Research Skills MAN Final

7/31/2019 Research Skills MAN Final

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Research Skills MAN-40040

Dr.Lydia Martens

Idris SeriPhD Candidate

1102 1242 01


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CONTENTS

1. What is my research topic

2. Keywords

3. What is my hypothesis

4. Background

5. Research Questions

6. How do I organize my research?

7. My Research Methods8. Data Analysis

9. Interview

10. How I was prepared for interview?

11. Data Analysis Report

List of Tables Figures and Maps

Figure 1 Google News

Figure 2: PhD Notes

Table1.1 Books Articles and Videos


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1. What is my research topic:

Oil and gas pipelines as the key variables of power politics: The past and the current cases in

Eurasia after the collapse of USSR.

2. Keywords:

Great Power Politics, Oil and Oil Pipelines History, Eurasia Energy Sources, Nabucco, BTC,

Blue Stream, Orange Revolution, Turkey, China, USA, Russia, EU

3.What is my hypothesis

This will be an empirical study and I believe that I will try to show other side of the coin means

that in social sciences don't have one truth or reason ,especially in politics, therefore I will try

to show many of the political actions were dependent energy in Central Asia.

For instance, it is a common knowledge that the reason for the Vietnam War was (domino

theory) to stop communist ideology over South East Asia however according to Ted Rall ,who

writer of the truth behind the American occupaion of Afghanistan, the U.S. was also interestedin natural resources in South Vietnam. (pg21)

So, in this research, I am going to analyse the new great game played over energy resources

and energy transport routes. For instance I will also explain below more, Azarbeijan had a five

different options to transfer their energy sources to world however they choose the Baku-

Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline.In first seem it's cost was more than others however Azarbeijan choose

that way why! What was the reason or what condition push the Azarbeijan to Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline way.Or what is the relation between Afghanistan occupation and TAPI

pipeline project?

4 .Background

The study of international relations necessarily involves the study of power relations among states. And

the power of a state can be determined by its resources and capabilities. Therefore, some states, in

respect to their resources and capabilities within the international system, are referred as middle


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powers, regional powers, great powers or superpowers. Todays great powers attach great importance to

oil and natural gas as energy resources and the ownership and control of these resources and their

transport play an increasing role in international politics.

After the independence of Central Asian countries caught the attention of the Western countriesbecause the region had tremendous amounts of energy resources. According to Ahmed Rashid, the

writer ofTaliban: Militant Islam, oil, and fundamentalism in central Asia, since the collapse of Soviet

Union, a new great power politics game started between Russia, USA, China, Iran and the European

Union over the Central Asia.1

Similarly, according to Scott Watson, this game had already been started between British and Russian

empires in order to control the Central Asia in 17th century, and today it continues between the EU, the

USA, Russia and China2.

The first "Great Game" was between England and Russia, played over Central Asia, and the southern

outskirts of inner Asia in the 19th century.3 Both major powers attached a great importance to the

maintenance of the hegemony over the region in order to be world power. Russia sought to expand

through Central Asia toward India so as to reach warm waters and to hinder over enlargement of British

Empire. Russia completed the annexation of Central Asia step by step by conquering the last Turkic

Khanates, which had been preoccupied with conflicting each other, in the last quarter of the 19th

century.4

The collapse of the Soviet Union raised the curtain for the second round, but the "New Great Game"

differed from the old one in some respects, as actors and focal point in the game -at least partly-

changed. While the first "Great Game" was predominantly a military confrontation, the new great game

is multifaceted with political, economic, geopolitical, and cultural dimensions. Military encounter is

replaced by economic, political, and cultural confrontation. Such matters as oil in the Caspian Sea;

natural resources in Central Asia; vast agricultural fields and cheap labour force; security; democracy;

human rights; and free market economy came to the fore as agenda items in this competition.

To support Ahmed Rashid and Scott Watsons claims, Azerbaijan International Operating Company

(AIOC), which operates Azeri, Chirag and Guneshli oil fields, developed four alternative routes for

1 http://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html ?programID=01-P13-00039&segmentID=5)2

Interview at World Business Sco 10/12/2010 http://www.youtube .com/watch? v=WF3YzDrAyFw)3 Scott Watson Interview at World Business Sco 10/12/2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=WF3YzDrAyFw4 Rudyard Kipling called this rivalry as "Great Game" and novelized.


