the United States;

planning to make the reserve components a useful part of the

Total Force is as old as the Republic.”


11

“The Total Force Policy has had significant

success in recent years in shaping American military

forces. Further progress in the area of the reserves will

continue to require that:”

“We recognize that the needs of deterrence, peacetime

presence, and immediate response demand that major

portions of the Force be active.”


12

“We identify essential missions within the

capabilities of the reserves and within the constraints of

the Secretary of Defense planning guidance.”

“We assign these missions to the Reserves, and

demand good performance. If there is doubt about the

Reserves’ capability to perform a mission, that capability

should be tested before the mission is assigned.”


13

“We continue to provide the reserves with modern

equipment, and achieve a reasonable balance between the

reserve structure and its equipment so that no forces are

maintained for which there is no useful equipment, and no

equipment is maintained for which there are no useful forces.”

“We place greater responsibility on the active forces

for improving training of the reserves.”


14

“We integrate the planning and management of

active and reserve component forces into a coherent

whole.”

“The Total Force Policy was supported in the FY 76-

80 five-year Defense program, on which the Defense portion

of the FY 76 President’s budget is based. The FY 77-81

Total Force program guidance of the Secretary of Defense

will assure further progress toward the Total Force goal.”


15

Army National Guard and Army Reserve units

provide essential combat, combat support, and combat

service support to the Army.

The mission of the Army Guard and Reserve is to

provide trained individuals and units that are trained and

ready to mobilize and deploy rapidly to assist the Army in

projecting land force power.

Army National Guard and Army Reserve

Source: Reserve Component Programs 2001Reserve Forces Policy Board, OSD

16

Army National Guard Army Reserve Combined %

Unit Type Number Units Number Units of Total Army

Divisions 0 7 100

Chemical Brigades 0 3 100

Water Supply Battalions 5 2 100

Enemy Prisoner of War Brigades 0 1 100

Judge Advocate General Units 0 18 100

Public Affairs Units 28 29 82

Exercise Divisions 0 5 100

Enhanced Separate Brigades 14 0 100

Civil Affairs Units 0 36 97

Petroleum Support Battalions 20 12 92

Medical Brigades 0 6 85

Chemical Battalions 1 8 75

Transportation Composite Groups 1 4 80

Motor Battalions 2 12 78

Maintenance Battalions 13 5 71

Engineer Battalions (Combat Heavy) 19 14 73

Psychological Operations Units 0 31 81

Contributions to the ArmyArmy National Guard and Army Reserve

17

Hospitals 0 31 77

Medical Groups 0 8 73

Engineer Battalions (Combat) 46 25 70

Petroleum Groups 0 1 50

Corps Support Groups 4 10 75

Field Artillery Battalions 100 0 58

Air Defense Battalions 19 0 48

Terminal Battalions 0 4 50

Military Police Battalions 12 19 66

Military Police Brigades 2 2 43

Medium Helicopter Battalions 3 1 66

Infantry Divisions 4 0 80

Corps Support Commands 1 1 50

Light Infantry Divisions 1 0 20

Area Support Groups 8 21 44

Attack Helicopter Battalions 13 2 45

Aviation Brigades 9 1 24




18

Special Forces Groups 2 0 29

Ordinance Battalions 2 2 29

Armor Divisions 1 0 33

Theater Signal Commands 0 2 66

Signal Battalions 26 5 36

Army Signal Brigades 3 1 20

Infantry Divisions (Mech) 4 0 40

Military Intelligence Battalions 16 5 39

Armored Cavalry Regiments 1 0 33

Air Defense Brigades 1 0 25

Engineer Battalions (Topographical) 1 0 25

Training Brigades 0 2 25

Theatre Army Area Commands 0 2 25

Air Traffic Battalions 2 0 40

Field Artillery Brigades 17 0 94

Infantry Scout Group 1 0 100

Aviation Groups 5 0 71

Air Traffic Groups 2 0 50




19

Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve

Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve collectively

are referred to as the Air Reserve Component.

Their units perform a broad range of combat and combat

support missions, including air defense of the continental

United States, counter-air, interdiction, close air support,

strategic and tactical airlift, aerial refueling, space operations,

force protection, aero-medical evacuation, aerospace rescue

and recovery, and special operations.

20

The roles and missions of the Air Reserve Component

mirror those of the active Air Force, so its members are readily

available to augment or supplement the active Air Force when

needed.

Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve

21

Weather Reconnaissance 0 10 100

Aerial Spraying 0 4 100

Fighter Interceptor Force 60 0 100

Tactical Airlift 218 104 64

Air Rescue/Recovery 25 29 57

Aerial Refueling/Strategic Tankers 204 64 55

Tactical Air Support 18 33 38

Tactical Fighters 477 72 30

Strategic Airlift 28 68 27

Special Operations 5 12 17

Support Aircraft 6 0 4.5

Bombers 18 8 21

Polar Ski Aircraft 10 0 100

Formal Training Unit Fighters 107 0 100

Contributions to the Air ForceAir Force National Guard and Air Force Reserve

AIR NATIONAL AIR FORCE COMBINED % FLYING UNIT GUARD RESERVE TOTAL AIR FORCEAIRCRAFT

22

Aeromedical Evacuation 1,293 1,705 83

Strategic Airlift (Associate) 0 2,075 44

Tanker/Cargo (Associate) 0 474 52

Aeromedical Airlift (Associate) 0 36 44

AWACS 0 144 8


AIRCREWS

AIR NATIONAL AIR FORCE COMBINED % FLYING UNIT GUARD RESERVE TOTAL AIR FORCE

23

Space 1 4 5

Engineering Installation 19 0 68

Aerial Port 27 42 82

Combat Communications 45 3 77

Aircraft Control & Warning 2 0 100

Tactical Control 19 0 68

Air Traffic Control 10 0 62

Combat Logistics Support Squadrons 0 6 62

Civil Engineering 97 43 46

Weather 33 0 46

Strategic Airlift Maintenance (Associate) 0 7 48

Security Forces 85 35 35

Medical 89 40 22

Communications Flights 88 35 22

Intelligence 4 2 4

AIR NATIONAL AIR FORCE COMBINED % OFNON - FLYING UNITS GUARD RESERVE TOTAL AIR FORCE


24

Naval Reserve

The Naval Reserve augments active duty Navy units

by providing support to the fleet in day-to-day operations,

while simultaneously promoting a flexible crisis-response

capability.

The Naval Reserve is integrated into all aspects of

naval operations to enhance the Navy’s ability to respond to

both peacetime contingencies and major wars.

25

Contributions to the NavyNaval Reserve

Mobile Inshore Undersea Warfare Units 22 100

Logistics Support Squadrons 10 100

Naval Embarked Advisory Teams (NEAT) 7 100

Mobile Inshore Undersea Warfare Groups 2 100

Fighter Composite Squadrons (U.S. Based) 2 100

Heavy Logistics Support (C-130) 4 100

Mine Countermeasure Support Ship 1 100

Expeditionary Support Force 14 93

Airborne Mine Countermeasures Helicopters 14 52

Mobile Construction Battalions 12 60

Intelligence Program 103 48

Mobile Diving & Salvage Units 14 60

NUMBER % OF UNIT TYPE UNITS NAVY

26

Special Boat Units 1 33

Fleet Hospitals 4 40

Fast Frigates (FFG-7s) 10 27

LAMPS MK-1 Anti-Submarine Warfare Squadrons 2 13

Naval Special Warfare Units 16 38

Mobile Mine Assembly Groups (MOMAG) 11 50

Explosive Ordinance Disposal Units 4 33

Carrier Air Wings 1 9

Maritime Patrol Squadrons 8 35

Helicopter Warfare Support Squadrons 2 100

Landing Ship, Tank (LST 1179) 2 100

Contributions to the NavyNaval Reserve

NUMBER % OF UNIT TYPE UNITS NAVY

27

Marine Corps Reserve

The mission of the Marine Corps Reserve is to augment

and reinforce the United States Marine Corps Active

Component by providing qualified units and individuals in time

of war or other national emergency.

In its augmentation role, the Marine Corps Reserve

provides trained and equipped units, detachments, or

individuals to the active force to bring force structure to the

required level.

In its reinforcement role, the Marine Corps Reserve

provides assets for additional depth, as combat replacements,

and to expand combat structure in the active force.

