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ISSN : 2349-1299(RRJoP)

Research & Reviews

A Journal of Pharmacology

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Research & Reviews : Journal of Pharmacology

(ISSN: 2349-1299)

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Industrial Tribology Machine Dynamics & Maintenance

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Dr. Nayana UdupaManipal College of Pharmaceutical

Sciences, Manipal University Manipal, India.

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United States.

I take the privilege to present the hard copy compilation for the [Volume 4 Issue (1)] of Research &

Reviews : A Journal of Pharmacology. The intension of RRJoP is to create an atmosphere that

stimulates creativeness, research and growth in the area of Pharmacology.

The development and growth of the mankind is the consequence of brilliant Research done by

eminent Scientists and Engineers in every field. RRJoP provides an outlet for Research findings and

reviews in areas of Pharmacology found to be relevant for National and International recent

developments & research initiative.

The aim and scope of the Journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for

the advancement and dissemination of Research results that support high level learning, teaching and

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Research/Reviews findings for our customers base.

I hope you will enjoy reading this issue and we welcome your feedback on any aspect of the Journal.

Dr. Archana Mehrotra

Director

STM Journals

Director's Desk

STM JOURNALS

1. Analgesic Activity and Acute Toxicity Study of Zornia gibbosa Span (Samyojaki) in Mice Bipin Vithal Sawant, T. S. Bairy, Shrikanth P. Acharya 1

2. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Zornia gibbosa Span (Samyojaki) Bipin Vithal Sawant, T. S. Bairy, Shrikanth P. Acharya 5

3. Prescribing Patterns of Analgesics in Surgical Departments in a Tertiary Care HospitalVarun HV, Usha Rani D, Sangita G Kamath, Sathisha Aithal, Umakant N Patil 9

4. Stavudine Lamivudine Efavirenz Combination Therapy for Treatment of HIV Infection in Tertiary Care Hospital - A Retrospective Observational StudySomashekar HS, Keerthi Sagar J, Reshma SR, Vaneet Aggarwal,Dinakar KR, Narendranath S, Navin A Patil 17

5. Therapeutic Potential of Silver: An OverviewMohd Tariq, Khaleequr Rahman, Shaikh Imtiyaz, Roohi Zaman,Shahid Shah Chaudhary 23

ContentsResearch & Reviews : Journal of Pharmacology

RRJoP (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2349-1299

Volume 4, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Analgesic Activity and Acute Toxicity Study of

Zornia gibbosa Span (Samyojaki) in Mice

Bipin Vithal Sawant1*, T. S. Bairy

2, Shrikanth P. Acharya

2

1G. J. Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies & Research, Behind G.I.D.C.,

New Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India 2Department of Dravyaguna, S. D. M. College of Ayurveda, Udupi, Karnataka, India

Abstract The herb Zornia gibbosa Span is a member of fabaceae family and commonly known as

Nellujollusoppu/Haradahacchaga in Udupi district of Karnataka. The drug is widely

used in the treatment of fracture by folklore practitioners to pacify pain and inflammation. In fracture the pain is generated by multiple nociceptors presence in

response to discontinuity of periosteum and endosteum during trauma. So in order to

justify the folklore claims, pharmacological analysis of drug was undertaken to evaluate analgesic activity using Eddy’s hotplate method. The test drug was administered in the

form of freshly prepared Phant kalpana (hot infusion) in dose prescribed to humans which was then converted to animal dose based on body surface area ratio. In the present

study, gradual and statistically significant increase in the reaction time was observed

suggesting the peak latency period at 150 min. Phant of Zornia gibbosa showed significant analgesic activity (p = 0.035) by hot plate method suggests its role on

opioid receptors for analgesic action. In order to understand the comprehensive

mechanism of analgesic action, the drug needs to be further screened for peripheral antinociceptive activity.

Keywords: Zornia gibbosa span., analgesic activity, hot plate method

RRJoP (2014)© STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2349-1299

Volume 4, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Activity of

Zornia gibbosa Span (Samyojaki)

Bipin Vithal Sawant1*, T. S. Bairy

2, Shrikanth P. Acharya

2

1G. J. Patel Institute of Ayurvedic Studies & Research

2Department of Dravyaguna, S. D. M. College of Ayurveda, Udupi, Karnataka

Abstract 93% of wild medicinal plants used for making Ayurvedic medicines in the country are endangered. Hence the usage of drugs which are common and abundantly available

should be encouraged to control the extensive overuse of few classical drugs. An

Ayurveda states that every drug possesses medicinal property, so it’s our prime duty to

scrutinise those drugs which are abundantly available & cost-effective for their

medicinal value. The herb Zornia gibbosa Span is commonly available and highly used

by folklore practitioners from Udupi district of Karnataka for the treatment of fracture. Hence a pharmacological study of Zornia gibbosa span was carried out to evaluate its

anti-inflammatory action using carrageenan induced paw oedema, as introduced by Winter et al. [1962]. The test drug was administered in the form of freshly prepared

Phant kalpana (Hot infusion) in dose prescribed to humans which was then converted to

animal dose based on body surface area ratio. An apparent and statistically significant inhibition of paw oedema was observed in test group at 60 min & 120 min which shows

the Phant of Zornia gibbosa Span possess anti-inflammatory activity which may be due to

its ability to inhibit the enzyme cyclo-oxygenase leading to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and other inflammatory mediators and antagonising their interactions with

their respective receptors or it may be due to general mechanism like increasing the

membrane stability in cell.