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reaching to the world markets, namely Baku Tbilisi-Ceyhan, Baku-Supsa, Baku Novorossiysk and

Baku-Chechnia-Novorossisk. At first, it seemed Baku Supsa pipeline could be easy and construction

cost was less than others.

However, the US wanted to impede the rise of Russia and Iran as the dominant powers of the region,

therefore Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, which has no relation with Russia, has been declared onNovember 1999 by a declaration of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey. In addition, this one is very

important for Turkey, who wants to become a regional power5.

In 1995, Sedat Akiner has identified a number of Central Asia energy sources to reach the market.

According to Akiner, Azerbaijan has eight export options, Kazakhstan has three export options and

Turkmenistan has five export options6. (And today these options are used by mentioned countries.

(China- Turkmenistan pipeline)

However, after Gazproms nationalised during Putins first term, the competition got a new dimension.

9/11 and the Afghan war also added new dimensions to the game.

Research Quesitons

So, this study will be an analysis of struggles over energy and energy pipeline routes after the collapse

of USSR. Ill be looking for the answers to the following (and more) sample questions and subject.

* Although a gas exporting country, why does Iran IMPORT natural gas from Turkmenistan?

* Does Iran want to take Russias role in Eurasia?

* Why Russia does not seem to be disturbed by China tapping into Central Asian energy? Is it because

of the USA?

*What are Russias, Chinas, the EUs and the USAs soft powers over the countries?

*What does North Streams mean or Schrederism? Does Germany side with Russia in this game?

* Where is Europe in this game?

* Why does Russia pay more for Turkmen gas than average price? Is it because of Nabucco and the

USA?

* Is the reason for the Afghanistan war to secure an energy corridor? What is TAPI, and why hasnt

Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline been materialized?

* Is there any connection between the revolutions in Eurasia and the pipelines?

* Was the reason for the Georgia and Russian war to control the pipeline routes?

* The Putin effect and Gazprom,

5 4.7 Milyar Dolarlk mza", Hrriyet, 19 November 1999 and L. Weymouth "Turkey's Pipeline Provocation", Washington Post,

24 November 1999, p.A 23.)6 Akiner, S (1995) Pipelines from the Caspian. Paper delivered to The Changing Politics of International investment. LondonDecember 5.)


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Russia, USA, China, EU and Irans Eurasia energy policies.....etc

How do I organize my research?

As a first step, I searched for similar theses from specific web pages (http://www.theses.com/),(http://www.ndltd.org/) and (http://ethos.bl.uk/) which my supervisor mentioned in order to gain

knowledge on systematic research, on what others have written on pipelines and was able to obtain

plenty of material.

I researched those web site data based and I reached severeal articles which are

In first step I analyzed the dissertation how people organized and what they missed or how can I make

my dissetation different. After the analyzing I realize that none of the studies focus on soft power and

threfore they did not analyze what is countries soft power over the Central Asian countries which have

energy sources.

My Research Methods

Main topics in my research have been examined and analysed New Great Game (concept name)

over the Central Asian energy sources in the last twenty years. Previous game was between

Russian Empire and British Empire Therefore in Central Asian countries which are

Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan. Therefore Ill have to use data

collection and analysis.

For data analysis, I try to find books and read them, download documents from internet, watch

videos and read news about my research subject. To achieve a systematic data gathering, I

opened a Google account and Ive been following the Google news. I personalized it for myresearch.

Figure 1 Google News
http://ethos.bl.uk/http://ethos.bl.uk/


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I chose to do this because Google is one of the best search engines and it provides all the

services which what I am looking for. I can reach vast variety of sources such as electronic

journals and news easily.

How do I save data?

* I use Microsoft Note program for the getting and saving data.

Figure 2: PhD Notes

*My supervisor recommends some books to read for this study. (Ive started recording what I

read in the books&articles also what I watched after the start of PhD program)


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Table1.1 Books Articles and Videos


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Books

Author Name Chapter Comments

1 Ted Rall Gas War The

Truth Behind

the American

Occupation of

Afghanistan.