28

Contributions to the Marine CorpsMarine Corps Reserve

NUMBER % OF UNIT TYPE UNITS MARINE CORPS

COMMAND ELEMENT

Civil Affairs Groups 2 100

Air-Naval Gunfire Liaison Companies 2 100

Force Reconnaissance Companies 2 40

Communications Battalions 1 25

GROUND COMBAT ELEMENT

Marine Divisions 1 25

Headquarters Battalions 1 25

Tank Battalions 2 50

Artillery Battalions 5 33

Reconnaissance Battalions 1 33

Combat Engineer Battalions 1 25

Infantry Battalions 9 27

Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalions 1 25

Assault Amphibian Battalions 1 20

29


NUMBER % OF UNIT TYPE UNITS MARINE CORP

COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT ELEMENT

Force Service Support Groups 1 25

Engineer Support Battalions 1 25

Transportation Support Battalions 1 25

Headquarters and Service Battalions 1 25

Maintenance Battalions 1 25

Supply Battalions 1 25

Medical Battalions 1 25

Dental Battalions 1 25

30



AVIATION COMBAT ELEMENT

Marine Aircraft Wings 1 25

Marine Aircraft Groups 4 28

Adversary Squadrons 1 100

Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadrons 2 25

Marine Fighter/Attack Squadrons 4 33

Marine Medium Helicopter Squadrons 2 10

Marine Heavy Helicopter Squadrons 2 14

Marine Aviation Logistics Squadrons 4 28

Marine Aerial Refueler Transport Squadrons 2 40

Marine Air Control Groups 1 25

31



AVIATION COMBAT ELEMENT

Marine Wing Communications 1 14

Marine Air Support Squadrons 1 25

Marine Tactical Air Control Squadrons 1 25

Low Altitude Air Defense Battalions 1 33

MACS TAOC Detachments 2 40

MWCS Airfield Detachments 1 17

Marine Wing Support Groups 1 25

Marine Wing Support Squadrons 4 28

TOTAL ARMY ANALYSIS

33

The Total Army Analysis consists of both qualitative and

quantitative analysis to generate tactical support forces and

general purpose forces necessary to sustain and support the

divisional and nondivisional combat forces.

The product of the Total Army Analysis processes is the

approved force structure for the Total Army which has been divided

for resource management purposes into components:

the Active Army (COMPO 1),

the Army National Guard (COMPO 2),

the United States Army Reserve (COMPO 3), and

Unresourced Units (COMPO 4).

34

COMPO 4 units, mostly Combat Service Support (CSS)

units, are part of the Army’s required force structure, but are

deliberately unresourced so that available resources can be

applied to higher priority peacetime force structure

initiatives and other Army programs.

35

Infantry, Mechanized, Armor, Airborne, Air Assault

Armored CAV, Separate Infantry, Armor, Artillery, Engineers, Pathfinders, Special Forces

Aviation, Ammunition, Chemical, Civil Affairs, Combat Electronics, Intelligence, Composite Service, Engineers, Finance, Judge Advocate, Logistics, Medical, Military Police, Petroleum, Psychological Operations, Signal and Transportation

Theater Defense Brigades, Engineer and Support to Other Services

Training Divisions and Brigades, Hospitals, Dental, Intelligence, Military Police, Schools, Reception Stations, Garrisons, Maneuver Area and Training Commands, Transportation, Selective Service and Army Reserve Commands

28 COMBAT DIVISIONS

NON-DIVISIONAL COMBAT UNITS*

TACTIAL SUPPORT INCREMENT

SPECIAL THEATER FORCES

GENERAL SUPPORT

Total Army Wartime Structure Total Army Increments

* As of 2001: 10 Active Army Divisions, 8 Army National Guard Divisions

36

434,700

NON-DIVCOMBAT

TACTIAL SUPPORT

SPECIAL THEATER

GENERAL SUPPORT

COMBAT DIVISIONS

249,200

387,300

85,600

349,600

Roundout

39 1

Percent of Structure

NG USAR

56 13

26 39

18 21

10 23

ACTIVE ARNG USAR UNMANNED

Total Army Wartime Structure Component Contributions

February 85

38

Government Performance and Results Act of 1993

This QDR Report serves as the overall strategic

planning document of the Department, as required by Public

Law 103-62. Section III, “Defense Strategy,” gives the

Department’s comprehensive mission statement. General

goals are covered in Section II, under “U.S. Interests and

Objectives.”

39


The Department’s general policy objectives are to

(1) Assure allies and friends,

(2) Dissuade future military competition,

(3) Deter threats and coercion against U.S. interests, and

(4) If deterrence fails, decisively defeat any adversary.

These goals are also discussed in Section II.