Keywords: Zornia gibbosa span, anti-inflammatory activity, carrageenan

RRJoP (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2349-1299

Volume 4, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Prescribing Patterns of Analgesics in Surgical

Departments in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Varun HV*, Usha Rani D, Sangita G Kamath, Sathisha Aithal, Umakant N Patil

Department of Pharmacology, SSIMS & RC, Davangere, Karnataka, India

Abstract Analgesics are routinely employed in the management of pain in surgical departments.

Drug utilization studies evaluate the present trends of drug usage, drug

expenditures, appropriateness of prescriptions and adherence to evidence-based recommendations. The Objectives were to study the prescribing pattern, approval status,

inclusion in World Health Organization (WHO) essential medicines list/National List of

Essential Medicines (NLEM), cost and rationality of analgesics prescribed in surgical departments. Data were collected from records of inpatients who had undergone surgical

procedures, from SSIMS & RC Hospital, Davangere. The prescribing patterns, approval of analgesics by Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) and United States Food and

Drug Administration (USFDA), cost and listing of analgesics in WHO essential

medicines list/NLEM were analysed. The analgesics were classified into different groups based on WHO‐ Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification. The results

show a total of 276 analgesics prescribed to 126 patients, of which 207(75%) were single drug formulations, 69(25%) fixed dose combinations (FDCs), 255(92.4%)

and 219(79.3%) analgesics were approved by DCGI and USFDA, respectively,

195(70.65%) and 3(1.08%) analgesics were included in NLEM and WHO essential medicines list, respectively. Parenteral formulations [174(63.04%)] were most commonly

prescribed. The most commonly prescribed analgesics as per WHO-ATC class were N02A

(Opioids) [132(47.83%)]. Only 51(18.48%) analgesics were prescribed by their recommended international non-proprietary names (rINN) [generic name]. Owing to the

vital role of analgesics in the management of pain in surgical departments, more drugs need to be included in the essential medicines list..

Keywords: Prescribing patterns, analgesics, essential medicines, drug utilization

studies, WHO-ATC

RRJoP (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2349-1299

Volume 4, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Stavudine Lamivudine Efavirenz Combination Therapy

for Treatment of HIV Infection in Tertiary Care

Hospital - A Retrospective Observational Study

Somashekar HS, Keerthi Sagar J*, Reshma SR, Vaneet Aggarwal,

Dinakar KR, Narendranath S, Navin A Patil

Department of Pharmacology, JJM Medical College, Davangere, Karnataka, India

Abstract Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy has transformed human immunodeficiency virus

(HIV) infection into a chronic manageable disease. Compliance is the biggest challenge

in low and middle income country like India where social and religious agenda play an important role. Efavirenz based HAART is current standard of care in management of

HIV infected patients. The objective of the present study was to know efficacy of

combination regimen of stavudine, lamivudine and efavirenz in the treatment of HIV infected individuals and also to assess the compliance of the patients. A retrospective

study was conducted in the ART center of CG Hospital, a tertiary care center at Davangere. Data were collected for duration of 12 months (June 2012 to May 2013).

Study was carried out after obtaining the permission from institutional ethical committee.

We have included patients of all the age groups. For inclusion in the study patients had to be antiretroviral (ARV) naive and receiving their ARV medication that is combination

of stavudine lamivudine and efavirenz therapy through the Government HAART Program. Among the 50 patients included CD4 Counts after six months of treatment was

235 cells/mm3 compared to baseline counts of 111 cells/mm

3. Likewise an improvement

was recorded in Hb% and body weight by approximately 2% and 5 kg. Conclusion shows that in the present study response to CD4 counts, hemoglobin percentage and body

weight is significant in six months when compared to baseline with combination of

stavudine lamivudine and efavirenz therapy. Thus combination therapy of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and 1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

improve the survival of the HIV infected patients with less resistance to anti HIV drugs.

Keywords: HAART regimen, CD4 counts, body weight, hemoglobin

RRJoP (2014) © STM Journals 2014. All Rights Reserved

Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology ISSN: 2349-1299

Volume 4, Issue 1

www.stmjournals.com

Therapeutic Potential of Silver: An Overview

Mohd Tariq*1, Khaleequr Rahman

1, Shaikh Imtiyaz

2, Roohi Zaman

1,

Shahid Shah Chaudhary1

1Department of Ilmul Saidla (Pharmacy), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India

2Department of Moalajat (Medicine), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore, India

Abstract Metals play an important role in human body, the deficiency of which leads to various

disorders. Earlier there was a perception that metals are not compatible to human body

at all, but now it has been reported that numbers of metallic compounds are essential for

body and some are in the category of essential elements. Metals are present in human

body in different concentration and combination at various sites and help the respective

body tissues to perform their normal activities. Perfect health is attributed to the state of equilibrium of these metals in body tissues. Any imbalance in them disturbs the body

metabolism. Silver is one of the metals known since antiquity. It was used for medicinal purpose since time immemorial. The first recorded use of silver for medicinal purposes

dates back to 8th

cent. AD where Avicenna used silver filings for palpitation of heart. In

Unani system of medicine it is used in the form of kushta and warq. It is highly recommended in fever, chest affections, impotency, seminal weakness, painful and

irritable conditions of the stomach, heart burn, chronic diarrhea and nervous affections. This review is an effort to summarize the detailed prospects of ancient literature on silver

along with recent pharmacological studies.

Keywords: Nuqra, silver, unani