All Taliban regimes diplomatically

recognized by three countries and

TAPI pipeline projects planned by

Uncoal(American energy company) in

1995.2 Colin S Gray Hard Power

and Sofr

Power: The

Utility of

Military Force

As An

Instrument

Policy In The

21 Century

All Helpful for analyse what is soft

power.

3 Stephen J

Blank

Russias

Prospectives In

Asia

4 Alexander

Ghaleb

Natural Gas as

as Instrument

Of Russian

State Power

All

5 Stephen White

and Zvi

Gitelman

Development in

Russian Politics

All

Articles

Author Name Chapters Comments

1 Marius

Christian

Neacsu and

Silviu Negut

Gas Pipeline

War

Selectivel

y looked

at.

2 Sander

Hansen

Pipeline

Politics; The

Struggle for

Control of The

Eurasian

Energy Sources3 Dr Ingilab

Ahmedov

The enrgy

market; oil


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Interview

Another research method for my study is interviewing. And I would like to contact people who

are experts and have knowledge about the area. For this purpose, one of my colleagues Dr

Shatlyk Amanov from Turkmenistan helped me and we arranged an interview with MaksatDwletshadow, Turkmenistan ambassador in Turkey.

Why Maksat Dwletshadow

Turkmenistan is sitting on massive gas reserves both on land and in its Caspian Sea. The

country is among the worlds largest gas holders in terms of reserves. As a result, superpower

and local power states remain locked in a struggle to win access to Turkmenistans resources.

This is one of the centres of the new Great Game.

New pipeline projects TAPI or IPI and Nabucco depend on the country's position in the matter.

Therefore, Turkmenistan' political history and the general analysing of Turkmenistan is very

important for my study.

Moreover Turkmenistan ambassador Maksat Dwletshadow is an economics graduate; I learned

that he is also quite interested in the politics of energy. Moreover, before his new position, he

worked for Turkmengaz which is the state's energy company. I believed that the ambassador's

contribution will be most valuable.

How I was prepared for interview?

For the interview, I had already several questions for the Turkmenistan ambassador (I got from

journals and news). However I did not have any data about Russias soft power over

Turkmenistan. Moreover I didnt know how Id measure or analyze soft power over the

country. Therefore I searched and found a similar study which is about Russian soft power in

the 21st century by Heather A. Conley, Theodore P. Gerber. This is a very informative case

study and I realized what I had to ask the ambassador about Russian soft power over

Turkmenistan.

I prepared below questions;


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1) According to Hurriyet Daily News, Russian leaders hadnt visited Turkmenistan when

Saparmurat Turkmenbasy was the president. However, during Gurbanguly

Berdymuhamedovs term Russian leaders have visited Turkmenistan three times. Can

we say that Mr. Berdymuhamedov is close to (friendly with) Russia?

2) Turkish president Abdullah Gul visited Turkmenistan several months ago and the

Turkish public thought that the visit was about Nabucco pipeline project. However, long

after the visit, we havent heard any news from there, can we say that Turkmenistans

not interested in the Nabucco project?

3) TAPI and IPI can be considered as two competitive projects. And in the reality of

global politics (The U.S.A supports that) TAPI looks to be materialized? Do you think it

will affect Turkmenistans relation with Iran?

4) How many Russians live in Turkmenistan?

5) How many Russian Orthodox Churches are open in Turkmenistan? Are there any new

ones?

6) Do Turkmen people prefer Russian TV programs usually or programs from other

countries?

7) Has Russia opened any schools or a university in Turkmenistan after the collapse of the

USSR? If they did, can you tell me the amount?

8) Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus have created a customs union? In the future, would you

consider joining it?

9) Is Russian language still taught in your schools?

10) According to Gazprom annual report in 2009, the percentage of the Gazprom natural gasacquisition from Turkmenistan has extremely increased after 2005 (from 3.8% to 41%).

What changed in 2006, and why Russia has started to buy more natural gas than they

did before?

And then I went to Ankara by a coach.


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Return Ticket Deport Ticket

I went to the Turkmenistan Embassy on 9th of January. I brought my camera for taking photos;

however for security reasons they did not allow any electronic items (including mobile phone)

inside the embassy.

