reserach final2012n.pptx
Transcript of reserach final2012n.pptx
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Students Scientific Research Society (SSRS)
studies who are interested
1-in doing research& advancement2- the students have the opportunity to get a deeper
insight into the principles and methods of research,
3 -to participate actively in research activities and torealize their own ideas and present results at the
students and other meetings,
4- satisfying thus their needs and interests that are not
presented in the course of regular studies. knowledge
in the areas of their own interest.
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EXPERTISE OF THAT WELL BE AQUIRED BY THE
(SSRS) GROUP
Breeding and treatment of laboratory animals includingvarious surgical techniques, as well as different ways of
administering/applying drugs and biologically active
substances.Cell cultures and tissues: preparation and culturing of
different types of cells
How to use top quality electron microscopy instruments.,both scanning and transmission electron microscope as
well as atomic force microscope AFM
How to use different Scientific Methodology
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INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
(SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY)
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WHAT IS RESEARCH?
A voyage of discovery; A journey; An
attitude ; An experience; A careful
critical enquiry in seeking facts for
principles.
A It requires a clear goal
It follows a specific course of action
It is realistic in its assumptions
It is performed by qualified personal
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WHAT IS RESEARCH?
research is an unusually stubborn
(insistent) and persisting effort to
think straight which involves thegathering and the intelligent use of
relevant data
H. M. Hamlin, What is Research? American
Vocational Journal, September 1966.
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A pursuit for an answer driven by a specific
question or idea
It requires a clear goal
It follows a specific course of action It is realistic in its assumptions
It is performed by qualified personal
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Why scientific research?
Advances of knowledge; fulfill curiosity
Advances of civilization; improve life quality
Financial reward?
Fame?
Hard work with little reward sometime;
scientific research is not for everyone.
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Research is not
Just information gathering
Rearranging of facts Good Research is based on several
pillars:
Vision
Strategy
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The very first few steps
What is (are) the hypothesis or
hypotheses to be proved or disproved?
Why is this research? What are the objectives?
How to do it?
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RESEARCH
The priority of Research
should be directed to solvingproblems of society rather
than publishing.
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SELECTING A RESEARCH PROBLEM
Selecting a research problem and defining it is
perhaps the most difficult part of doing scientific
research. For some of us, they come easy. For
others, not so easy.
Where do research problems come from?
Personal experience/observation of the
world.? There are no rules which limit what is a valid
topic for research.
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THERE ARE MANY SORTS OF QUESTIONS THAT
RESEARCH CAN ADDRESS.
l- A etiology: what caused this illness?
2- Diagnosis: what does this test result mean in this patient?
3-Prognosis: what is likely to happen to this patient?
4-Harm: is having been exposed to this substance likely to do harm,
and, if so, what?
5- Effectiveness: is this treatment likely to help patients with this
illness?
6- Qualitative: what are the outcomes that are most important to
patients with this condition?
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THE IDEA
One can come up with good ideas aboutclinical research based on gaps in existing
knowledge Has question been asked before?
If not, why?
If so, how does my question or design add tothe existing literature?
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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Hypothesis: groundwork,
foundation; an unproven
theory.
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FORMULATING HYPOTHESES
An hypothesis is an explicit (clear) statement bythe researcher of how phenomena of interest
are related to one another.
Characteristics of a good hypothesis It is an empirical (realistic )statement.
It is reasonable.
It is specific. It is testable.
EARLY STEPS IN CLINICAL
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EARLY STEPS IN CLINICAL
RESEARCH
The idea What topic interests you
The hypothes is the possible answer you will try to
prove or disprove.
hypothesis is an educated guess about how things
work. Most of the time a hypothesis is written like this:
"If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will
happen."
independent variable++++===dependent variable
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If I open the faucet [faucet opening size is the independentvariable], then it will increase the flow of water [flow of water is
the dependent variable].
"Raising the temperature of a cup of water [temperature is the
independent variable] will increase the amount of sugar thatdissolves [the amount of sugar is the dependent variable]."
"If a plant receives fertilizer [having fertilizer is the independent
variable], then it will grow to be bigger than a plant that does not
receive fertilizer [plant size is the dependent variable]."
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.
If plant leafcolor change is related to
temperature , then exposing plants to lowtemperatures will result in changes in leaf color.
Ultra violet light may cause skin cancer. If skin canceris related to ultraviolet light , then
people with a high exposure to uv light will have
a higher frequency of skin cancer.
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FINDING THE RIGHT TARGET IS NOT EASY
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FINDING THE RIGHT TARGET IS NOT EASYPARKINSONS DISEASE EXAMPLE:
Parkinson's disease:
a disease which causes
deterioration of the
central nervous system
over a period of time.
This disease often
impairs the patients
movement, speech, and
other functions.
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Ways of Knowing
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DISSECTING THE DIMENSIONS OF RESEARCH :
topic:
technology: develop new vs use existing methods
scope: study a single case vs a sample
methodology: qualitative vs quantitative
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Quantitative (measurable) Qualitative
TWO APPROACHES TO RESEARCH
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Quantitative
Test theory
Establish facts
Show relationships
Statistically describe
Qualitative
Understand theory
Develop understanding
Describe multiple realities
GOALS
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Quantitative
Large
Representative
Random Selection
Control Groups
Qualitative
Small
Nonrepresentative
Purposeful
SAMPLE
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Quantitative
Experiments
Qualitative
Observation
METHODS
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WHICH APPROACH IS BEST?
The problem you are studying determines which
approach to take.
One is not better than the other.
However, some researchers tend to look down their
nose at the qualitative researcher!
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WHICH WOULD YOU SELECT?
.
Decide whether to approach this problem quantitatively orqualitatively
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MIXED METHODS
Some researchers used both
qualitative and quantitative methods in
a single study. This is known as amixed method approach.
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THE END
Dont be afraid of
research. It can actually
be fun!
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Thank you