40


The Department’s risk framework of mitigating

(1) Force Management Risk,

(2) Operational Risks,

(3) Future Challenges Risk, and

(4) Institutional Risks,

are described in Section VII, along with a variety of management

initiatives for these areas.

These risk areas will form the basis for the Department’s

annual performance goals under the Government Performance

and Results Act.

41

100%

97%

89%

98%

TRAINING DIVISIONS / BDE(238 UNITS)

CIVIL AFFAIRS(37 UNITS)

PSYCHOLOGICAL OPNS(38 UNITS)

JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL(120 UNITS)

ACTIVE ARNG USAR

UNIQUE ARMY CAPABILITIES

February 85

42

U.S. Army Civil AffairsA Relevant and Responsive Force

October 21, 2003

The unique capabilities of Civil Affairs units and

soldiers are critically important to the present and potential

worldwide missions of our Armed Forces.

These capabilities cross the full spectrum of joint

military operations from humanitarian assistance through

peace operations, up to and into the highest intensity

conflict, post conflict termination and return to peace.

43

More than 95% of authorized Army Civil Affairs positions are

provided by the U.S. Army Reserve Civil Affairs units that vary in size,

organization and capability. They consist of commands, brigades,

battalions and companies.

They are composed of soldiers who are specialists in Civil Affairs

functions that include: public administration, public education, public

safety, international and domestic law, food and agriculture, economic

development, civilian supply, public transportation, public works and

utilities, public communications, emergency services, environmental

management, cultural relations, civil information and dislocated civilians.

44

The functional qualifications of soldiers in Army Reserve Civil

Affairs units are based primarily on their civilian education, training,

professions, vocations, experience, and backgrounds. Civil Affairs

is one of the core competencies of the Army Reserve. It is neither

feasible nor practical to train or maintain this kind of functional

expertise in the Active Army.

The Army’s Civil Affairs capabilities and early responsiveness in

both the Active Army and Army Reserve units are being enhanced

by decisions and actions begun in 1999. Of the 37 Army Reserve

units, 21 are battalions. That number is being increased to 25. The

Active Army battalion is also being increased.

45

Individual MobilizationAugmentees

Grand Totalwith Units

National Guard and Reserve Units Called to Active Duty(July 21, 2004)

Military Service

AIR FORCE

ARMY

COAST GUARD

MARINE CORPS

NAVY

1

1,754

1,542

-

84

11,509

126,856

1,542

10,929

2,763

153,599

46

THE ARMY LOOKS FORWARD

“Serving a Nation at War: A CampaignQuality Army with Joint and Expeditionary

Qualities”

Acting Secretary of the Army and theChief of Staff of the Army Parameters,

Summer 2004

47

• Symmetrical Adversaries

• Cold War

Korea

Location Known (10 Divisions to Europe in 10 days – POMCUS)

• The Cold War Doctrine reflected the strategic environment dominated by a singular adversary and the opposing army in symmetric contrast to our own.

THREAT

• Asymmetrical Adversaries

• Non-state Actors

Networks

Adaptive

Self-organizing on basis of ideas unconstrained by shared values

Little target infrastructure or institutions

POST - 9/11PRE - 9/11

48

ARMY EMPHASIS

49

Soldiers organized, trained and equipped to go anywhere

in the world, at any time, in any environment, against any

adversary to accomplish the assigned mission in short-notice

operations, austere theaters of operations with incomplete

information.

Interdependence of joint service capabilities working

together smoothly – land, air, sea and space.

Changes in reserve component organizations will match

those in the active component. Reserve component forces

are a vital part of the Army’s deployable combat power.

50

The National Guard will continue to provide strategic and

operational depth and flexibility; the Army Reserve will still

reinforce the Army with skill-rich capabilities across the

spectrum of operations.

Adjust the active/reserve mix so that active component

forces can execute the first 30 days of any deployment.

For that purpose, some high-demand, low-density

capabilities currently found only in the reserve components

must be reincorporated in the active force.

51

At the same time, while we will not expect reserve

component units to deploy in the first 30 days, they will

employ forces within hours for security operations within

our homeland.

As with the active forces, the need to build predictability

into reserve component deployments will require increasing

the proportion of high-demand, low-density units in the

reserve components.

52

(Similar related rethinking about training, personnel policies, professional education, leader development doctrine, material logistics and installations.)