Outside the embassy

However we could not finish because the ambassador received a phone call from Turkish

foreign ministry, and he went to this unexpected meeting, but we will re-schedule and meet in a

short time.

DATA ANALYSIS REPORT


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Energy is a crucial factor for the stabilization and the development of the economy. The 1973 oil crisis

had an earthquake effect on the world economy. Unexpected increase in oil prices (165$/barrel) badly

affect economy and also affect countries commodity prices (inflation). Ukraine and Russias dispute in

2006 badly affected Easter European countries (also the EU members) in the winter of the 2006.

For economic stability, development, and reaching the energy sources through different routes, large

energy investments are being made. In addition to this, new energy types have been adopted into the

economy (wind, sun etc).

However, the actual purpose of all these efforts are for decreasing dependency on fossil energy sources

from 85% to 75%. (Taner Yldz, Energy Security Conference, Erciyes University, 9 th December 2011).

Figures1: Expecting Future Energy Demand

Sources:http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle800.do?categoryId=9037134&contentId=7068677

Moreover the energy sources are transferred to other countries because in many occasions energy

supplier and demander countries are different.(See below diagram)

Figure 2: Global Production and Consumption of Oil and Gas by Area


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Sources: http://www.neb.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/nrgyftr/2007/nrgyftr2007chptr2-eng.html

Therefore energy sources should be transferred from supplier to demander countries and there are

different options for transport of oil and gas. The vast majority of oil is transported with ocean-going

tankers, and in addition to pipelines also is shipped by rail and trucks. For gas, however, there are onlytwo serious transport options: pipelines and liquefied natural gas (LNG).

Figure3: Energy Transportation Mode

Source: Paul Stevens, Transit Troubles Pipelines as a Sources of Conflict, Chatham House,pg12

The reasons for the choice of gas transport through energy pipelines are, because it is more continuous

and large amounts are transferred; and landlocked countries have no chance for transportation through

ships. Especially Central Asian experience this problem and they have to establish pipelines for

transfering their energy sources. So, since large part of the natural gas is transfered with the energy

pipelines, today many pipelines are being established or will be materialized.

Table1.Pipelines Built, being built and to be Built for Gas and Oil Import and Export
http://www.neb.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/nrgyftrhttp://www.neb.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/nrgyftrhttp://www.neb.gc.ca/clf-nsi/rnrgynfmtn/nrgyrprt/nrgyftr


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Pipelines to be Extended for Gas Import from Central Asia

PIPELINE PHASE

According to Tatsuo Masuda, in his article Security of energy and the geopolitics of oil and gas

pipeline (2007), pipelines occur four phases. They are;

1-The conceptual Phase

2-The Politicization Phase

3-The commercialization Phase

Name Course Length (km)

Designed and Capacity

Pipelines Built

Alliance PipelineRussia-Ukraine-Slovak-Czech-Germany-France pipeline 4354 440

Central Asia-Center

Pipeline IV

Cheberinca-Dnipropetrovsk-Izmail pipeline 1205 350 (300)

Cheberinca-Boetuoka-Kiev pipeline 505

Cheberinca-Jicanica-Kiev pipeline 482

Brother pipeline 635

Yamal-Uzhgorod PipelineStarting from Torzhok in Russia, passing Ukraine, and

ending at the boundary between Ukraine and Slovak

998 (450)

Yamal-Europe pipelineStarting from Yamal in Russia, passing Belarus and

Poland, and finally ending in Germany

330 (290)

South Stream PipelineStarting from the shore side of Black Sea in Russia,

passing the Black Sea and ending in Turkey

1117 160 (139)

Pipelines to be Built for Gas Export to Europe and South Asia

Nord Stream PipelineStarting from Vyborg beside the Baltic Sea in

passing Baltic Sea, and directly arriving at Greifs

Germany.(The first part completed and second p

1200 550

South Stream PipelineThere are two possible courses: Russia -

-Serbia-Hungary-Austria; Russia - Bulgaria -

Ital

900 310

TAPI Turkmenistan- Afghanistan-Pakhistan and India

IPI Iran-Pakhistan and India 2600 2,8mt/y

Pipelines Built for Oil Export from Causcas and Central Asia

BTC Azarbeijan Georgia and Turkey 1760 1mb/d (oil)

Central Asia -Center

Pipeline IV

Uzbekistan- Turkmenistan-Kazakhstan -Russia and then

flow towards Ukraine

2659 350 (300)

Korpeje- Kord - KuyPipeline

The gas pipeline from Turkmenistan to the neighboringcountry Iran

226 80


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4-The commercialization Phase

Moreover, according to Masuda, great power game takes place especially during politicization phase.

