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Transcript of Research Tools and Techniques The Research Process: Step 6 (Research Design – Element 9 Data...
Research Tools and Techniques
The Research Process: Step 6 (Research Design – Element 9 Data Collection Methods – Questionnaire Design)
Lecture 19
Lecture Topics Covered Previously in the Last Lecture
• Goodness of Measures
• Reliability and Validity of Measures
What we are going to Cover in this Lecture
• Introduction to Data Collection Methods
• Principles of Questionnaire Design
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
(1).Observation The Broad Problem Area (2).Preliminary Data GatheringInterviews and Library Search
(3).
Problem Definition
(4).TheoreticalFramework
VariablesIdentification
(5)
Generation of Hypothesis
(6).ScientificResearchDesign
(7).Data Collection and Analysis
(8)Deduction
(9).
Report Writing
(10).
Report Presentation
(11).
Managerial Decision Making
THE ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH DESIGN
2. Type of Investigation
Establishing:CausalRelationshiporCo-relational
1. Purpose of Study
•Exploratory•Descriptive•Hypothesis
Testing•Case Study
3. Extent of ResearcherInterference
•Minimal•Moderate•Excessive
4. Study Setting
•Contrived
•Non-Contrived
10. Test Application
Feel forData
Goodness of Data
HypothesesTesting
6.Unit of Analysis(Population to be
studied)
IndividualsDyads
GroupsOrganizations
Machinesetc.
7. SamplingDesign
ProbabilityNon-probabilitySample Size (n)
8. Time Horizon
One-Shot(Cross-Sectional)
orLongitudinal
9. Data CollectionMethods
ObservationInterview
QuestionnairePhysical
Measurement
5. Measurement& Measures
•Operational Definition•Scaling
•Categorizing•Coding
Pro
ble
m S
tate
me n
t
Data Collection Methods
I. Questionnaires and Questionnaire Design
II. Interviews
III. Observations
IV. Physical Measurement
I. Principles of Questionnaire Design
• General Appearance or Getup of a Questionnaire• Principles of Wording• Principles of Measurement
1. GENERAL APPEARANCE OR GETUP OF A QUESTIONNAIRE
Here things to remember are
a.Appearance of a Questionnaire
b.Length of a Questionnaire
c.Introduction to Respondents
d.Instructions for Completion
2. Principles of Wording
a. Content and Purpose of Questions.
b. Language and Wording of Questionnaire.
c. Type and Form of Questions.
d. Sequencing of Questions.
e. Classification Data/Personal Information/Demographic Questions.
3. Principles of Measurement
a. Scales and Scaling.
b. Categorization and Coding.
c. Goodness of Measurement: Reliability and Validity.
GENERAL APPEARANCE OR GETUP OF A QUESTIONNAIRE(Questionnaire Format)
Section 1: A good introduction A short paragraph of 3-5 lines is typed in the beginning where the
researcher introduces himself and the research topic. The language should be courteous ending with a confidentiality pledge.
Section 2: About yourself In this section the personal/demographic data of the respondent is
collected covering age, gender, job title and address etc. (Please give instructions for completion where appropriate)
Section 3: About the phenomena The questions regarding dependent and independent variables are
asked here. (Again give appropriate instructions for completion) End with a courteous statement i.e. Thank you for your help/time etc.
A Questionnaire Example with a Good Introduction
Example No. 2
Example No. 3
Summary
• Introduction to Data Collection Methods
• Principles of Questionnaire Design