“The best way to anticipate the future is to create it. The

Army is moving out, and this is merely the beginning.”

“Our incentive is not change for change’s sake. Our

incentive is effectiveness in this protracted conflict. If

necessary to defeat our adaptive adversaries, the changes

described here are a mere down-payment on changes that

will follow.”

“But our challenge is to measure ourselves not against

others, but against our own potential. It is not enough that

we are changing. The real question is, “Are we changing

enough?”

53

Hon. Les Brownlee Gen. Peter J. SchoomakerActing Secretary of the Army Chief of Staff, United States

Army

“Our brave Soldiers and adaptive leaders constitute the best

Army in the world, but we can be even better. It is inside of us

and it is what the Nation expects.”

“The future as we know it – our lives, the lives of our

families, this country, everything we love and cherish – all

depend on our success in meeting this challenge.”

“Are you wearing your dog tags?”

54

The Soldier's CreedI am an American Soldier.

I am a Warrior and a member of a team.

I serve the people of the United States and live the Army Values.

I will always place the mission first.

I will never accept defeat.

I will never quit.

I will never leave a fallen comrade.

I am disciplined, physically and mentally tough, trained andproficient in my warrior tasks and drills.

I always maintain my arms, my equipment and myself.

I am an expert and I am a professional.

I stand ready to deploy, engage, and destroy the enemies of the United States of America in close combat.

I am a guardian of freedom and the American way of life.

I am an American Soldier.

55

WHEN WE WERE NEEDED, WE WERE THERE

It was a feeling started long ago one bleak and wintry morn,

When the call went out for volunteers in a nation being born.

No sunshine patriot speeches,

No summer soldier songs

For the special men who’d pay the price to keep the country strong.

When we were needed, we were there.

If you want to find out who we are just ask us where we’ve been,

From the frozen fields of Valley Forge to the trail called Ho Chi Minh.

To the glory and the sacrifice we do our job each day.

We’re citizens and soldiers, an Army all the way.

When we were needed, we were there.

No, it wasn’t always easy, it wasn’t always fair

But when freedom called, we answered, we were there.

A R M Y

58

General Orders

No. 22

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY Washington, DC, 1 June 1989

The U.S. Army Reserve Civil Affairs Corps is placed under the U.S. Army Regimental System, effective 16 June 1989. The regimental home of the U. S. Army Reserve Civil Affairs Corps is ESTABLISHED AT Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

[DAMH-HSO-U]

By Order of the Secretary of the Army:

Official:

MILTON H. HAMILTONAdministrative Assistant to the

Secretary of the Army

ESTABLISHMENT OF THE U.S. ARMY RESERVE CIVIL AFFAIRSCORPS IN THE U.S. ARMY REGIMENTAL SYSTEM (USARS)

DISTRIBUTION:Active Army, ARNG, USAR: To be distributed in accordance with DA

Form 12-4 requirements for Department of the Army General Orders.

GO 22

CARL E. VUONOGeneral, United States Army

Chief of Staff

59

General Orders

No. 9

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

Washington, DC, 22 September 2004

Effective 16 June 2004, The U.S. Army Reserve Civil Affairs Corps is renamed to The US. Army Civil Affairs Corps. It will remain under the U.S. Army Regimental system. The regimental home of the U.S. Army Civil Affairs Corps is Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

[AOJK-SP]

By order of the Secretary of the Army:

PETER J. SCHOOMAKERGeneral, United States ArmyChief of Staff

Official:

JOEL B. HUDSONAdministrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Army

RENAMING OF THE U.S. ARMY RESERVE CIVIL AFFAIRS CORPS

DISTRIBUTION:This publication is available in electronic media only and is intended for the Active Army, the Army national Guard of the United States, and the U.S. Army Reserve

*GO 9

*This General Order supersedes General Order 22, dated 1 June 1989.

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Dedication of the Civil Affairs commemorative stone and its emplacement in the Memorial Plaza of the Headquarters, U.S. Army Special Operations Command “In recognition of all soldiers who serve in Civil Affairs/Military Government assignments… past, present and future.”

Participating, representing sponsors of the stone – The Civil Affairs Association and the Civil Affairs Corps – MG (Ret.) William R. Berkman

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[Civil Affairs Branch Insignia] CIVIL AFFAIRS

“SECURE THE VICTORY”

In recognition of all soldiers who serve in Civil Affairs/Military Government assignments… past, present and future.

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