For instance in BTC project, Baku Tbilisi-Ceyhan, Baku-Supsa, Baku Novorossiysk and Baku-

Chechnia-Novorossisk. At first, it seemed Baku Supsa pipeline could be easy and construction cost

was less than others. However former US national security adviser Zbigniew Brzezinski was a

consultant to BP during the Bill Clinton era, urging Washington to back the project. In fact, it was

Brzezinski who went to Baku in 1995, unofficially, on behalf of Clinton, to meet with then-Azeri

president Haidar Aliyev, to negotiate new independent Baku pipeline routes, including what became the

BTC pipeline7.

CHAPTER II POWER

Power, as a crucial factor, maintained its significance from past to present scene of International

Relations. If the power is defined8 as to influence the decision of others according to will or desire of a

certain state, or to force them to adopt policies of that state, it can be seen that influential or powerful

actors achieved to survive or gained prestige while weaker states vanished or had to accept or obey to

desires or wills of strong ones. Destiny of small and weak states proved to be to protect and continue

the national interests. Their capability to gain spheres of interest resulted in an unfruitful way.

THE UNITED STATES AND CENTRAL ASIA

Figure 4: American Perspective over the Area

7 http://www. atimes.com/atimes/Global_Economy/GF30Dj01.html8 David Robertson, Dictionary of Politics, Penguin Books, New York, 1993:393-394


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Source: http://www.state.gov/p/sca/index.htm

The emergence of Central Asian republics totally changed the projects over the Middle East

and Asia. American strategists claim that the emergence of independent states in Central Asia

reshaped the boundaries of the Middle East, creating a new setting in which the former

'northern belt'; that is, Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan form heart of the Middle East.

9

CentralAsia has similarities with the Middle East in terms of Muslim majority of its population, and its

vast oil and natural gas resources.

American interests can be summarized as follows:

1- Economic and commercial interests

2- Political interests

Economic Interests

The USA meets about %40 of its increasing need for energy by oil as the greatest economic

power in the world. The Middle East provides more than half of the oil the US needed. The

most important factor that drew American government to the region was that the Caspian basin

possesses about billion-gallon oil and natural resources. The Caspian region provides an

9 Daniel Pipes, "The Event of Our Era: Former Soviet Muslim Republics Change the Middle East", Michael Mendelbaum(ed.),Central Asia and the World, New York, Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994: 85.


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alternative source, and secure, cheap, and non-stop flow of oil with the US, in replace of the

Middle East upon which America was formerly dependent. 3 Moreover, the fact that oil reserves

will raise a profit around 4-6 trillion US dollars constitute another important factor that attracted

American government.

Political Interests

After the break down of the Soviet system, the communist ideology declared its defeat against

the liberal democratic system in all over the world. The concepts of liberal democratic

ideology, universal human rights and free trade leaded by America have started to gain ground

in the former Soviet nations. America is doing every effort in order to establish the liberal

democratic system, free trade economy, human rights and the rule of law in all over the world

and in the Central Asian countries. Because of this reason, implementing the concepts above isone of the provisions to give loans to those countries.

EU AND CENTRAL ASIA

EU have a population of approximately 500 million, have the world's most powerful economy10

and owe this power to the energy resources. Like all the other developing countries, EU

countries are also addicted to the energy resources both to maintain the economic, political and

military stability and to keep the economic growth.

The security of the energy is closely related with social and economic security as well as the

national security. However most of the Eastern EU states dependent Russia and Russia has

monopole power over the Eastern EU countries.(See Appendix) Therefore EU wants to cut that

situation with other pipeline way which like Nabucco.

Figure 5: Necessity of Nabucco for Europe

10 https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html?countryName=European%20Union&countryCode=ee&regionCode=eur&rank=1#ee


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Source: Alaxender Ghaleb,Natural Gas As An Instrument of Russian State Power,

For this reason, EU countries want to diversify their oil and natural gas resources in order to

guarantee their energy security.

On the other hand, European countries caught the chance to enter the Central Asia area, which

they couldn't do in the former Soviet era. Those countries are the developing nations and they

need the technology of the EU. This is composing a very suitable position for the EU in terms

improving the trade and mutual politics.

RUSSIA AND CENTRAL ASIA

Russia, once one of the most important actors, is playing a major role and experiencing full-

fledged transformations after the break down of the USSR. Passing from a totalitarian regime to

a democratic one, from a centrally planned economy to a free market and from being an empire

to a national state are some examples of those transformations. After the break down of the

USSR, Russia is having economic and political trouble under the influence of losing its grip

over the Central Asian countries as they have the vast raw material resources, which had been

under control since 1860.

The economic condition, which was Russia in at the beginning of the 1990s, dependent on the

support of the European countries. The population decreased, the production and the

exportation got down and the state fell into a situation where they could not feed their military

staff and the state officials.

After Yeltsin term and in first Putin governance everything changed and Russia getting attack

in this struggle. Especially Gazsprom nationalised was very important for the Russia.It was

very important because Russia existed as a state in the energy market.

Jeo-Economic Interests

Giving the oil and natural gas resources the top priority, the economic resource of the region is


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considered very important by the Russian authorities. Therefore, the region is defined as "near

abroad" and Russians consider themselves as the first beneficiaries to make use of the region's

valuable resources.

Figure 6:Gazprom Gas Acquisition from Central Asia States

Source: Gazprom Annual Report 2009

Russian Soft Power over the Central Asian Countries

For this part, I followed Heather Conley&Theodore Gerbers lead. In their study, which is on Russian

soft power over Estonia in the 21st century (2011), they look at NGOs, media, Orthodox church,

political influence and legal action as aspects of soft power. Ive added two other factors, namely

language and economic relationship in this study.


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It is so clear that in history Russia used divide and rule policy over the Turkic nations in 19 century,

especiallyNikolai IvanovichIl'minskii11 had effectively created different nations policy. According to

that policy new nations would be created and theyd feel and think differently. However except

Azerbaijan, all the other Turkic nations are Sunni Muslim and their languages are based on CagatayTurkish language.

Also recent Kyrgazstan conflict Show us that Central Asian Nations do not have good relationship with

each other. Caspian Sea dispute is another example for that claim.

Kazakhstan

Orthodox Churches: Tengri News Reports: As of January 1, 2011, there were 4,479 religious

institutions in Kazakhstan, including 2,756 Islamic, 1,256 Protestant, 303 Orthodox, 87 Catholic, 27

Judaic and 5 Buddhist.12

The website of the Metropolitan Region of Kazakhstan lists 282 parishes divided by dioceses.13

The new law on religion will likely make it difficult for smaller Protestant and Muslim sects to re-

register their groups and churches, although traditional Sunni Muslims and Russian Orthodox

Christians will be largely unaffected.14

According to a poll by the Institute of Political Solutions, 64.2% of the population identifies themselves

as Muslim and 25.5% as Orthodox, with no other faith garnering more than 0.4% (Judaism and

Buddhism).15

Russian Schools: The government has been promoting Kazakh-language education in the past few

years, resulting in a number of Russian-language schools being converted to Kazakh ones, despite

significant public opposition. Nevertheless, a greater portion of the population continues to be fluent in

Russian as compared to Kazakh (though the gap is shrinking).16

11 These data get from Dr Frat Purtas where internview with him in Ankara on 9 January 201212http://en.tengrinews.kz/religion/5491/13http://mitropolia.kz/ru/info/eparh.html

14http://en.tengrinews.kz/religion/4312/15http://en.tengrinews.kz/markets/5276/16http://www.rferl.org/content/kazakh_schools_leave_russian_for_kazakh/24256150.html
http://en.tengrinews.kz/religion/5491/http://en.tengrinews.kz/religion/5491/http://mitropolia.kz/ru/info/eparh.htmlhttp://mitropolia.kz/ru/info/eparh.htmlhttp://en.tengrinews.kz/religion/4312/http://en.tengrinews.kz/religion/4312/http://en.tengrinews.kz/markets/5276/http://en.tengrinews.kz/markets/5276/http://www.rferl.org/content/kazakh_schools_leave_russian_for_kazakh/24256150.htmlhttp://www.rferl.org/content/kazakh_schools_leave_russian_for_kazakh/24256150.htmlhttp://en.tengrinews.kz/religion/5491/http://mitropolia.kz/ru/info/eparh.htmlhttp://en.tengrinews.kz/religion/4312/http://en.tengrinews.kz/markets/5276/http://www.rferl.org/content/kazakh_schools_leave_russian_for_kazakh/24256150.html


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Russian TV: An independent Russian media company, CTC Media, broadcasts Channel 31, which has

become the second most popular channel in the country. Channel 31 broadcasts a considerable

proportion of its content in Kazakh.17

The state-owned Kazakhstan-1 channel had previously shown a quarter of its programs in Russian, butas of September1, by order of President Nazarbayev, it broadcasts only in Kazakh. Khabar, another

state-owned channel, continues to broadcast in both Kazakh and Russian.18 The large diversity of TV

channels broadcasting in Kazakhstan also cuts against the significance of this decision.

Turkmenistan

Orthodox Churches: There are currently 12 Orthodox parishes in Turkmenistan.19

Turkmenistan recently lifted a ban on the import of religious literature into the country for Orthodox

priests, although the ban still applies to other faiths. The Turkmen government has also revived

consideration of the construction of an Orthodox cathedral in Ashgabat.20

In 2004 the Orthodox Eparchy of Central Asia had 101 parishes, 3 nunneries, and one monastery (at

that point the Eparchy had jurisdiction over Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan).21

The Eparchy lost jurisdiction over the parishes in Turkmenistan in October 2007 after pressure from the

Turkmen government, placing those parishes under the jurisdiction of the Moscow Patriarchate.22

Russian Schools: At the end of the 1990s, there were 49 Russian-language middle schools, and 56

offering partial instruction in Russian. There is now only one Russian-language school, located in

Ashgabat.23

Russian TV: A de facto ban exists on all non-Turkmen media sources, with the exception of two

Russian-language newspapers.24

Currently, however, Turkmenistan is dependent on a Russian Gazprom-owned satellite, which has been

17http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/news.html?d=23395418http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/8750245/Kazakh-state-TV-station-ditches-Russian-language-broadcasts.html19http://easttime.info/analytics/turkmenistan/russian-orthodoxy-and-modern-turkmenistan ;http://www.turkmenistan.ru/en/articles/14800.html20http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=155121http://www.asianews.it/news-en/First-Orthodox-monastery-founded-in-Central-Asia-1495.html

22http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=163323http://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/nit/2011/NIT-2011-Turkmenistan.pdf24http://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/nit/2011/NIT-2011-Turkmenistan.pdf
http://www.rferl.org/content/kazakh_schools_leave_russian_for_kazakh/24256150.htmlhttp://www.rferl.org/content/kazakh_schools_leave_russian_for_kazakh/24256150.htmlhttp://www.rferl.org/content/kazakh_schools_leave_russian_for_kazakh/24256150.htmlhttp://www.rferl.org/content/kazakh_schools_leave_russian_for_kazakh/24256150.htmlhttp://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/news.html?d=233954http://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/news.html?d=233954http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/8750245/Kazakh-state-TV-station-ditches-Russian-language-broadcasts.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/8750245/Kazakh-state-TV-station-ditches-Russian-language-broadcasts.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/8750245/Kazakh-state-TV-station-ditches-Russian-language-broadcasts.htmlhttp://easttime.info/analytics/turkmenistan/russian-orthodoxy-and-modern-turkmenistanhttp://easttime.info/analytics/turkmenistan/russian-orthodoxy-and-modern-turkmenistanhttp://www.turkmenistan.ru/en/articles/14800.htmlhttp://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1551http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1551http://www.asianews.it/news-en/First-Orthodox-monastery-founded-in-Central-Asia-1495.htmlhttp://www.asianews.it/news-en/First-Orthodox-monastery-founded-in-Central-Asia-1495.htmlhttp://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1633http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1633http://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/nit/2011/NIT-2011-Turkmenistan.pdfhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/nit/2011/NIT-2011-Turkmenistan.pdfhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/nit/2011/NIT-2011-Turkmenistan.pdfhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/nit/2011/NIT-2011-Turkmenistan.pdfhttp://www.globenewswire.com/newsroom/news.html?d=233954http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/8750245/Kazakh-state-TV-station-ditches-Russian-language-broadcasts.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/8750245/Kazakh-state-TV-station-ditches-Russian-language-broadcasts.htmlhttp://easttime.info/analytics/turkmenistan/russian-orthodoxy-and-modern-turkmenistanhttp://www.turkmenistan.ru/en/articles/14800.htmlhttp://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1551http://www.asianews.it/news-en/First-Orthodox-monastery-founded-in-Central-Asia-1495.htmlhttp://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1633http://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/nit/2011/NIT-2011-Turkmenistan.pdfhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/nit/2011/NIT-2011-Turkmenistan.pdf


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providing both Turkish and Russian TV broadcasts. Turkmenistan plans to have its own satellite in

operation by 2014, in order to allow the complete exclusion of Russian media.25

Uzbekistan

Orthodox Churches: Uzbekistan originally fell under the Tashkent and Central Asia Eparchy, whichalso included Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan (but not Kazakhstan, which constitutes its own

Metropolitan). On July 27, 2011, the Moscow Patriarch announced a re-organization of the dioceses in

Central Asia. The Tashkent diocese lost jurisdiction over the parishes in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan,

which became independent dioceses, although Tashkent also became the center for the new Central

Asian Metropolitan Region, and the Archbishop of Tashkent became Metropolitan for this region.

There was speculation that Uzbekistans frustration over the lack of consultation prior to this change

led to the decision to block Patriarch Kirill from visiting Uzbekistan in November to celebrate the 140thanniversary of the Orthodox Churchs presence in Central Asia.26 As of December 17, the visit had yet

to be rescheduled.27

According to the Cabinet on Religious Affairs, Uzbekistan has 159 Christian religious institutions

(including Orthodox, Catholic, and other Protestant faiths).28

Russian Schools: Precise data on language usage in Uzbekistan is unavailable, but the overall decline

of the Russian language is evident. Ever since Uzbekistan declared independence from the USSR, it

has promoted the Uzbek language over Russian. Now there is minimal Russian-language education in

Uzbek schools (roughly one and a half or two hours, as compared to five hours during Soviet times). 29

According to UNESCO, schools teaching the Uzbek language dominate, with over 8,800 in 2006/7. In

contrast, there were only 93 schools teaching purely in Russian, and only 760 teaching in some

combination of Russian and other languages (Russian-Uzbek, Russian-Karakalpak, etc).30

Russian TV: Russian TV channels are not broadcast directly, although they can be accessed through

satellite dishes. Russian language programs on local channels have also declined steeply as the

language is generally de-emphasized throughout the country.31

25http://www.eurasianet.org/node/6441426http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=163327http://www.eurasiareview.com/17122011-uzbekistan-authorities-try-to-stop-children-attending-meetings-for-worship/28http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/main/2011/03/08/feature-01

29http://www.eurasianet.org/node/6423630http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002113/211314e.pdf31http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64236
http://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/nit/2011/NIT-2011-Turkmenistan.pdfhttp://www.freedomhouse.org/images/File/nit/2011/NIT-2011-Turkmenistan.pdfhttp://www.eurasianet.org/node/64414http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64414http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1633http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1633http://www.eurasiareview.com/17122011-uzbekistan-authorities-try-to-stop-children-attending-meetings-for-worship/http://www.eurasiareview.com/17122011-uzbekistan-authorities-try-to-stop-children-attending-meetings-for-worship/http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/main/2011/03/08/feature-01http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/main/2011/03/08/feature-01http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64236http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64236http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002113/211314e.pdfhttp://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002113/211314e.pdfhttp://www.eurasianet.org/node/64236http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64236http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64414http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=1633http://www.eurasiareview.com/17122011-uzbekistan-authorities-try-to-stop-children-attending-meetings-for-worship/http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/main/2011/03/08/feature-01http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64236http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002113/211314e.pdfhttp://www.eurasianet.org/node/64236


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Research Skills MAN Final

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